Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Immunocytochemistry and a radioimmunoassay were used to investigate the existence and distributions of various regulatory peptide immunoreactivities (ir) in human submandibular and parotid glands. Numerous nerve fibers containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide histidine methionine (PHM), or neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) and C-flanking peptide of NPY (CPON)-ir were found in close proximity to acini, ducts and blood vessels. Only a few calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and substance P (SP)-ir nerve fibers could be demonstrated and were mainly localized around blood vessels and ducts. Galanin and the recently discovered peptides helospectin and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide were unable to be detected in the salivary glands studied. Preliminary quantitative investigations of four human submandibular glands using radioimmunoassay showed that VIP-ir had the highest concentration, followed by NPY-ir and CGRP-ir; SP-concentrations were below the detection limit. The possible physiological significance of these peptides for salivary secretion is discussed.
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PMID:[Peptidergic innervation of human salivary glands (parotid gland and submandibular gland)]. 133 45

We have demonstrated that the mouse neuroblastoma N18Tg2 cell line and several clones of hybrid ND cells (ND7, ND9 and ND21), derived from the fusion of neonatal rat sensory neurons with that neuroblastoma, show immunostaining to protein gene product 9.5, neuropeptide Y, C-flanking peptide of neuropeptide Y, tyrosine hydroxylase and chromogranins. Synaptophysin could only be detected in ND cells. Immunoreactivities to substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin and somatostatin could not be detected in any of these cell lines. After three days of incubation in a differentiation medium, cell processes of various lengths were observed both in neuroblastoma and ND cell cultures. In ND7 cells there was also a redistribution of neuropeptide Y and its C-flanking peptide to the tips of cell processes. The differentiation of cell processes was also accompanied by the appearance of immunostaining to rat chromogranins in their tips. In contrast, synaptophysin expression was found mainly in cell bodies. Neuropeptide Y, its C-flanking peptide and chromogranins have been associated with secretory granules, whereas synaptophysin is a marker for small synaptic-like vesicles. Therefore, our morphological findings further support and expand the view that these markers are primarily associated with different subcellular structures. Moreover, they indicate that the regulated secretory pathway associated with chromogranins is segregated into nerve processes at an early stage of differentiation, when the synaptophysin-associated pathway is not yet mature. ND7 cells thus provide a useful model system for studying changes in the distribution of neuropeptides, cytoskeletal elements and proteins associated with cell secretion during neuronal differentiation.
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PMID:Intracellular redistribution of neuropeptides and secretory proteins during differentiation of neuronal cell lines. 134 12

Several neurotransmitters have been reported to exist in the ganglionated plexus of the guinea pig gallbladder. These include substance P, neuropeptide Y (NPY), calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. To determine which neuropeptides are intrinsic to gallbladder ganglia, we performed immunohistochemistry on colchicine-treated preparations. In separate, single-labeled preparations, a majority of neurons contained substance P-, NPY-, or somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. In double-labeled preparations, a large majority of the neurons that contained substance P-like immunoreactivity also contained NPY-like immunoreactivity and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity. Immunoreactivity for VIP was present in a small percentage of the gallbladder neurons which did not contain substance P-like immunoreactivity. Additional experiments were done to test for the presence of other compounds, known to exist in the neurons of the gut. Although immunoreactivity was found in control preparations of small intestine, the ganglionated plexus of the gallbladder lacked immunoreactivity for galanin, dynorphin, enkephalin, gastrin-releasing peptide, or gamma-aminobutyric acid. We conclude that ganglia of the guinea pig gallbladder contain at least two populations of neurons, based on transmitter phenotype. One of these populations appears to contain substance P, NPY, and somatostatin. Another population, which represents a small contingent of the total population of neurons, contains VIP.
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PMID:Transmitter diversity in ganglion cells of the guinea pig gallbladder: an immunohistochemical study. 134 12

Superior cervical ganglia from 7 human cadavers (3-7 h post mortem) were immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and 14 different neuropeptides. The results show that ganglionic cells contain TH, DBH, neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). These substances were present predominantly within large ganglionic cells. Inside the ganglion, the number and topographical distribution of various types of immunoreactive cells differed from one another. NPY and CGRP immunoreactivities were found in some TH-positive cells, but that co-localization never exceeded the 30% of the TH cells. Leu-enkephalin showed a weak immunoreactivity, which was restricted to fibers or varicosities. Neuropeptides like substance P, dynorphin A and B, cholecystokinin, galanin, corticotropin-releasing factor, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, angiotensin II and neurotensin showed no immunoreactivity in the human superior cervical ganglion.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in the human superior cervical ganglion. 135 73

1. A study was made of the pelvic and the splanchnic nerve supplies to the toad large intestine. 2. Stimulation of pelvic nerve fibres in the 9th and 10th spinal nerves caused a series of contractions of the circular muscle, only the first of which was abolished by hyoscine. The entire response was blocked by d-tubocurarine. The response was not affected by capsaicin treatment. 3. Stimulation of the splanchnic nerves caused a rapid contraction followed by a prolonged relaxation. The relaxation was abolished by bretylium. The contraction was selectively antagonised by prolonged exposure to capsaicin. Splanchnic nerve stimulation also caused a slow, prolonged excitation that was abolished by bretylium. 4. Application of adrenaline caused relaxation of circularly cut strips of large intestinal wall, whereas substance P, acetylcholine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, somatostatin and galanin caused contraction. 5. The results suggest that stimulation of the pelvic nerves releases acetylcholine and a non-cholinergic co-transmitter from peripheral postganglionic neurons. Both the inhibitory response to splanchnic nerve stimulation and the subsequent slow excitation appear to be mediated by adrenergic nerves. The rapid capsaicin-sensitive excitation is likely to be due to release of substance P from antidromically activated afferent nerve fibres in the splanchnic outflow.
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PMID:The autonomic innervation of the large intestine of the toad (Bufo marinus). 135 34

Previous studies from this and other laboratories demonstrated that many embryonic sensory ganglion cells in the rat transiently express the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a trait not expressed by most mature sensory neurons. We, therefore, sought to determine whether transient expression was uniquely associated with catecholaminergic traits, or, alternatively, whether embryonic ganglion cells transiently expressed peptidergic properties as well. Of the four peptides examined (somatostatin [somatotropin release inhibiting factor] (SRIF), galanin (Gal), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and substance P (SP)), only SRIF was found to be transiently expressed during early stages of sensory gangliogenesis. Surprisingly, SRIF immunoreactivity was observed in virtually all cranial and spinal sensory ganglion cells on embryonic day (E) 12.5. In addition to perikaryal labeling, intense SRIF immunoreactivity was also observed in the central and peripheral processes of E12.5 sensory neurons, suggesting the peptide may be released from nerve endings. The time course of SRIF appearance in cranial ganglion cells paralleled that previously described for TH, and double-labeling studies revealed extensive co-localization of these two phenotypes. By E16.5, however, the number of neurons expressing SRIF had diminished markedly, indicating that SRIF is only transiently expressed by most sensory neurons during early stages of ganglion development. An unexpected finding was that transient expression of SRIF is also a prominent feature of sympathetic ganglion cells; however, the temporal pattern of staining in the sympathetic and sensory ganglia differed substantially. Whereas virtually no SRIF staining was observed in E12.5 sympathetics, the vast majority of cells in the E16.5 superior cervical ganglion (SCG) were labeled. This contrasted sharply with the adult SCG, in which only low levels of SRIF expression were found. These findings demonstrate that SRIF peptide is transiently expressed at high levels in peripheral sensory and sympathetic neurons during embryogenesis. The time course and widespread distribution of SRIF expression indicates that the peptide may play a role in early stages of ganglion cell growth and development. Moreover, these data, in conjunction with previous studies demonstrating SRIF immunoreactivity in developing central neurons, suggest that transient expression of this peptide is a common property of diverse neuronal cell types.
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PMID:Transient expression of somatostatin peptide is a widespread feature of developing sensory and sympathetic neurons in the embryonic rat. 135 5

The effects of eleven peptides of gastrointestinal origin have been studied on the contraction, relaxation and spontaneous activity of circular and longitudinal muscle strips from different regions of the human gastrointestinal tract. The effects varied with the peptides and sometimes with the region and muscle layer. There was either contraction, no effect, or relaxation and/or inhibition of an acetylcholine-induced contraction. Responses to some peptides are consistent with the possibility that they may contribute directly to the control of motility: galanin, neurotensin and substance P might be involved in contraction, and vasoactive intestinal peptide, peptide histidine isoleucine and peptide histidine methionine might be inhibitory transmitters.
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PMID:The effects of various peptides on human isolated gut muscle. 136 59

The neuropeptide galanin (GAL) has been detected in the peripheral and central nervous systems. However, little is known about its distribution and localization in heart, and the possible coexistence of GAL with other neuropeptides in the heart is not established. The present immunocytochemical study describes the distribution of GAL in nerves of the feline heart and its colocalization with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY). GAL-like immunoreactivity was widely distributed in the atrial and ventricular myocardium and around coronary arteries. Colocalization of GAL with VIP, SP and NPY was observed in many nerve fibers. Further, GAL and NPY were colocalized in nerve cell bodies of intracardiac ganglia. Since these neuropeptides have been found to be associated with sensory and autonomic innervation in the heart, the present findings provide evidence that GAL is shared by functionally different neuronal populations in the heart and that GAL may participate in controlling cardiac function by combined action with other neuropeptides.
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PMID:Distribution of the neuropeptide galanin in the cat heart and coexistence with vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P and neuropeptide Y. 137 50

The general morphology of the intramural innervation of the myenteric plexus of the axolotl stomach has been investigated using antisera raised against neuron-specific enolase and a microtubule-associated protein. Additionally, the occurrence of serotonin and several peptidergic neurotransmitter/neuromodulator substances was studied. Immunoreactivity for galanin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P and neuromedin U was found in both fibres and intrinsic perikarya, whereas the serotonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like-substance-containing nerve fibres seemed to be of extrinsic origin. The axolotl stomach myenteric plexus appeared to be devoid of enkephalin-, neuropeptide Y-, somatostatin- and bombesin-like immunoreactive nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies. Double labelling experiments revealed the presence of a subpopulation of substance P/calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive nerve fibres. Contrary to mammals, no coexistence of neuromedin U and substance P was found. Our findings illustrate that besides a number of similarities, considerable species differences exist between urodeles and anurans with regard to the organization of the enteric nervous system.
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PMID:Morphological features of the myenteric plexus of the stomach of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum, revealed by immunocytochemistry. 137 7

This study describes the synthesis and effects of the first antagonist to the widely distributed neuropeptide, galanin, which inhibits the secretion of insulin. The first galanin antagonist is a 20-amino acid-long chimeric peptide of the composition galanin-(1-12)-Pro-substance P-(5-11) amide: Gly-Trp-Thr-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ala-Gly-Tyr-Leu-Leu-Gly-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly- Leu-Met amide. The peptide dose dependently (IC50 = 1.0 nM) antagonizes the galanin-mediated inhibition of the glucose-induced insulin secretion from mouse pancreatic islets. The antagonist was also found to displace 125I-monoiodo-[Tyr26]galanin from membranes of the insulin producing Rin m 5F cells with an IC50 value of less than 0.1 nM. The antagonist is named galantide.
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PMID:The novel high-affinity antagonist, galantide, blocks the galanin-mediated inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion. 137 72


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