Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The distribution of regulatory peptides was studied in the separated epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa and muscularis externa of the human jejunum. Gastrin, secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, enteroglucagon and neurotensin immunoreactivity were almost confined to the endocrine cell-containing mucosal epithelium (greater than 98% of the total content), only minor amounts of motilin being detected in non-epithelial layers (3.6 +/- 0.7%, mean +/- SEM, n = 7). Conversely, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P and mammalian bombesin were virtually limited to non-epithelial layers (greater than 99%). Only somatostatin was found in all layers (44 +/- 6.7% in the epithelium, 34 +/- 5.2% in the lamina propria, 13 +/- 2.9% in the submucosa, and 7.9 +/- 2.8% in the muscularis). Substance P was found in higher concentrations in the mucosa, compared to submucosa and muscle (56 +/- 10, 30 +/- 4.0 and 29 +/- 4.0 pmol/g, respectively), while vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was more abundant in the muscle (411 +/- 52 pmol/g) compared to mucosa and submucosa (228 +/- 64 and 219 +/- 31 pmol/g, respectively). Only low levels of mammalian bombesin were measured, mainly in the muscle (6.9 +/- 1.5 pmol/g, or 89 +/- 3.6% of total content).
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PMID:Regulatory peptide distribution in separated layers of the human jejunum. 360 2

Hypertensin, gastrin-releasing peptide, neuromedin and substance P activated the buccal ganglia in Planorbis corneus and Lymnaea stagnalis, whereas secretin, somatostatin, pancreosimin and octapeptide of cholecystokinin suppressed them. No effect of neurotensin and alitesine were found. The peptides seem to rearrange functioning of buccal nervous network. Application of the peptides induced no pattern of food program.
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PMID:[Effect of neuropeptides on the motor output of the buccal ganglia of freshwater mollusks]. 362 30

Pancreatic endocrine cells were stained immunocytochemically for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide by the PAP technique or sequentially for two hormones by the PAP followed by an indirect immunogold procedure. Pancreatic endocrine cells of Chrysemys are found scattered as single cells or small aggregates throughout the exocrine parenchyma; only the splenic region shows islets consisting of a B cell core surrounded by a loose mantle of A cells and occasional D cells. PP cells were not found in this splenic portion but were found scattered throughout the remainder of the pancreas. In contrast to the typical vertebrate islet, Chrysemys pancreatic endocrine cells are characterized by a lack of preferential association of one cell type with another and suggests that paracrine regulatory mechanisms may not be operable in this species. Insulin secretion from pieces of Chrysemys pancreas has been measured in incubation and perifusion systems employing a heterologous radioimmunoassay. Insulin release by Chrysemys B cells is enhanced by elevated levels of glucose (300 mg/dl), however, response appears to be somewhat slower compared to other vertebrate B cells. Gastrin, secretin, neurotensin, motilin, serotonin, PYY, glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, somatostatin and insulin were demonstrated immunocytochemically in open-type GEP cells of the mucosal epithelium of the Chrysemys intestine. Of these cells, gastrin, neurotensin and insulin cells appear to be the most numerous while the other types appear less frequently. Cells containing PP, bombesin, cholecystokinin and substance P could not be demonstrated. The localization of insulin to GEP cells of the turtle intestine is an unusual finding but has been confirmed by radioimmunoassay of extracts of the intestinal mucosa.
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PMID:The gastro-entero-pancreatic system of the turtle, Chrysemys picta. 391 12

Historically, the enterochromaffin cell was the first endocrine cell type detected in avian gut; subsequently, a number of types of such cells were distinguished on the basis of the ultrastructural features of the secretory granules. More recently, immunocytochemical procedures have revealed somatostatin-, pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-, polypeptide YY-, glucagon-, secretin-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, gastrin-, cholecystokinin-, neurotensin-, bombesin-, substance P-, enkephalin-, motilin-, and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in avian gastrointestinal endocrine cells. Most endocrine cells are located in the antrum; there are a number in the proventriculus and small intestine but few in the gizzard, cecum, and rectum. Several avian gastroenteropancreatic hormones, including glucagon, VIP, secretin, bombesin, neurotensin, and PP, have been isolated and sequenced. They resemble the equivalent mammalian peptides in terms of molecular size but differ in amino acid composition and sequence; some (e.g., VIP) differ only in minor respects, others (e.g., secretin) more radically. Gastrointestinal endocrine cells appear late in development; available data indicate that few types are recognized by either immunocytochemistry or electron microscopy before 16 days of incubation. Experimental evidence has shown that at least the majority of gut endocrine cells are of endodermal origin and are not derived from the neural crest or neuroectoderm as earlier proposed. In early embryos, the progenitors of gastrointestinal endocrine cells are more widespread than are the differentiated cells in chicks at hatching. This, along with other observations, raises the question of factors that might influence the differentiation of gut endocrine cells.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal hormones in birds: morphological, chemical, and developmental aspects. 608 44

The aim of the present work was to study the effect of substance P (SP) and somatostatin (SST) on hepatic bile flow. For this purpose a total of 54 anesthetized mongrel dogs were used. The gallbladder was excluded by ligation of the cystic duct and a common duct fistula was created by insertion of a catheter into the common duct. Both SP and SST were found to exert an anticholeretic effect in the dog. SST was also found to be anticholeretic in man. In the dog, SP was infused at dosages from 0.5-20 ng kg-1 min-1 and exerted a significant anticholeretic effect at a dosage of 2.5 ng or higher. At dosages of 2.5 and 20 ng kg-1 min-1, SP decreased the basal bile secretion by about 20 and 40% respectively. The decrease in bile flow was accompanied by decreased outputs of sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate and amylase. With taurocholate-stabilized and taurocholate-stabilized and hormone-induced bile secretion, SP had the above mentioned effects and in addition the output of bile acids decreased. The effect of SP occurred within minutes and after withdrawal of SP there was a positive rebound effect, with a magnitude of about 30% following the 20 ng dosage. SST at dosages from 20-1000 ng kg-1 min-1 induced an anticholeretic effect with a magnitude of 10-25%. With both basal and taurocholate-stabilized bile secretion, the outputs of bile, bile acids and electrolytes decreased during the infusion period and remained diminished for 10-20 min after termination of the infusion. Unlike SP, SST had no anticholeretic effect in the presence of CCK or secretin. A simultaneous infusion of SP and SST decreased bile flow more than either agent alone. The anticholeretic effect of SST was verified in five patients. They had all been operated on for choledocholithiasis. In four patients a complete diversion of bile was obtained with a Foley catheter in the common duct and in the fifth patient from an impacted stone in the common duct. During infusion of SST, 250 ug h-1, the outputs of hepatic bile and bile acids decreased while the outputs of cholesterol and phospholipids were unchanged. The serum bile acid concentration was unaffected by SST and therefore SST is suggested to exert an inhibitory effect on bile acid synthesis. The changes in electrolyte outputs induced by SST in man corresponded to those in the dog.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Anticholeretic effects of substance P and somatostatin. 608 86

Two cell culture systems were used for studies of neural functions in vitro. A neuronal hybrid cell line (neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells) and primary glial-rich cultures of newborn murine brain. The level of cyclic AMP in both systems is regulated by two groups of hormones, those that stimulate and those that inhibit formation of cyclic AMP. Among the inhibitory hormones active on the hybrid cells are opioids. Therefore the cells are being used in the elucidation of action of opioids. The list of stimulating and inhibitory hormones regulating the primary glial-rich cultures includes several peptide hormones such as the gastrointestinal peptides secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide, the calcaemic hormones parathyrin and calcitonin, adrenocorticotropin and melanotropins, and somatostatin. Noradrenaline (via alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors) and adenosine (via A1 and A2 receptors) inhibit and stimulate cyclic AMP synthesis in the primary glial-rich cultures. Bradykinin slowly hyperpolarizes the hybrid cells and elicits formation of cyclic GMP. Both responses desensitize rapidly. Substance P increases the permeability of hybrid cells for Na+, as measured by using 14C-guanidinium as substitute for Na+. Hybrid cells actively accumulate taurine, an amino acid that appears to fulfill important functions in the nervous system. The transport of taurine across the plasma membrane is highly specific for and strictly dependent on Na+. The pumped station hypothesis of taurine action in the nervous system views taurine gradient plus taurine carrier as a transport system for the elimination of sodium from neurons during phases of high neuronal activity.
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PMID:Cell culture as models for studying neural functions. 608 74

Eleven anesthetized dogs were provided with a common bile duct fistula, and the gallbladder was excluded. After stabilization of the bile flow by intravenous infusions of taurocholate, various peptides were administered intravenously. Substance P (SP) decreased the output of hepatic bile, bile acids, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate by about 50%. When SP was superimposed on cholecystokinin (CCK)- or secretin-induced choleresis, all CCK-induced effects were abolished, whereas SP had a less pronounced anticholeretic effect when choleresis was induced by secretin. Somatostatin (SST) decreased the output of hepatic bile, bile acids, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate by about 25%. SST had no inhibitory effect on CCK- or secretin-induced choleresis. It is suggested that the principal mode of action of SST on bile flow is indirect by inhibiting the release of choleretic hormones, whereas SP is suggested to act directly on the hepatocytes.
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PMID:Effects of substance P and somatostatin on taurocholate-stabilized and CCK- or secretin-induced choleresis in the anesthetized dog. 608 18

Interference by human plasma proteins in the radioimmunological determination of somatostatin was eliminated by subjecting plasma samples to acid--ethanol precipitation. The assay was performed on the lyophilized supernate from 300 microliters of human plasma, with reagents that are commercially available. Sensitivity was 2.6 pg, corresponding to 8.7 ng/L of plasma. The intra-assay CV was 8%; the inter-assay CV was 12% for a low (30 ng/L) and 15% for a high (100 ng/L) standard. The mean analytical recovery of exogenous somatostatin from plasma was 95%, and the standard synthetic cyclic somatostatin showed parallel dilution curves with extracted plasma samples. Neither gastrin HG-17 and HG-34, pentagastrin, secretin, glucagon, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, nor pancreatic polypeptide interfered in the assay system. Mean immunoreactive somatostatin in 20 normal fasting subjects was 31.5 (SD 15.6) ng/L and ranged from 14 to 67 ng/L.
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PMID:Simple extraction method and radioimmunoassay for somatostatin in human plasma. 611 63

At least 16 types of endocrine-paracrine cells have been identified ultrastructurally in the gastrointestinal mucosa. The production of hormones and local messengers such as 5-hydroxytryptamine, gastrin, cholecystokinin, somatostatin, secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), enteroglucagon (glicentin, GLI), motilin, neurotensin, substance P and the enkephalins, by these cells, has been established. Progress has also been made in cytological studies of gut and pancreatic endocrine tumours. Argentaffin EC cell carcinoids, gastrinomas (of several ultrastructurally different varieties of gastrin cells), L-cell tumours and D-cell tumours are among those cytologically and functionally defined in the gut. Functionally undefined tumours include the so-called non-argentaffin carcinoids arising in various parts of the gut, some of which have been characterised cytologically as gastric ECL cell tumours and gastroduodenal P-D1-cell tumours. Gastrinomas, vipomas and rare argentaffin carcinoids are among gut-related pancreatic endocrine tumours. Non-functional paragangliomas, usually with some neuromatous component, occur in the duodenal wall. Extrapancreatic vipomas display ultrastructural features of ganglioneuroblastomas with peptidergic granules.
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PMID:The diffuse endocrine-paracrine system of the gut in health and disease: ultrastructural features. 611 45

We have previously shown that stimulation of the preganglionic cervical sympathetic trunk leads to an acute increase in tyrosine hydroxylase (TyrOHase) activity in the rat superior cervical ganglion. This increase appears to be mediated in part by acetylcholine and in part by a second neurotransmitter. As a first step in an attempt to determine the identity of this noncholinergic transmitter, we have examined the ability of a number of neuropeptides to increase ganglionic TyrOHase activity in vitro. Secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) both stimulated TyrOHase activity, whereas angiotensin II, bombesin, bradykinin, cholecystokinin octapeptide, glucagon, insulin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, [D-Ala(2), Met(5)]enkephalinamide, motilin, neurotensin, somatostatin, and substance P produced no effects. Secretin produced a significant increase in TyrOHase activity at 1 nM and a maximal elevation at 0.1 muM. VIP produced a significant increase at 0.1 muM and a near maximal effect at 10 muM. Although secretin was about 2 orders of magnitude more potent than VIP, it produced a significantly smaller maximal increase in enzyme activity. Incubation of ganglia with both secretin (10 muM) and VIP (10 muM) produced an increase in TyrOHase activity that was not significantly different from that produced by VIP alone. The stimulatory effects of secretin and VIP were reversible within minutes after removal of the peptides. Neither incubation of intact ganglia with the cholinergic antagonists hexamethonium and atropine nor prior decentralization of ganglia altered the response to the peptides. Thus, the data demonstrate that secretin and VIP acutely increase TyrOHase activity in the superior cervical ganglion and suggest that they produce this effect by acting directly on ganglionic neurons. It remains to be determined whether secretin or VIP or a related peptide is released during preganglionic nerve firing and whether one or more of these peptides is responsible for the noncholinergic elevation of TyrOHase activity produced by preganglionic nerve stimulation.
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PMID:Secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide acutely increase tyrosine 3-monooxygenase in the rat superior cervical ganglion. 613 May 26


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