Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A strategy has been developed to identify and quantify the different neurochemical populations of myenteric neurons in the guinea-pig ileum using double-labelling fluorescence immunohistochemistry of whole-mount preparations. First, six histochemical markers were used to identify exclusive, non-overlapping populations of nerve cell bodies. They included immunoreactivity for the calcium binding proteins calbindin and calretinin, the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P and somatostatin, and the amine, 5-hydroxytryptamine. The sizes of these populations of neurons were established directly or indirectly in double-labelling experiments using a marker for all nerve cell bodies. Each of these exclusive populations was further subdivided into classes by other markers, including immunoreactivity for enkephalins and neurofilament protein triplet. The size of each class was then established directly or by calculation. These distinct, neurochemically-identified classes were related to other published work on the histochemistry, electrophysiology and retrograde labelling of enteric neurons and to the simple Dogiel morphological classification. A classification scheme, consistent with previous studies, is proposed. It includes 14 distinct classes of myenteric neurons and accounts for nearly all neurons in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig ileum.
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PMID:Neurochemical classification of myenteric neurons in the guinea-pig ileum. 895 87

The superior colliculus is a midbrain structure serving visual, multisensory and sensorimotor processing. Throughout various collicular layers, visual afferents are linked together with afferents related to other sensory modalities as well as with afferents from sources not easily subsumed under the term 'sensory'. These inputs are orchestrated in a topographic fashion and led to premotor neurons that are important elements in generating saccadic eye movements and orientation movements of other kinds. Using immunocytochemical techniques to chart the distribution of various substances serving neurotransmission and neuromodulation, it was found that many of them, e.g. acetylcholinesterase (AChE), choline acetyltransferase, the enkephalins, substance P, and parvalbumin, relate to repetitive structural islands, or modules, in the superior colliculus. From studies on the distribution of three further neuroactive substances in rat superior collicular tissue: the calcium binding protein calretinin, the growth and plasticity related protein neuromodulin (GAP-43), and a glutamate receptor of the NMDA-type, we were led to conclude (1) that the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus are composed not of two, but of at least three disjunct types of modules, (2) that not just the intermediate layers but more or less the whole superior colliculus is an assemblage of modules, and (3) that, besides topographic connectivity and laminar structuring, the modules constituting an iterative partitioning represent a third major feature of superior collicular architecture. The origin of the collicular mosaic is considered under an evolutionary perspective, and a hypothesis is presented stating that the pattern of AChE-rich modules on the level of the multimodal collicular layers can be predicted from retinal ganglion cell topography.
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PMID:The mosaic architecture of the superior colliculus. 897 18

The projections of different subpopulations of myenteric neurons in the mouse small and large intestine were examined by combining immunohistological techniques with myotomy and myectomy operations. The myotomies were used to examine the polarity of neurons projecting within the myenteric plexus and showed that neurons containing immunoreactivity for nitric oxide synthase (NOS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calbindin and 5-HT projected anally, while neurons with substance P (SP)-immunoreactivity projected orally, in both the small and large intestine. Neurons containing neuropeptide Y (NPY)- and calretinin-immunoreactivity projected locally. In the large intestine, GABA-immunoreactive neurons projected both orally and anally, with more axons tending to project anally. Myectomy operations revealed that circular muscle motor neurons containing NOS/VIP/ +/-NPY and calretinin neurons projected anally both in the small and large intestine, while SP-immunoreactive circular muscle motor neurons projected orally. In the large intestine, GABA-IR circular muscle motor neurons projected both orally and anally. This study showed that although some neurons, such as the NOS/VP inhibitory motor neurons and interneurons, SP excitatory motor neurons and 5-HT interneurons had similar projections to those in other species, the projections of other chemical classes of neurons in the mouse intestine differed from those reported in other species.
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PMID:Projections of chemically identified myenteric neurons of the small and large intestine of the mouse. 906 44

Our recent studies showed the co-existence of substance P and calretinin in the supramammillo-hippocampal pathway of monkeys, as well as species differences in the synaptic targets of extrinsic substance P fibers in the hippocampi of monkeys and rats. Experiments used: (1) single and multiple stereotaxic injection of wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated HRP into the hippocampus and immunostaining for substance P in the supramammillary area; (2) colocalization of substance P and calretinin in supramammillary area cells; and (3) colocalization of these two neurochemicals in retrogradely labeled supramammillary projective cells of both male and female rats. These demonstrated: (a) many calretinin- and fewer substance P-immunoreactive neurons retrogradely labeled in the ipsilateral supramammillary area; (b) approximately 74% of all substance P cells contain calretinin and 9% of the calretinin neurons co-contain substance P; and, most importantly (c) none of the retrogradely labeled supramammillary cells colocalize calretinin and substance P. These results indicate the presence of two distinct supramammillo-hippocampal projections in the rat, one that contains substance P and the other calretinin. The latter innervates the same areas as those in the monkey, and the former terminates only in the CA2 hippocampal subfield.
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PMID:Distinct substance P- and calretinin-containing projections from the supramammillary area to the hippocampus in rats; a species difference between rats and monkeys. 922 65

Specific antibodies were produced against C-terminal portions of rat preprodynorphin (PPD), preproenkephalin (PPE), and preprotachykinin A (PPT). PPD, PPE, and PPT C-terminal immunoreactivity was observed in many cell bodies of medium-sized neurons in the rat neostriatum (caudate-putamen). Intense PPE immunoreactivity was found in neuropil of the globus pallidus, whereas intense to moderate PPD and PPT immunoreactivity was distributed in neuropil of the substantia nigra and the entopeduncular nucleus. A double-immunofluorescence analysis revealed that PPE-immunoreactive neostriatal neurons rarely showed immunoreactivity for PPD (<1%) or PPT (<2%). In contrast, more than 95% of PPD-immunoreactive neostriatal neurons showed PPT immunoreactivity, and vice versa. No PPD-, PPE-, or PPT-immunoreactive neostriatal neurons showed immunoreactivity for the markers of neostriatal intrinsic neurons, such as calretinin, choline acetyltransferase, parvalbumin, or somatostatin. When tetramethylrhodamine-dextran amine (TMR-DA) was injected into the substantia nigra, almost all neurons that were labeled retrogradely with TMR-DA showed immunoreactivity for PPD (98%) or PPT (99%), but very few of them exhibited PPE immunoreactivity (1%). After injection of TMR-DA into the globus pallidus, 86%, 17%, and 10% of the retrogradely labeled neurons showed immunoreactivity for PPE, PPD, and PPT, respectively. These results support the notion that the neostriatal projection neurons are divided into at least two groups: The projection neurons of one group contain enkephalins and send projection fibers almost exclusively to the globus pallidus, and the others contain tachykinins and dynorphins/Leu-enkephalin and send projection fibers mainly to the substantia nigra.
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PMID:Preprodynorphin-, preproenkephalin-, and preprotachykinin-expressing neurons in the rat neostriatum: an analysis by immunocytochemistry and retrograde tracing. 929 49

The autonomic nervous system is involved in different functions such as transduction of afferent sensory inputs, trophic actions, modulation of immunologic events and thermoregulation. In the present investigation, we studied the pattern of human autonomic skin innervation with special reference to its relation to blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands and sensory receptors. For the first time, two clinically important areas have been compared: the skin of the forearm and of the face. Using indirect immunohistochemistry, we analyzed the distribution of calretinin (CR), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), histamine, serotonin, enkephalin, and, enzyme histochemically, NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d). In the epidermis, we found nerve fibers containing SP, NKA and CGRP. In the dermis, SP-, CR-, VIP-, CGRP- and NKA-positive nerve fibers were detected. Particularly the large nerve fibers contained CR. VIP-positive fibers occurred especially around hair follicles and sweat glands. CGRP-positive nerve fibers were located close to the epidermal basal membrane, in the wall of blood vessels, and to a lesser extent around hair follicles. Immunoreactivity for SP and NKA in the dermis was observed predominantly in the papillary layer near the epidermal basal membrane. All neuropeptides tested in this study were also detected in the nerve fibers of the subcutis. Most of them were CGRP- and VIP-positive. They occurred in association with sweat glands and large arteries. NPY-positive nerve fibers are predominant in the wall of arteries, arterioles and veins. Nerve fibers containing NKA and SP were less common and identified only in the walls of large arteries in deeper dermal layers. In double-staining experiments, the NADPH-d reaction and reactivity to tubulin revealed a partial co-localization in nerve fibers, blood vessel walls, around glands and ganglionic cells. VIP-positive fibers were more common in the face skin than in the forearm. However, in forearm we detected more NPY-, CGRP-, NKA- and SP-positive nerve fibers than in face skin. These findings are important for future studies on skin disorders, such as sensory neuropathies, inflammatory reactions or allergic responses of human skin.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical detection of human skin nerve fibers. 938 13

A detailed description of the localization of neurons containing various neuropeptides in the supramammillary complex (SUM) is provided. Further, the neurochemical character of supramammillohippocampal and supramammilloseptal projecting neurons was investigated. The following experiments were performed: (a) immunocytochemistry for each of the eight different neuropeptides investigated, in animals pretreated or not with colchicine, and perfused in fixative containing or lacking acrolein; (b) a thorough mapping study of the localization of immunolabelled neurons at three rostrocaudal levels; (c) double-tracing retrograde labelling for two-directional neuronal projections combined with immunocytochemistry, to study neurochemical character of the projecting neurons. The observations are: (1) each type of immunolabelled elements, such as calretinin, calbindin, VIP, substance P, CCK and metabotropic glutamate receptor 1a immunopositive neurons has a characteristic localization; (2) no parvalbumin- and enkephalin-containing neurons are present in the SUM; and (3) a small population of calretinin-containing and a small number of calretinin-negative supramammillohippocampal neurons located in the lateral area also project to the medial septum-diagonal band region of the septal complex.
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PMID:Topographic localization of calretinin, calbindin, VIP, substance P, CCK and metabotropic glutamate receptor immunoreactive neurons in the supramammillary and related areas of the rat. 950 82

Recent studies dealing with the investigation of the afferent and efferent connections of the basal ganglia of amphibians have revealed many similarities with basal ganglia structures of amniotes. In a further step, the chemoarchitecture of basal ganglia of the frog Rana perezi has been investigated. For use as main markers of amphibian basal ganglia structures, antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P, and enkephalin were selected. Moreover, the distributions of nitric oxide synthase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase histochemistry), calretinin, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, choline acetyltransferase, mesotocin, vasotocin, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, neuropeptide FF, and serotonin were studied to corroborate a comparison with both basal ganglia and amygdaloid structures of amniotes. On the basis of connections and chemoarchitecture, a striatum proper, nucleus accumbens, dorsal and ventral pallidum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and amygdaloid complex have been identified. Accordingly, a new terminology is proposed that is in line with our current understanding of basal ganglia organization in amphibians.
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PMID:Basal ganglia organization in amphibians: chemoarchitecture. 951 19

The anatomical relationships between immunocytochemically identified nerve fibers and MHC class II-expressing antigen presenting dendritic cells were investigated in the rat hepatobiliary system using immunocytochemistry, confocal laser scanning, and electron microscopy. Close proximity of nerve fiber varicosities immunostained for PGP 9.5 and MHC class II-expressing dendritic cells was frequently observed in the wall of extrahepatic bile ducts, in Glisson's area, around central and hepatic veins, and in the liver capsule. Contacts between nerve fibers staining for substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, calretinin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and dendritic cells were more often observed around extrahepatic bile ducts than in Glisson's area. Nerve fibers immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y were numerous both in the wall of extrahepatic bile ducts and in Glisson's area and frequently contacted dendritic cells there. At the ultrastructural level, close membrane contacts between bare axolemmal areas of unmyelinated nerve fibers and processes of MHC class II-expressing cells were observed. These results demonstrate close anatomical relationships of nerve fibers from various sources with antigen presenting dendritic cells in the visceral domain and suggest modulation of antigen presentation by the autonomic nervous system.
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PMID:Close anatomical relationships between nerve fibers and MHC class II-expressing dendritic cells in the rat liver and extrahepatic bile duct. 956 91

Neurons expressing preprotachykinin A and preprotachykinin B, which are the precursor prepropeptides of substance P and neurokinin B (neuromedin K), respectively, were characterized immunocytochemically in the rat neocortex. Antibodies raised against C-terminal portions of preprotachykinins were used for labeling cell bodies of preprotachykinin-producing neurons. Neurons immunoreactive for preprotachykinin B were encountered four times more frequently in the neocortex than those immunoreactive for preprotachykinin A. Preprotachykinin A-immunoreactive neurons were scattered more frequently in the deep cortical layers (layers IV-VI) than in the superficial layers (layers I-III), whereas preprotachykinin B-immunoreactive neurons were distributed more frequently in the superficial layers than in the deep layers. Almost all preprotachykinin-expressing neurons were immunoreactive for GABA, suggesting that they were non-pyramidal cells. However, co-expression of the two preprotachykinin immunoreactivities in single neurons was not found. Preprotachykinin-expressing neocortical neurons were further examined with markers for subpopulations of GABAergic cortical neurons. Immunoreactivities for parvalbumin, calbindin and somatostatin were found in 69%, 27% and 11%, respectively, of preprotachykinin A-immunoreactive neurons. Conversely, preprotachykinin A-immunoreactive neurons constituted only 6% of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons, 4% of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons and 1% of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons. Immunoreactivities for calretinin, choline acetyltransferase, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor and cholecystokinin were detected in 13-39% of preprotachykinin B-immunoreactive neurons. Preprotachykinin B immunoreactivity was seen in 33% of calretinin-positive neurons, 45% of cholinergic neurons, 47% of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-positive neurons, 59% of corticotropin-releasing factor-positive neurons and 83% of cholecystokinin-positive neurons. These results indicate that preprotachykinin A- and preprotachykinin B-expressing neurons constitute separate populations of GABAergic non-pyramidal neurons in the neocortex. Since receptors for substance P and neurokinin B are expressed in GABAergic neurons [Kaneko T. et al. (1994) Neuroscience 60, 199-211] and pyramidal neurons [Ding Y. Q. et al. (1996) J. comp. Neurol. 364, 290-310], respectively, cortical neurons may use two separate lines of tachykinin signals; substance P serves as a signal between GABAergic non-pyramidal neurons, whereas neurokinin B acts as a signal of GABAergic neurons to pyramidal neurons.
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PMID:Characterization of neocortical non-pyramidal neurons expressing preprotachykinins A and B: a double immunofluorescence study in the rat. 969 16


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