Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution and relative frequency of neuroendocrine cells in the small and large intestines of one-humped camel were studied using antisera against 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), cholecystokinin (CCK-8), somatostatin (SOM), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), substance P (SP), and neurokinin A (NKA). Among these cell types, CCK-8 immunoreactive (IR) cells were uniformly distributed in the mucosa, while others showed varied distribution in the villi or crypts of the small intestine. Immunoreactive cells like 5HT, CCK-8, and SOM showed peak density in the villi and crypts of the small intestine and in the colonic glands of the large intestine, while cells containing SP were discerned predominately in the crypts. 5-HT, CCK-8 and SOM cells were mainly flask-shaped and of the open-variety, while PYY and SP immunoreactive cells were mainly rounded or basket-shaped and of the closed variety. Basically the distribution pattern of the endocrine cells in the duodenum, jejunum and colon of the one-humped camel is similar to that of other mammals. Finally, the distribution of these bioactive agents may give clues as to how these agents aid in the function of the intestinal tract of this desert animal.
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PMID:Distribution of neuroendocrine cells in the small and large intestines of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). 1768 43

Anatomical and functional studies of the autonomic innervation in the lung of dipnoan fishes and the bichirs are lacking. The present immunohistochemical studies demonstrated the presence of nerve fibers in the muscle layers of the lung of the bichir, Polypterus bichir bichir, and identified the immunoreactive elements of this innervation. Tyrosine hydroxylase, acetylcholinesterase, and peptide immunoreactivity was detected in the intramural nerve fibers. Extensive innervation was present in the submucosa where adenylatecyclase/activating polypeptide 38, substance P, P(2)X(2), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-immunoreactive nerve fibers mainly supplied blood vessels. A collection of monopolar neurons located in the submucosal and the muscular layers of the glottis expressed a variety of various transmitters. These neurons may be homologous to ganglion cells in the branchial and pharyngeal rami of the vagus in fishes. Nerves containing 5-HT and P(2)X(2) receptor immunoreactivity projected to the lung epithelium. Associated with neuroepithelial cells in mucociliated epithelium, were neuronal nitric oxide synthase-immunopositive axons. The physiological function of this innervation is not known. The present study shows that the pattern of autonomic innervation of the bichir lung may by similar in its elements to that in tetrapods.
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PMID:Innervation and neurotransmitter localization in the lung of the Nile bichir Polypterus bichir bichir. 1772 50

In numerous mammals, nitric oxide (NO) influences the activity of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas. In this study, immunocytochemistry was utilized to investigate the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the pancreas of sheep. In double immunocytochemical staining, the co-localization of nNOS with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) or substance P (SP) was studied. The presence of nNOS was confined to the intrapancreatic neurones (9.6 +/- 1.3%) as well as to nerve fibres of the endocrine pancreas and intrapancreatic ganglia. nNOS-immunoreactive (IR) neurones were round and oval in shape and predominantly (83.3 +/- 2.6%) belonged to the middle-size group (25-50 mum). Numerous, fine islets supplying nNOS-IR nerve terminals were devoid of VIP, SP or NPY. Moderately numerous, non-varicose nNOS-IR nerve fibres of intrapancreatic ganglia frequently expressed VIP or NPY, but not SP; 2.2 +/- 0.6% of nNOS-IR intrapancreatic neurones displayed lack of VIP, whereas 7.5 +/- 0.8% were VIP-IR. All nNOS-IR neurones were devoid of SP. The frequencies of nNOS-IR/NPY-IR and nNOS-IR/NPY-negative intrapancreatic neurones were 2.2 +/- 0.4% and 6.1 +/- 1.1%, respectively. Comparison with other mammals indicated that nitrergic innervation of the ovine pancreas is species-determined and may be a reflection of the ruminants' digestion specificity. The possible origin of nNOS-IR nerve fibres and functional significance of NO in the pancreas of sheep were discussed.
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PMID:Expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the pancreas of the sheep. 1784 29

We investigated the effects of substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA) infusion and acute stimulation of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves fibers (CAP) on lung recruitment of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-positive inflammatory and respiratory epithelial (RE) cells in guinea-pigs. We evaluated if the effects of CAP stimulation were maintained until 14 days and had functional pulmonary repercussions. After 24h of CAP and 30 min after SP and NKA infusions there was an increase in nNOS-positive eosinophils and mononuclear cells compared to controls (P<0.05). SP group presented an increase in nNOS-positive RE (P<0.05). After 14 days of CAP stimulation, there was a reduction in resistance (R(rs)) and elastance (E(rs)) of respiratory system in capsaicin pre-treated animals. We noticed a correlation between nNOS-positive eosinophils (R=-0.644, P<0.05) and mononuclear cells (R=-0.88, P<0.001) and R(rs). Concluding, CAP and neurokinins increase nNOS expression by inflammatory and RE cells. The increase in nNOS expression induced by low and high doses stimulation of CAP is longstanding and correlated to pulmonary mechanical repercussions.
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PMID:Capsaicin-sensitive nerves and neurokinins modulate non-neuronal nNOS expression in lung. 1789 89

Antidromic stimulation of the rat trigeminal ganglion triggers the release of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from sensory nerve terminals of the capsaicin sensitive C-fibers. These pro-inflammatory neuropeptides produce a marked hyperemia in the anterior segment of the eye, accompanied by increased intraocular pressure, breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier and myosis. To assess the effects of neurogenic inflammation on the retina, specifically on the immunostaining of neurotransmitters and neurotrophins, as well as on the expression of neurotrophin receptors in the retina. RT-PCR was also accomplished in control and stimulated animals to confirm the immunohistochemical results. In the electrically stimulated eyes, immunostaining for SP, CGRP, VIP and nNOS demonstrated a marked increase in the RPE/POS (Retinal Pigment Epithelium/Photoreceptor Outer Segments), in the inner and outer granular layers and in the ganglion cells in comparison to the control eyes. CGRP and SP were found increased in stimulated animals and this result has been confirmed by RT- PCR. Changes in neurotrophin immunostaining and in receptor expression were also observed after electric stimulation of trigeminal ganglia. Decrease of BDNF and NT4 in the outer and inner layers and in ganglion cells was particularly marked. In stimulated rat retinas immunostaining and RT-PCR showed a NGF expression increase. Neurotrophin receptors remained substantially unchanged. These studies demonstrated, for the first time, that antidromic stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion and subsequent neurogenic inflammation affect immunostaining of retinal cell neurotransmitter/neuropeptides and neurotrophins as well as the expression of neurotrophin receptors.
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PMID:Expression of neurotransmitters and neurotrophins in neurogenic inflammation of the rat retina. 1816 54

The cholinergic muscarinic 2 receptor (M2r) is known to be present on smooth muscle cells in the intestine. Pharmacological studies also suggest that M2rs regulate transmitter release from nerves in the enteric nervous system. This study localised M2rs in the guinea-pig ileum using different antibodies and fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Double labelling with antibodies against neurochemical markers was used to identify the type of nerves bearing M2r. Guinea-pig ileum were fixed, prepared for sections and wholemounts and incubated with antisera against the M2r sequence. Tissue was double labelled with antibodies against neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), common choline acetyltransferase (cChAT), substance P (SP), synaptophysin and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). Immunofluorescence was viewed using confocal microscopy. Abundant M2r-immunoreactivity (IR) was present on the surface of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle cells. M2r-IR was present in many but not all nerve fibres in the circular muscle and ganglia. M2r-IR was present in VAChT-IR and cChAT-IR cholinergic nerve fibres and SP-IR nerve fibres in the myenteric ganglia and submucosal ganglia. M2r-IR was present on a few nNOS-IR nerve fibres and around nNOS-IR neurons in the myenteric ganglia. In the circular muscle and deep muscular plexus, M2r-IR was present in many VAChT-IR and SP-IR nerve fibres and in few nNOS-IR nerves. M2rs are not only present on muscle cells in the intestine, but also on nerve fibres. M2rs may mediate cholinergic reflexes via their location on muscle and also via neural transmission. The pre-synaptic location supports pharmacological studies suggesting M2rs mediate neurotransmitter release from nerve fibres. The presence of M2rs on VAChT-IR, SP-IR and nNOS-IR-containing nerve fibres suggests M2rs may regulate ACh, SP and nitric oxide release.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localisation of pre-synaptic muscarinic receptor subtype-2 (M2r) in the enteric nervous system of guinea-pig ileum. 1824 61

Impaired abomasal motility and an increased accumulation of gas are prerequisites for displacement of the abomasum in the cow. Predisposing factors are the breed (e.g. Holstein-Friesian, Simmental-Red-Holstein cross breeds and Guernsey), genetic background, twin pregnancy, first weeks of lactation, metabolic disorders (ketosis, increased lipomobilisation, insulin resistance), high-concentrate and low-fibre diets, as well as other concomitant diseases, such as endometritis, mastitis and claw disorders. There does not appear to be a strong correlation between increased milk yield or endotoxaemia and abomasal displacement. Recent studies have focused on possible functional disorders of the enteric nervous system within the abomasal wall, since cattle with abomasal displacement have an increased activity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, as well as decreased acetylcholine sensitivity. In addition, there appear to be significant differences between breeds in the levels of the neurotransmitters substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the abomasal wall. For example, SP (stimulatory) was significantly less in German Holsteins in comparison to the German Fleckvieh, whereas VIP (inhibitory) was markedly increased. These risk factors may explain why Holstein cows are more susceptible to abomasal displacement than other breeds.
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PMID:New aspects in the pathogenesis of abomasal displacement. 1839 36

The classification, morphology and function of enteric neurons have been extensively studied in the small and large intestine. However, little is known about enteric neurons that directly project to the CNS. Previous studies have identified these unique neurons in the rectum, rectospinal neurons, but little was done to characterize them. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and characterize enteric neurons in the rat colon that directly project to the CNS by using retrograde neuronal tracing and immunohistochemistry. By applying the retrograde tracers 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethyl-indocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) and Fluorogold (FG) to the L6/S1 segments of the spinal cord, we identified these neurons in both the myenteric and submucosal plexuses of the colon. These neurons were immunoreactive for neurofilament (NF) a marker for Adelta-fibers and isolectin-B4 (IB(4)) a marker for C-fibers. These neurons expressed the enzyme neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) as well as peptides associated with sensory neurons such as substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) but did not express calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits NR1 and NR2D and proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) were also found in these neurons. However they did not express the transient receptor potential receptor V1 (TRPV1) or neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1). The expression of the peptides and receptors suggests that there are at least two separate populations of neurons projecting from the colon to the CNS. The data suggest that these colospinal afferent neurons (CANs) might be involved in nociception. Whether sensory information from CANs is perceived by the animal or is part of the parasympathetic reflex is currently not known.
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PMID:Identification and immunohistochemical characterization of colospinal afferent neurons in the rat. 1842 3

Retrograde neuronal tracing and immunohistochemical methods were used to define the neurochemical content of sympathetic neurons projecting to the sow retractor clitoridis muscle (RCM). Differently from the other smooth muscles of genital organs, the RCM is an isolated muscle that is tonically contracted in the rest phase and relaxed in the active phase. This peculiarity makes it an interesting experimental model. The fluorescent tracer fast blue was injected into the RCM of three 50 kg subjects. After a one-week survival period, the ipsilateral paravertebral ganglion S1, that in a preliminary study showed the greatest number of cells projecting to the muscle, was collected from each animal. The co-existence of tyrosine hydroxylase with choline acetyltransferase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, calcitonin gene-related peptide, leu-enkephalin, neuropeptide Y, substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was studied under a fluorescent microscope on cryostat sections. Tyrosine hydroxylase was present in about 58% of the neurons projecting to the muscle and was found to be co-localized with each of the other tested substances. Within fast blue-labelled cells negative to the adrenergic marker, small populations of neurons singularly containing each of the other enzymatic markers or peptides were also observed. The present study documents the complexity of the neurochemical interactions that regulate the activity of the smooth myocytes of the RCM and their vascular components.
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PMID:Double labelling immunohistochemical characterization of autonomic sympathetic neurons innervating the sow retractor clitoridis muscle. 1850 20

While much is known about the influence of ventricular afferent neurons on cardiovascular function in the dog, identification of the neurochemicals transmitting cardiac afferent signals to central neurons is lacking. Accordingly, we identified ventricular afferent neurons in canine dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and nodose ganglia by retrograde labeling after injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the anterior right and left ventricles. Primary antibodies from three host species were used in immunohistochemical experiments to simultaneously evaluate afferent somata for the presence of HRP and markers for two neurotransmitters. Only a small percentage (2%) of afferent somata were labeled with HRP. About half of the HRP-identified ventricular afferent neurons in T(3) DRG also stained for substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), or neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), either alone or with two markers colocalized. Ventricular afferent neurons and the general population of T(3) DRG neurons showed the same labeling profiles; CGRP (alone or colocalized with SP) being the most common (30-40% of ventricular afferent somata in T(3) DRG). About 30% of the ventricular afferent neurons in T(2) DRG displayed CGRP immunoreactivity and binding of the putative nociceptive marker IB(4). Ventricular afferent neurons of the nodose ganglia were distinct from those in the DRG by having smaller size and lacking immunoreactivity for SP, CGRP, and nNOS. These findings suggest that ventricular sensory information is transferred to the central nervous system by relatively small populations of vagal and spinal afferent neurons and that spinal afferents use a variety of neurotransmitters.
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PMID:Neurochemical diversity of afferent neurons that transduce sensory signals from dog ventricular myocardium. 1855 16


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