Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We studied nerve ingrowth into a cancellous bone graft in a bone conduction chamber model in the rat. Before implantation of the chamber bilaterally in the proximal tibiae of 8 Sprague-Dawley rats, a defatted cancellous bone graft from separate donor rats was fitted snugly into each chamber. After 6 weeks, the animals were perfused with Zamboni's fixative and the chambers were harvested. Immunohistochemical detection of nerve fibers was performed in cryostat sections, using antisera to protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), neural growth-associated protein GAP-43/B-50, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P and C- flanking peptide of neuropeptide Y (CPON). Nerve fibers were found in 10 out of 16 samples in the newly formed bone, and also in the fibrous tissue which had penetrated deeper into the graft. The nerve fibers were mainly of sensory origin, as they showed immunoreactivity for CGRP and GAP-43/B-50. We speculate that the nerve fibers may act as transmitters of nociceptive impulses from the graft, and as transport pathways for neuropeptides that are actively involved in angiogenesis and in the recruitment and activity of osteogenic cell populations from the graft recipient.
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PMID:Sensory nerve ingrowth during bone graft incorporation in the rat. 868 56

We have used antibodies against growth associated protein (GAP-43), phosphorylated neurofilament protein of 200 kDa molecular weight (RT-97) and substance P (SP) to analyze regrowing axons and their features in a silicone chamber filled with resorbable sponge matrix within the first two weeks after sciatic nerve transection in the rat. Growing axons identified with the GAP-43 antibody extended over a distance of about 7 mm from the proximal stump at 7 days and grew over a 10 mm gap within, 14 days. This is a markedly longer distance than in the case of the standard chamber model without artificial sponge matrix. The regrowing axons were labelled with RT-97 already on the 7th day up to a distance of 5 mm and they made up about 75% of all axons in the first segments. The number of RT-97-positive axons did not increase significantly over the next 7 days, although they could be identified over a longer distance. Some of the growing axons expressed SP-like immunoreactivity (LI) 14 days, but not 7 days after chamber application and constituted about 30% of all growing axons in the first segment. The SP-LI fibres also appeared to grow from the distal stump since they were found in larger numbers in the distal segments than in central ones. Those fibres accompanying blood vessels are probably sympathetic. Our findings demonstrate that axons are able to bridge a 10 mm gap within 14 days under appropriate substrate conditions, which are provided by the resorbable fibrin sponge.
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PMID:An immunocytochemical analysis of growing axons in a silicone chamber prefilled with artificial sponge matrix. 873 97

The superior colliculus is a midbrain structure serving visual, multisensory and sensorimotor processing. Throughout various collicular layers, visual afferents are linked together with afferents related to other sensory modalities as well as with afferents from sources not easily subsumed under the term 'sensory'. These inputs are orchestrated in a topographic fashion and led to premotor neurons that are important elements in generating saccadic eye movements and orientation movements of other kinds. Using immunocytochemical techniques to chart the distribution of various substances serving neurotransmission and neuromodulation, it was found that many of them, e.g. acetylcholinesterase (AChE), choline acetyltransferase, the enkephalins, substance P, and parvalbumin, relate to repetitive structural islands, or modules, in the superior colliculus. From studies on the distribution of three further neuroactive substances in rat superior collicular tissue: the calcium binding protein calretinin, the growth and plasticity related protein neuromodulin (GAP-43), and a glutamate receptor of the NMDA-type, we were led to conclude (1) that the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus are composed not of two, but of at least three disjunct types of modules, (2) that not just the intermediate layers but more or less the whole superior colliculus is an assemblage of modules, and (3) that, besides topographic connectivity and laminar structuring, the modules constituting an iterative partitioning represent a third major feature of superior collicular architecture. The origin of the collicular mosaic is considered under an evolutionary perspective, and a hypothesis is presented stating that the pattern of AChE-rich modules on the level of the multimodal collicular layers can be predicted from retinal ganglion cell topography.
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PMID:The mosaic architecture of the superior colliculus. 897 18

The time course of histochemical changes in the dorsal horn of rats subjected to an experimental peripheral neuropathy has been examined. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the changes in dorsal horn staining were made for soybean agglutinin (SBA)-binding glycoconjugates, the soluble lectins RL-14.5 and RL-29, the growth-associated protein (GAP)-43, and the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). These analyses were made at various time points after chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve. Quantitative analysis indicated that staining density increased in the normal territories stained for SBA-binding glycoconjugates, RL-14.5, RL-29, and GAP-43 on the neuropathic side compared with the control side. In addition, there was an extension of the territories stained for SBA-binding glycoconjugates and RL-29 ipsilateral to the injury. The peak increases occurred at 14 or 28 days, followed by a decrease toward control levels by 70 days. In contrast, the staining density for SP in the ipsilateral dorsal horn decreased at 3 and 5 days and reached a peak decrease at 14 days. Then, the staining for SP returned toward control values. The staining for CGRP was unchanged at all time points examined. Dorsal rhizotomies ipsilateral to the nerve injury in neuropathic rats indicated that the increases in staining were attributable to changes in primary afferent neurons. These data suggest that peripheral neuropathy causes complex degenerative and regenerative changes in the central branches of primary afferent neurons. The associated synaptic reorganization may contribute to the sensory abnormalities that accompany peripheral neuropathy.
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PMID:Time course of degenerative and regenerative changes in the dorsal horn in a rat model of peripheral neuropathy. 906 34

We examined the effect of inflammation on immunoreactivity of growth-associated protein (GAP-43) in the rat urinary bladder in which acute cystitis was induced with cyclophosphamide (CPA). Following CPA injection, the number of GAP-43 labeled nerves was significantly increased in the muscle layer. Immunoreactivity of PGP9.5, which was used as an axonal marker, was not augmented following CPA injection. Double fluorescence immunohistochemistry revealed that substance P immunoreactivity was present in most GAP-43 immunoreactive fibers (90.2%) in the inflamed bladder. Electron microscopic examination showed that GAP-43 immunoreactivity was localized on axons. Some GAP-43 positive axons showed degeneration. Possible significance of the increase of GAP-43 immunoreactive afferent nerve fibers in the muscle layer of acutely inflamed bladder was discussed.
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PMID:Increase of growth-associated protein-43 immunoreactivity following cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in rats. 948 79

The density of substance P (SP)-, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-immunoreactive (ir) nerve endings was quantitatively evaluated in intact and inflamed gastrocnemius-soleus muscle of the rat. In persistently inflamed muscle (12 days after a single injection of Freund's adjuvant into the muscle), the density of SP-ir fibres was significantly increased. CGRP- and VIP-ir fibres displayed an insignificant increase in density. The density of fibres ir for nerve growth factor (NGF) and for growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43/B-50), a marker for axonal sprouting, regeneration and synaptic reorganisation, increased significantly in persistently inflamed muscle. The data are consistent with the established contribution of NGF on the expression of SP and GAP-43 in afferent neurones under the influence of a persistent inflammation.
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PMID:Inflammation-induced increase in the density of neuropeptide-immunoreactive nerve endings in rat skeletal muscle. 969 86

This study was performed to compare GAP-43, PGP 9.5, synaptophysin, and NSE as neuronal markers in the human intestine. GAP-43-immunoreactive nerve fibers were abundant in all layers of the ileum and colon. GAP-43 partially co-localized partially with every neuropeptide (VIP, substance P, galanin, enkephalin) studied. All neuropeptide-immunoreactive fibers also showed GAP-43 reactivity. By blind visual estimation, the numbers of GAP-43-immunoreactive fibers in the lamina propria were greater than those of PGP 9.5, synaptophysin, or NSE. In the muscle layer, visual estimation indicated that the density of GAP-43-immunoreactive fiber profiles was slightly greater than that of the others. The number and intensity of GAP-43-, PGP 9.5-, and NSE-immunoreactive fibers were estimated in sections of normal human colon and ileum using computerized morphometry. In the colon, the numbers of GAP-43-immunoreactive nerve profiles per unit area and their size and intensity were significantly greater than the values for PGP and NSE. A similar trend was observed in the ileum. Neuronal somata lacked or showed only weak GAP-43 immunoreactivity, variable PGP 9.5 immunoreactivity, no synaptophysin immunoreactivity, and moderate to strong NSE immunoreactivity. We conclude that GAP-43 is the superior marker of nerve fibers in the human intestine, whereas NSE is the marker of choice for neuronal somata. (J Histochem Cytochem 47:1405-1415, 1999)
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PMID:Quantitative comparison of growth-associated protein GAP-43, neuron-specific enolase, and protein gene product 9.5 as neuronal markers in mature human intestine. 1054 14

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using 32P-labeled dCTP with specific primers for putative neurotransmitters related and neuronal growth-related genes (GAP-43, NGF and BDNF) were used to search for evidence of such substances in the Merkel cell. Merkel cell samples were made from sinus hairs in the facial skin of rats. The relative amount of mRNA in a tissue sample concentrated in Merkel cells was compared semiquantitatively to that from nearby tissue without Merkel cells. mRNAs for VIP, tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P were found in higher concentration in Merkel cells than in control tissues. mRNA for genes encoding pro-enkephalin, GAP-43, CGRP, NGF and BDNF were detected in the Merkel cell samples at concentration statistically equivalent to those found in the control tissues. It was concluded that the relative concentration of mRNAs for VIP, tyrosine hydroxylase and substance P is consistent with the possibility that Merkel cell acts as a possible transduction element in mechanical excitation of sense organs in which Merkel cells are present.
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PMID:Expressions of putative neurotransmitters and neuronal growth related genes in Merkel cell-neurite complexes of the rats. 1079 95

By means of immunohistochemistry the presence of the growth-associated protein GAP-43 and its codistribution with substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are studied in the human spinal trigeminal, gracile, and cuneate nuclei at perinatal and adult life stages. The results obtained show that the distribution pattern of GAP-43 in the areas examined varies with age and that the immunohistochemical detectability of the protein persists in discrete subregions of the trigeminal and cuneate nuclei of the adult, where its localization closely matches that of SP and CGRP. It is suggested that neuronal plasticity may be pronounced throughout life in areas of the human nervous system involved in the neurotransmission of protopathic stimuli at the first synaptic level. Discrete subregions of the cuneate nucleus, bearing neurochemical characteristics strikingly similar to those of the substantia gelatinosa of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis are pointed out.
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PMID:GAP-43 in the spinal trigeminal and dorsal column nuclei of the newborn and adult man: immunohistochemical distribution and comparison with that of the neuropeptides SP and CGRP. 1132 93

The aim of this study was to compare immunoreactivities for substance P with other enteric neuropeptides and GAP-43, a general marker for enteric nerves, in normal human colon and in different stages of ulcerative colitis. Tissue samples from normal colon and regions of ulcerative colitis colon were obtained at surgery and immunostained for substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), enkephalin, galanin, GAP-43, and neuron-specific enolase (NSE). Visual examination and semiquantitative analysis revealed a clear increase in the immunoreactivity for substance P in ulcerative colitis, whereas no differences were observed in the distribution of the other peptides. Therefore, quantitative analysis was performed only for substance P immunoreactivity in the lamina propria, circular muscle layer, and myenteric ganglia. In the lamina propria, the score of total intensity of substance P immunoreactivity was 0.55 +/- 0.15 (mean +/- SEM) in normal colon, 1.30 +/- 0.35 (p = 0.087) in least affected colon, and 2.22 +/- 0.28 (p < 0.001) in moderately affected colon, whereas no significant differences were observed in immunoreactivities for GAP-43. Similar results were obtained for the mean substance P- or GAP-43-immunoreactive area. In the circular muscle layer, the number, density, total intensity, and perimeter of substance P- and GAP-43-immunoreactive fibers were essentially similar in normal colon, and in mild or moderately affected colon. We conclude that ulcerative colitis does not change the density of gut innervation as a whole. However, the density of substance P-containing nerves is specifically increased, probably due to increased peptide synthesis leading to better visibility of the fibers.
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PMID:Quantitative comparison of growth-associated protein-43 and substance P in ulcerative colitis. 1137 21


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