Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Electrolytic lesions and surgical transection of the habenulo-interpeduncular-ventrotegmental tract have established the existence of separate habenulo-interpeduncular-ventrotegmental substance P and cholinergic projections. Micro-knife lesions separating the habenula nuclei showed the medial habenular nucleus to be the source of substance P fibres running via the fasciculus retroflexus to the ventral tegmental area. The lateral habenular nucleus receives a substance P projection from the medial habenular nucleus and is the source of cholinergic projection to the interpeduncular nucleus and to the medial habenular nucleus. Lesions of the ventrotegmental-interpeduncular area did not modify the levels of substance P and choline acetyltransferase in the habenula. These observations suggested that there are no substance P or ACh containing afferents to the habenula from the ventrotegmental-interpeduncular area and the accumulation of substance P and AChE proximal to but not caudal to transections of the fasciculus retroflexus confirmed this view.
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PMID:Substance P containing and cholinergic projections from the habenula. 35 79

The anterior major pelvic ganglion (AMPG) of the male guinea-pig has been found to consist of three principal components. The presence of a cholinergic component was determined by the demonstration of cytoplasmic and nerve fibre acetylcholinesterase activity. A noradrenergic component was demonstrated by immunoreactivity (IR) of the catecholamine-synthesising enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) in neuronal perikarya. The AMPG also had a peptidergic component which may or may not sub-classify the cholinergic and noradrenergic components. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, and atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)-immunoreactivities were seen in neuronal perikarya, nerve fibres and nerve terminals/varicosities, while somatostatin (SOM)-IR was restricted to neuronal perikarya. Substance P (SP)-IR was present in a dense network of varicose nerve fibres. However, on a rare occasion SP-IR was observed in neuronal perikarya. Enkephalin (ENK)-IR occurred in a sparsely distributed plexus of varicose nerve fibres. The analysis of adjacent serial sections demonstrated distinct patterns of neuropeptide coexistence in AMPG neurons. NPY-IR was colocalised to a subpopulation of TH-IR neuronal perikarya. NPY-IR was also colocalised with VIP-IR in non-TH-IR neuronal perikarya. VIP-IR occurred together with AChE in particular neuronal perikarya. The relationship between immunoreactive neuronal perikarya and immunoreactive nerve terminals was investigated. SP-IR nerve terminals were closely related to neuronal perikarya exhibiting VIP-, NPY-, or TH-IR. TH-IR neuronal perikarya were also abutted by ENK-IR nerve terminals. VIP- and NPY-immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were abutted by two nerve terminal types: one immunoreactive for VIP, the other for NPY. DBH-IR neuronal perikarya received AChE-positive varicosities while AChE-positive neurons were abutted by DBH-IR varicose nerve fibres. AChE-positive varicosities were also closely related to neuronal perikarya possessing VIP-IR and AChE activity.
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PMID:Specific patterns of immunoreactivity in neuronal elements of the anterior major pelvic ganglion of the male guinea-pig. 168 Aug 42

Nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) projections terminate in distinct patches during the late prenatal and early postnatal period in the rat. During the first postnatal week, patches of DA fibers overlap with clusters of striatal neurons that share several identified characteristics. The early segregation of striatal cell types into either these patches or the surrounding matrix becomes a permanent organizational feature of the striatum. In order to determine whether the heterogeneous distribution of DA influences the formation of cellular patches, the developmental organization of chemically identifiable cell types was examined in normal rats and in rats DA depleted as infants (0 or 3 d) or in utero (embryonic days 17-18). During the first postnatal week, corresponding patches of DA afferents and substance P (SP)-immunoreactive neurons existed in the striatum of normal animals, and AChE-positive zones overlapped these patches in the lateral striatum. Injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the lateral ventricles of fetal or infant rats produced a dramatic loss of striatal DA terminals. Neither the patchy distribution of SP-immunoreactive neurons nor the distinctive pattern of AChE staining present during the first 2 postnatal weeks was disrupted. During the third postnatal week, cells immunoreactive for leu-enkephalin or calbindin-D28k were confined to the matrix compartment, and this compartmentalization was also not noticeably changed by pre- or postnatal DA depletion. In adult animals, overlapping patches of leu-enkephalin- and SP-immunoreactive fibers were observed, regardless of whether any DA terminals remained. Thus, the basic organization of the striatal patch and matrix compartments develops normally in the absence of DA innervation through much of the formative period. Although these observations do not completely dismiss the possibility that the first DA afferents to appear in the striatal primordia influence contracted striatal cells to develop the patch phenotype, they suggest that the patchy distribution of DA afferents may be secondary to the early clustering of striatal neurons forming the patch compartment.
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PMID:Development of striatal compartmentalization following pre- or postnatal dopamine depletion. 170 70

We present a case of secondary achalasia due to an adenocarcinoma of the stomach with no tumor infiltration of the esophagus. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a massive infiltration of activated eosinophils in the muscularis of the esophagus with secretion of the highly cytotoxic and neurotoxic eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). Immunohistochemical staining for the neuropeptides VIP and substance P, as well as the histochemical demonstration of AChE, revealed a nearly total absence of all three neurotransmitters/modulators compared to control. The hypothesis is advanced that eosinophil neurotoxicity is the cause of secondary achalasia.
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PMID:Severe destruction of esophageal nerves in a patient with achalasia secondary to gastric cancer. A possible role of eosinophil neurotoxic proteins. 246 64

Human fetal spinal cord tissue was recovered from elective abortions and grafted to the anterior chamber of the eye of adult athymic nude rats. The transplants slowly became vascularized from the host iris during the first months. There was a clear cut stage-dependent survival and growth along a more "human" time-table. Fetal spinal cord tissue from embryos younger than gestational week 8 showed a much better survival and growth than tissue from older stages. Using laminin immunohistochemistry blood vessels could be visualized in the grafts. The pattern of vascularization was, however, clearly abnormal; there were fewer vessels which had abnormally thick walls as compared to those in the normal spinal cord. Similar to rat spinal cord allografts the human spinal cord xenografts displayed a relative gliosis and were surrounded by a glial layer visualized with antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein. Neurofilament-immunoreactive fibres were found inside the glial layer. A variety of neurons were found including large polygonal motoneuron-shaped cells, albeit with CGRP and AChE negative cell bodies. Both Substance P and enkephalin-immunoreactive cells and fibres were found. It is concluded that xenografted fetal human spinal cord survives, grows and may provide a useful model for experimental studies of human spinal cord development and connectivity.
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PMID:Human fetal spinal cord xenografts survive in the eye of athymic nude rat hosts. 272 11

An account is given of the authors' work with isolated adrenal chromaffin cells to study the synthesis, storage and release of catecholamines and of a number of neuropeptides endogenous to the adrenal medulla. A review of other studies in the literature with the isolated chromaffin cell system is included. It is seen that the isolated chromaffin cells are a convenient in vitro system well-suited to studies of basic release mechanisms. The isolated adrenal chromaffin cells maintain high levels of catecholamines and opiates and release them by exocytosis. The cells have both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors but only the nicotinic are involved in the agonist-evoked release of catecholamines (EC50 nicotine 5 X 10(-6) M: ACh 5 X 10(-5) M). The cells can synthesize AChE and selectively release the 10S molecular form by a mechanism different from exocytosis. Substance P (SP) modulates the secretion of catecholamines and ATP evoked by ACh or nicotine but not that evoked by K+ or veratridine. SP appears to interact with the nicotinic receptor-ionophore complex to regulate Na+ entry. SP receptors on the chromaffin cells show similar structural requirements to SP receptors in other SP responsive tissues. Binding studies on isolated chromaffin cell membranes with [4-3H-Phe]SP have shown specific binding in the nM range. In addition, at high concentrations of ACh, SP protects against nicotinic receptor desensitization. Since SP is contained in the splanchnic nerve terminals that innervate the medulla, the demonstration of SP action and SP receptors on the chromaffin cells suggests a physiological role for SP in the regulation of secretion from the adrenal medulla. Somatostatin (SS) and a number of SS analogues also inhibit release, but are approximately 15-fold less potent than SP. Leu- and Met-enkephalin, which are co-stored with adrenaline in the bovine adrenal medullary cells produce a non-specific inhibition of the nicotine-evoked release of CA, but enhance the basal release of endogenous catecholamines by a mechanism that is Ca2+-dependent, stereospecific and reversible by naloxone and naltrexone. The implication of these peptide-amine interactions for physiological processes regulating homeostasis in the adrenal are discussed.
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PMID:Use of isolated chromaffin cells to study basic release mechanisms. 618 74

Transplantation of embryonic neocortex into adult host neocortex leads to the survival of many donor cells, with the subsequent differentiation of the cortical neurons within a loosely laminated cellular pattern. We wanted to know whether peptide-containing neurons that are known to exist in normal neocortex would survive in the transplants, and if so, whether they would differentiate into morphological cell types that normally contain these peptides in cortex. By 30 days after transplantation, the implants were well vascularized and the donor neurons appeared healthy in Nissl-stained preparations. AChE-positive axons grew across the interface and innervated the transplant in moderate densities. Immunocytochemical localization of peptides in the transplant revealed that processes containing the four peptides normally present in cortex also develop in the transplants. These were vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, cholecystokinin, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin. Other peptides not yet demonstrated in and presumably not present in neocortex, did not develop in the transplants. These included alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, arginine-vasopressin, corticotropin releasing factor, beta-endorphin and substance P. The results demonstrate that peptide-immunoreactive neurons survive in neural transplants, where they develop complicated patterns of axonal arborization. The conditions used in these experiments produced no evidence that peptidergic neurons within the transplant grow out of the transplant and into the host brain within six weeks. Similarly, host peptidergic axons were never seen crossing the interface zone and entering the transplant in any significant numbers.
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PMID:The development of peptide-containing neurons within neocortical transplants in adult mice. 620 Aug 65

In order to investigate the topography and subdivisions of the human dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (10), studies were conducted using cyto- and chemoarchitectonic (acetylcholinesterase and substance P-like immunoreactivity) and computer reconstruction techniques. The six brainstems examined were obtained within 17 hours postmortem from adults with no known neurological disorders. Serial sections cut in transverse, sagittal, and coronal planes were stained with cresyl violet, or tested for acetylcholinesterase or substance P. The neurons of the 10 (16,826 +/- 967) displayed cyto- and chemoarchitectonic heterogeneity and could be classified into six types. Types I-V consist of presumed vagal motor neurons (13,802 +/- 844), while the remaining type (Type VI) consisted of presumed interneurons (3,024 +/- 769). The 10 was subdivided into nine subnuclei grouped regionally into rostral, intermediate, and caudal divisions on the basis of neuronal morphology, cell density, and differential AChE and substance P reactivities. The rostral division contains the dorsorostral (DoR) and the ventrorostral (VeR) subnuclei; the intermediate division contains the rostrointermediate (RoI), dorsointermediate (DoI), centrointermediate (CeI), ventrointermediate (VeI), and caudointermediate (CaI) subnuclei; the caudal division (Ca) is not subdivided. Morphologically, small round or oval cells populate the VeR and VeI. Medium-sized oval cells occur in the DoR, CeI, and Ca, while medium-sized fusiform and multipolar cells are the main features of CaI. Large triangular cells appear mainly in DoI. Glial cells show the highest predilection for CeI, lowest densities in DoI and medial fringe subnucleus (MeF), and intermediate densities in the remaining six subnuclei. VeI showed the strongest AChE reactivity. Although the cell bodies of VeR and DoI are AChE positive, the neuropil (background) is weakly stained. Densely distributed fine granular substance P-like immunoreactivity occurs throughout the entire nucleus, while the intermediate and caudal divisions contain substance P-like-immunoreactive neurons. Three-dimensional computer reconstructions afforded an appreciation of the distinctiveness of the intermediate division (a division that contains the majority of cells) and the caudal division, which displays the lowest density of presumed vagal motoneurons. It is possible that the subnuclei identified herein form functional units innervating specific organs.
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PMID:Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve: a cyto- and chemoarchitectonic study in the human. 768 48

In this study, enteric nervous system (ENS) of the fetal intestinal grafts was examined histopathologically. Forty-four rat fetal small intestines were transplanted syngenetically into the subcutaneous region of adult rats without vascular anastomosis. Thirty-two grafts survived. They were removed 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after transplantation and examined using (1) H&E staining, (2) AChE and NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry, and (3) protein gene product 9.5, S-100 protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, tyrosine hydroxylase, nerve growth factor receptor, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal peptide, somatostatin, and substance P immunohistochemistry. The grafts were compared with the intestines of 2-, 4-, 6- and 8-week-old control rats. ENS of the grafts was different from the controls as follows: (1) tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y were markedly reduced but present, suggesting that the extrinsic innervation was present; (2) nitric oxide-producing neurons were well preserved in grafts; (3) hyperganglionosis in the myenteric plexus was seen in 6- and 8-week grafts; (4) AChE activity was increased in the circular muscle and in the lamina propria, (5) S-100 was increased in the lamina propria in 6- and 8-week grafts, (6) calcitonin gene-related peptide was increased in 6- and 8-week grafts, (7) nerve fibers in the muscle layers ran irregularly and disorderly, and (8) hypertrophy of smooth muscle layers. Our data show that although extrinsic as well as intrinsic innervation is present in the fetal intestinal grafts, there is hyperinnervation of the intrinsic nervous system and reduced innervation of the extrinsic ENS. These morphological changes in the ENS of the fetal intestinal grafts may result in motility dysfunction.
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PMID:Morphological changes in the enteric nervous system of the transplanted fetal rat intestine. 920 96

Enzyme histochemistry and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the types of nerves supplying the ampullary gland, coagulating gland, dorsolateral prostate, ventral prostate and seminal vesicle of the male golden hamster. Quantitative change of dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactive and acetylcholinesterase-stained (AChE-stained) nerves with age was also determined. Using an antibody against protein gene product 9.5, nerves were seen to distribute in subepithelial connective tissues, smooth muscles and adventitial connective tissues. Presumptive catecholaminergic nerves immunoreactive for DbetaH and tyrosine hydroxylase were found mainly in periacinar smooth muscles, while AChE-stained nerves predominantly ramified subepithelial connective tissues. In addition, nerves immunoreactive to NPY, calcitonin gene-related peptide, leu-enkephalin, galanin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide were also detected. Quantitative estimation at 10, 52 and 78 weeks of age showed that densities of DbetaH and NPY nerves were halved by 52 weeks of age. This level was maintained in older animals. The density of AChE-stained nerves in all glands did not change with age. The ampullary gland appeared to have more AChE-stained nerves. These results were discussed from a comparative viewpoint and with regard to possible implications of aging of peripheral nerves on functioning of the male accessory sex glands.
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PMID:Innervation of accessory sex glands in the adult male golden hamster and quantitative changes of nerve densities with age. 943 Apr 39


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