Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Visceral afferent neurons of the nodose and petrosal ganglia are immunoreactive (ir) for many neurotransmitters [e.g., substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and dopamine (tyrosine hydroxylase-ir; TH)]. Coexistence of SP-ir with NKA-, CGRP-, or TH-ir was studied in individual neurons of the rat ganglia using fluorescence immunocytochemistry. SP- and NKA-ir were present in equal numbers of cells and were consistently colocalized. SP- and CGRP-ir were found to be similarly distributed in scattered cells, concentrated mostly in the rostral pole of the nodose ganglion and in the petrosal ganglion. SP-ir completely coexisted with CGRP-ir. However, there was at least twice the number of CGRP-ir neurons as SP-ir neurons, and thus CGRP-ir neurons that did not contain SP-ir were also present. In contrast, SP- and TH-ir had different distributions in both the nodose and the petrosal ganglia. SP-ir was located in the more rostral regions of both the nodose and petrosal ganglia, whereas TH-ir was detected throughout the entire nodose ganglion and only in the most caudal region of the petrosal ganglion. There was no coexistence of SP- and TH-ir. These data demonstrate the differential localization and coexistence of putative transmitters in visceral sensory neurons in the nodose and petrosal ganglia.
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PMID:Studies on the coexistence of substance P with other putative transmitters in the nodose and petrosal ganglia. 168 73

Synaptic contacts were found between dopaminergic neurons and substance P (SP)-immunoreactive axon terminals in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), by means of the immunoelectron microscopic mirror method. SP-immunoreactive terminals were found to make synaptic contact with VTA neurons exhibiting tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity.
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PMID:Substance P afferents have synaptic contacts with dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area of the rat. 169 69

Autonomic dysfunction is an increasingly recognized problem in aging animals and man. The pathologic changes that produce autonomic dysfunction in human aging are largely unknown; however, in experimental animal models specific pathologic changes have been found in selected sympathetic ganglia. To address whether similar neuropathologic changes occur in aging humans, the authors have examined paravertebral and prevertebral sympathetic ganglia from a series of 56 adult autopsied nondiabetic patients. They found significant, specific, age-related neuropathologic lesions in the prevertebral sympathetic superior mesenteric ganglia of autopsied patients. Markedly swollen dystrophic preterminal axons compressed or displaced the perikarya of principal sympathetic neurons. Ultrastructurally, these swollen presynaptic axons contained abundant disoriented neurofilaments surrounded by peripherally marginated dense core vesicles. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that dystrophic axons contained tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY)-like immunoreactivity but not other neuropeptides (VIP, substance P, gastrin-releasing peptide [GRP]/bombesin, met-enkephalin). Similar to the animal models of aging, lesions were much more frequent in the prevertebral superior mesenteric ganglia than in the paravertebral superior cervical ganglia. These studies demonstrate anatomic, peptidergic, and pathologic specificity in the aging human nervous system similar in many respects to that which the authors have described in experimental animal models. Neuroaxonal dystrophy in the sympathetic nervous system may underlie poorly understood alterations in clinical autonomic nervous system function that develop with age.
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PMID:Neuroaxonal dystrophy in aging human sympathetic ganglia. 169 57

The occurrence and distribution of peptide-containing nerve fibres [substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), neuropeptide Y (NPY)] and noradrenergic nerve fibres [tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH)-positive] in the airways of the pig were studied by means of immunohistochemistry. SP- and CGRP-immunoreactive (-IR) nerve fibres were present close to and within the lining respiratory epithelium, around blood vessels, within the tracheobronchial smooth muscle layer and around local tracheobronchial ganglion cells. The content of CGRP- and neurokinin A (NKA)-like immunoreactivity (-LI) measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) was twice as high in the trachea compared to that in the peripheral bronchi. SP was a more potent constrictor agent than NKA on pig bronchi in vitro. CGRP had a relaxant effect on precontracted pig bronchi. On blood vessels CGRP exerted a relaxant effect that was more pronounced on pulmonary arteries than on bronchial arteries. VIP/PHI-IR fibres were seen in association with exocrine glands and in the tracheobronchial smooth muscle layer. VIP-positive nerve fibres were abundant around blood vessels in the trachea but sparse or absent around blood vessels in the peripheral bronchi. This histological finding was supported by RIA; it was shown that the content of peptides displaying VIP-like immunoreactivity (-LI) was 18 times higher in the trachea compared to peripheral bronchi. VIP was equally potent as CGRP in relaxing precontracted pig bronchi in vitro. Both bronchial and pulmonary arteries were relaxed by VIP. NPY was colocalized with VIP in tracheal periglandular nerve fibres and in nerve fibres within the tracheobronchial smooth muscle layer. NPY was also present in noradrenergic (DBH-positive) vascular nerve fibres. The content of NPY was much higher (15-fold) in the trachea compared to small bronchi. NPY caused a contraction of both pulmonary and bronchial arteries. The bronchial smooth muscle contraction to field stimulation in vitro was purely cholinergic. A noncholinergic relaxatory effect following field stimulation was observed after bronchial precontraction. Capsaicin had no effect on pig bronchi in vitro.
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PMID:Innervation of lower airways and neuropeptide effects on bronchial and vascular tone in the pig. 169 4

Conventional immunoperoxidase preparations of the coronally sectioned brains of rats killed at various times during the early postnatal period revealed the distributions of tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P, and neurotensin immunoreactivities. At birth, patches of dense tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity were present across the breadth of the rostral striatum, whereas patches displaying substance P immunoreactivity were present only in its lateral half, appearing in its medial half by about postnatal day 3. Neuronal neurotensin immunoreactivity was absent in the rostral striatum at birth, although some neurotensin immunoreactive cells were present in the tail of the caudate-putamen. Rostrally, neurotensin immunoreactive cells appeared first along the lateral margin of the caudate-putamen on postnatal day 3, became numerous there about day 5, spread medially into the striatum by day 7, and achieved their medialmost distribution by about day 10. Their numbers and those of substance P immunoreactive neurons diminished thereafter. Substance P immunoreactive patches, which contained numerous labeled neurons and "puncta," shared coextensive distributions with patches of dense tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity, but interdigitated with neurotensin immunoreactive cell clusters. The neurotensin immunoreactive cell clusters lacked puncta, the light microscopic representation of axon terminals, or swellings. It is concluded that the patchy infrastructure of the striatum, which is established prior to birth, is substrate for the progression of separate "waves" of elevated neuronal peptide content, one reflecting substance P and a later one reflecting neurotensin. These proceed along rostromedialward trajectories to involve interdigitating neuronal domains.
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PMID:Postnatal development of striatal neurotensin immunoreactivity in relation to clusters of substance P immunoreactive neurons and the "dopamine islands" in the rat. 169 90

Following removal of the presynaptic input to the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of the neonatal rat, there is an increase in substance P (Kessler et al.: Science 214:335-336, 1981; Kessler and Black: Brain Res 234:182-187, 1982) and the mRNA coding for its prohormone precursor (Roach et al.: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:5078-5081, 1987). However, the functional significance of this increase has been unclear. We report here that SP increases dramatically in cultures of SCG grown in the presence of conditioned medium from con-A-stimulated splenocytes. The effect is mimicked by growing SCG explants in the presence of human recombinant interleukin-1 (hrIL-1) but not hrIL-2. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is not involved in mediating this effect since antibodies to NGF included in the culture fail to alter the lymphokine-induced increase in SP. Moreover, the effect is somewhat specific for SP since the activities of tyrosine hydroxylase, tryptophan hydroxylase, and choline acetyltransferase (enzymes in the biosynthetic pathways for norepinephrine, serotonin, and acetylcholine) are not similarly elevated. Dorsal root ganglia respond with only modest increases in SP. The action of lymphokines in stimulating SP may, therefore, be a ganglion-specific action in promoting recovery following injury.
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PMID:Conditioned medium from activated splenocytes increases substance P in sympathetic ganglia. 169 49

A comparative topographical immunohistochemical analysis was performed on the basal ganglia (including the substantia nigra) in Guamanian parkinsonism-dementia complex, idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The striatal projection neurons and their efferent fibers were examined by using antibodies to calcineurin, methionine-enkephalin, and substance P. Tyrosine hydroxylase served as a marker for nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. The basal ganglia of patients with parkinsonism-dementia complex reacted strongly with all of the antibodies and the reaction products exhibited a normal distribution pattern. These findings suggest that the striatal output system is well preserved in patients with this disease. Similar results were obtained in patients with AD or PD. However, as compared to the patients with AD or PD, patients with parkinsonism-dementia complex showed severe reduction (greater than 90%) in the number of dopaminergic neurons in both the lateral and the medial portions of the substantia nigra. In view of the functional cortico-subcortical loops, these findings could explain the parkinsonian features and in part the cognitive impairment that occur in parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of the striatal efferents and nigral dopaminergic neurons in parkinsonism-dementia complex on Guam in comparison with those in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. 169 18

Antisera raised against neuron specific enolase (NSE), substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were used to reveal nerve fibres in the wall of the canine small and large intestine. The circular muscle of the colon was innervated by nerve fibre bundles that ran parallel to the muscle throughout its thickness. A plexus of fibre bundles was found against the inner (submucosal) surface of the circular muscle. Fibres with substance P, VIP and TH immunoreactivity all contributed to this innervation. The circular muscle of the small intestine was distinctly separated into outer and inner layers by a dense plexus of nerve fibres, the deep muscular plexus. The outer and inner circular muscle were innervated by substance P, VIP and TH fibres. Extrinsic denervation through the severing of nerve fibres in the mesentery caused TH fibres in the intestine to degenerate, but had no detectable effect on the fibres with substance P or VIP immunoreactivity. Myectomy (the removal of the myenteric plexus from the full circumference of the intestine over a distance of 2-3 cm), performed 7-13 days before tissue was taken, resulted in an almost complete loss of substance P fibres from the circular muscle of the colon and the outer circular muscle of the small intestine. However, many fibres persisted in the deep muscular plexus of the small intestine, and most fibres remained in its inner circular muscle. The changes in distribution of VIP fibres were almost identical, except that a small proportion of reactive fibres remained in the circular muscle of the colon and the outer circular muscle of the small intestine. It is concluded that the circular muscle layers of the small intestine and colon have dual sources of intrinsic nerve supply: the myenteric ganglia supply fibres primarily to the outer part of the muscle and the submucous ganglia supply fibres to the inner muscle. The present study further demonstrated that VIP fibres ran anally in the myenteric plexus of both the small and large intestine, whereas substance P fibres ran orally in the large intestine and both orally and anally in the small intestine. The innervation of the muscularis mucosae and mucosa by substance P and VIP fibres was not affected by myectomy or extrinsic denervation, and these structures are therefore likely to be innervated by nerve cells in the submucous ganglia.
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PMID:Projections of substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive nerve fibres in the canine intestine, with special reference to the innervation of the circular muscle. 169 12

This study shows that explants of quail neural crest cultured in a medium containing serum and chick embryo extract give rise to large numbers of cells expressing immunoreactivity for substance P (SP), a neuropeptide found in sensory neurons. These cells arise from cycling precursors, but do not appear to divide after expressing SP. The SP-positive cells in cranial neural crest cultures express both neurofilament and the Q211 antigen, but those in trunk cultures express only the Q211 antigen. In both cranial and trunk cultures, large subpopulations of the SP-positive cells express tyrosine hydroxylase and/or choline acetyltransferase, neurotransmitter markers characteristic of autonomic neurons. This finding argues against the idea that SP expression necessarily indicates commitment to the sensory neuron lineage. I further show that embryonic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells retain the ability to coexpress SP and tyrosine hydroxylase in vitro, although to a lesser extent than do neural crest cells.
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PMID:Coexpression of sensory and autonomic neurotransmitter traits by avian neural crest cells in vitro. 169 15

In developing heterotopic bone in the rat, induced by allogeneic bone matrix, we immunohistochemically detected nerves containing substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). After 10 days they were dicernible amidst differentiating chondroblastoid cells in fibrous tissue around and within the implants. Over the next 3 weeks, the nerves increased in number and gradually attained a shape and distribution resembling normal osseal nerves; varicose fibres frequently occurred in periosteum-like fibrous tissue and bone marrow adjacent to newly formed bone. At 8 weeks, NPY-fibres increased, particularly in the marrow and this abundance of NPY fibres remained at 16 weeks. VIP-immunoreactive fibres were only observed in the surrounding periosteum-like fibrous tissue 4-6 weeks after implantation. These observations, in combination with recent findings of receptors to neuropeptides on bone cells, suggest a neurogenic influence on physiological processes in bone tissue.
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PMID:The occurrence of neuropeptides at different stages of DBM-induced heterotopic bone formation. 169 91


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