Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The chemistry, localisation, release and effects of gastrointestinal hormones and some related peptides are surveyed. Their main presumed physiologic actions are: gastric acid and pepsin secretion are stimulated by gastrin and to a less degree by secretin. Acid secretion is inhibited by bulbo-enterogastrone and GIP. Biliary water and electrolytes are augmented by gastrin, CCK-PZ, secretin and VIP and inhibited by Substance P. Pancreatic bicarbonate and enzyme secretions are stimulated by secretin and CCK-PZ, especially in combination. Lower oesophageal and antral motility and tonus are elevated following gastrin and motilin; the gallbladder and small intestine empty following CCK. Gastrin regulates gastrointestinal, and CCK pancreatic, tissue growth. Somatostatin inhibits all gut hormones. All peptides are vasoactive within the splanchnic area, each one in a specific manner.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal hormones. 35 98

Small intestine from 18-day fetal mice grown for 3 weeks in organotypic tissue culture was found to contain numerous VIP, enkephalin, substance P and some somatostatin immunoreactive nerve fibers. Since these cultures should be devoid of all afferent or other extrinsic neuronal inputs, it is concluded that there are VIP, enkephalin, substance P and somatostatin containing neurons intrinsic to the intestinal wall. However, all 4 peptides may also be present in neurons originating outside the gastrointestinal tract as well as in the intrinsic neurons.
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PMID:VIP-, enkephalin-, substance P- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in neurons intrinsic to the intestine: immunohistochemical evidence from organotypic tissue cultures. 35 33

Using the indirect immunofluorescence technique of Coons and collaborators, neurons containing substance P-, enkephalin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)--and somatostatin-like immuno-reactivity have been identified in the peripheral nervous system. They have a widespread distribution, particularly in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. Whereas part of these peptide containing fibres may belong to sensory neurons, the majority seem to have their origin in peripheral autonomic ganglia, indicating a complex built up of the autonomic nervous system. There is evidence that some noradrenergic neurons contain somatostatin, which may suggest that one neuron can synthesize and store two transmitters. The significance of such neurons, as well as of peripheral peptide neurons in general, remains to be elucidated.
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PMID:Peptide neurons in peripheral tissues including the urinary tract: immunohistochemical studies. 36 19

The distribution of peptide hormone-like immunostaining in the gastrointestinal tract of 11 teleost species was investigated by immunofluorescence. Cells immunoreactive for somatostatin were found in the glandular epithelium of the stomach of four species and in the epithelium of the pyloric appendage of one species. The mid-gut epithelium contained cells reactive with antibodies to glucagon (three species), gastrin (five species), pancreatic polypeptide (five species), and substance P (two species). Cells immunoreactive for met-enkephalin were found in the epithelium of both the mid-gut and the stomach of six species. In six species in which the endocrine pancreas was investigated, insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was observed. Pancreatic polypeptide was definitely localised by immunostaining in cells of the endocrine pancreas of only one out of three species examined. Vasocative intestinal polypeptide-, neurotensin-, bombesin-, and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was identified in the gastrointestinal nerve fibres in various species. In view of the considerable species variation found, caution should be exercised in generalising about the peptides present in the gastrointestinal tract of fish.
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PMID:Peptide hormone-like immunoreactivity in the gastrointestinal tract and endocrine pancreas of eleven teleost species. 38 3

Using immunohistochemical techniques we studied duodenal biopsies from 18 patients with coeliac disease and 24 patients with normal duodenal morphology. We had access to antisera against the following gastrointestinal peptides: cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), gastrin-17, glucagon-enteroglucagon, motilin, neurotensin, pancreatic peptide (PP), secretin, somatostatin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The somatostatin, GIP, CCK, and glucagon cells were increased in number in coeliac disease. The number of motilin cells was slightly increased, while secretin cells were reduced. Cells storing gastrin-17, substance P, or neurotensin were rare in all patients regardless of diagnosis. No PP immunoreactive cells were found and VIP was localised to neurons only. In biopsies from patients having a mucosa with ridging of villi the number of the various endocrine cell types did not differ from that in the control group.
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PMID:Duodenal endocrine cells in adult coeliac disease. 38 55

Indirect immunofluorescence studies using antisera to synthetic somatostatin, human calcitonin and substance P indicate, in the neural complex of the sea-squirt, Ciona intestinalis L., that these polypeptides are present in large perikarya situated at the periphery of the cerebral ganglion as well as in some smaller perikarya in the medulla. In the medullary and transitional zone, there are nerve fibres that cross-react positively with anti-calcitonin and anti-substance P.
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PMID:Localization of somatostatin-, substance P- and calcitonin-like immunoreactivity in the neural ganglion of Ciona intestinalis L. (Ascidiaceae). 39 95

Substance P, somatostatin, enkephalin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) did not mimic the inhibitory responses to non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve stimulation. Substance P (0.1-10 microgram/ml) always caused contraction, enkephalin (0.1-10 microgram/ml) and somatostatin (0.1 microgram/ml) were inactive, while VIP (0.1-1 microgram/ml) produced very slow relaxation, taking about 4 min to reach a maximum after a latency of about 60 sec. Low concentrations of neurotensin (1-10 ng/mg) caused contraction, but at higher concentrations (50-1000 ng/ml) it produced a biphasic response which consisted of an initial contraction followed by a slow relaxation. In high tone preparations, the slow relaxation did not mimic the nerve-mediated response, taking approximately 43 sec. to reach maximum, after a long latency of about 15 sec. In contrast, ATP (0.1-50 microgram/ml) mimicked closely the rapid responses to non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve stimulation in all preparations, whether the tone was low, medium or high. The time for the inhibitory response to reach maximum was about 15 sec after a latency of approximately 1 sec. Indomethacin (3.4-34 microgram/ml) did not unmask any inhibitory responses to any of the peptides. It is concluded that ATP remains the most likely substance to be the inhibitory transmitter released from non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerves supplying the smooth muscle of the taenia coli.
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PMID:Effects of neuronal polypeptides on intestinal smooth muscle; a comparison with non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerve stimulation and ATP. 42 25

A pharmacological study was made of the effects of various muscarinic and nicotinic agonists and their antagonists on the release of [3H]noradrenaline ([3H]NA) from cultures of isolated bovine adrenal medullary cells. A study was also made of the effects of substance P and somatostatin on the release of [3H]NA evoked by nicotinic agonists. By 2 days in culture these adrenal 'paraneurons' had developed long varicose processes with growth cones and generally resembled noradrenergic neurons in culture. In the present study, adrenal paraneurons were incubated with [3H]NA which was taken up and stored in reserpine-sensitive sites. Exposure of the cultures to acetylcholine (ACh) resulted in release of [3H]NA into the external medium. High concentrations of K+ (56 mM) also evoked release of [3H]NA. The release of [3H]NA induced by ACh or K+ (56 mM) was Ca2+-dependent. Pharmacological studies with nicotinic (ACh, nicotine) and muscarinic (methacholine, pilocarpine) agonists and their antagonists (mecamylasmine, d-tubocurarine, hexamethonium; and atropine, scopolamine, respectively) showed that the adrenal paraneurons contained only nicotinic receptors. Substance P produced a dose-dependent inhibition of ACh (5 x 10(-5) M) stimulated [3H]NA release in the range of 10(-8) to 5 x 10(-5) M with an ID50 of 10(-6) M. A similar inhibition of NA release by substance P was obtained when nicotine (K X 10(-6) M) was used as the agonist, but not when K+ (50 MM) was used to depolarize the cells. Substance P (10-10) to 5 x 10(-5) M) by itself did not have a significant effect on the basal release rate of [3H]NA from these cells. Somatostatin at relatively high concentrations (10(-6)-10(-3) M; ID50 2 x 10(-5) M) inhibited the release induced by ACh, but not by K+ (56 mM). The present results provide the first direct evidence at a cellular level that substance P and somatostatin act as inhibitory modulators of the nicotinic ACh response, and support a role for these peptides as inhibitory neuromodulators at nicotinic receptor sites in the nervous system.
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PMID:Pharmacological characterization of adrenal paraneurons: substance P and somatostatin as inhibitory modulators of the nicotinic response. 50 17

An adenocarcinoma of the second portion of the duodenum in a 26-year-old male is presented. The patient was suffering from pain in the epigastrium. Immunofluorescent studies revealed that it consisted almost exclusively of cells with a distincly positive somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasm of the tumor cells had numerous large round granules (about 400 micrometers) with variable electron density. Most of these cells closely resembled the D cells normally seen in the duodenum and the islets of the pancreas, although a few argyrophil cells could be demonstrated by light microscopy. Radioimmunoassay of extracts of the tumor revealed a large amount of somatostatin (2260 pg/mg); substance P and VIP were detected also. Somatostatinoma has been known to occur in the pancreas, but this seems to be the first somatostatinoma found in the intestine.
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PMID:Somatostatinoma of the duodenum. 50 96

In 9 fetuses, 9 to 24 weeks-old, the occurrence and relative distribution of argentaffin cells, as well as of cells immunoreactive to somatostatin (SRIF), glucagon-like polypeptide (GLI), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and substance P (SP) were studied in five segments of the colon (appendix, cecum, ascending colon, descending colon, and rectosigmoid). For each colonic segment, data concerned with the occurrence of endocrine cells were expressed either as mean absolute numbers of specific cells per entire mucosal section, or as cell densities per mm3 of mucosa after calculation of the mucosal volume of the sections. Argentaffin, GLI, SRIF and PP immunoreactive cells are all present in relatively large numbers, scattered along the entire length of the colonic mucosa as early as the 9th-10th week of gestation, whereas substance P-containing cells occur sporadically and first appear during the 4th-17th week. Until the 20th week, with progressing embryonic development, an increase was determined in absolute numbers per section of all types of endocrine cells in all segments of the colon. This observation is clearly related to the general growth of the colonic mucosa, since cell densities per mm3 of mucosa do not greatly change or even decrease during gestation. However, it is possible that densities of argentaffin, GLI and BPP cells increase in the appendix around the 14th-17th week of gestation. Between 20th and 24th weeks, absolute numbers of cells per section remain stable or slightly increase, while cell densities tend rather to decrease in all segments. These data demonstrate that some endocrine cells are present very early in the human fetal colon, but their functional significance remains to be elucidated.
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PMID:Ontogeny and distribution of certain oendocrine cells in the human fetal large intestine. Histochemical and immunocytochemical studies. 51 32


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