Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There is experimental evidence suggesting that the interstitial cells of Cajal are essential for rhythmic slow waves of the smooth muscle layers of the mammalian small intestine. Different investigators have identified them variously as modified neurons, glia, fibroblasts or modified smooth muscle cells. Since histological categorization bears on understanding their function, we have examined the immunoreactivity of the myenteric plexus of the rat small intestine, paying special attention to the cell type identified as Thuneberg's Type I-ICC. Polyclonal and monoclonal antisera directed against 4 intermediate filament proteins: neurofilament protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin and desmin were used. In addition, antisera directed against neuron-specific enolase, substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were also tested for reactivity. Type I-ICCs were immunonegative to all the antisera directed against intermediate filament proteins and neuropeptides. However, some Type I-ICCs were immunopositive to antisera against neuron-specific enolase. On the basis of these results and the distribution of immunoreactivities to these kinds of antisera in other tissues, we suggest that Type I-ICCs are distinct from typical myenteric neurons, from glia, from fibroblasts and from smooth muscle fibers. Staining with antiserum against neuron-specific enolase suggests a relation to some type of neuron.
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PMID:Immunocytochemistry of the interstitial cells of Cajal in the rat intestine. 279 41

The distribution of nerves containing immunoreactivity for substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), leucine-enkephalin (LENK), gastrin-releasing polypeptide (GRP), and somatostatin (SOM) was studied in the reticulorumen and the reticular groove of the calf and cow, use immunohistochemistry. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) antiserum was used to determine the general distribution of nerves, which was then compared to distribution of immunoreactive (IR) nerves stained for five kinds of peptides. Nerve fibers and cell bodies were observed in all segments examined; however, both elements showed considerable variation in different segments and age groups. The densities of nerve fibers and ganglia were most concentrated in the reticular groove and least numerous in the ruminal wall. VIP-, SP-, and LENK-IR nerves were detected in all segments, whereas GRP- and SOM-IR nerves were detected only in the reticular groove. NSE-IR nerves were moderately abundant in the reticulorumen, but peptide-IR nerves composed only a minor population of nerves with VIP-IR nerves being most abundant. SP-IR nerves were less abundant and LENK-IR nerves were rarely observed. Abundant nerves were detected in the lips of the reticular groove and of these, SP-IR nerves were most abundant, and in order of decreasing abundance, VIP-, LENK-, SOM-, and GRP-IR nerves were observed also. Immunoreactive nerves were more abundant in the calf than in the cow. The reduced abundance of immunoreactive nerves in the cow as compared to calf was striking, particularly with regard to the SP-IR nerves located in the lips of the reticular groove.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study on the distribution of neuron-specific enolase-and peptide-containing nerves in the reticulorumen and the reticular groove of cattle. 287 55

Fifteen cerebellar hemangioblastomas were examined by immunohistochemistry for expression of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and various neuropeptides using the avidin-biotin-complex peroxidase reaction with the following antibodies: NSE, synaptophysin, serotonin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide YY, neurotensin, and leu-enkephalin. In all tumor biopsies most of the stromal cells were positive for NSE. About 30% of the stromal cells showed a weak cytoplasmic synaptophysin positivity. Approximately 25% of the stromal cells were labeled with antibodies against substance P and neuropeptide YY. The partly strong reactivity was localized preferentially in perinuclear regions. These positive cells were mainly distributed in small cell clusters but were also scattered in the tumor parenchyma. In all tumor biopsies scattered cells exhibited strong perinuclear enkephalin positivity, corresponding probably to mast cells, whereas stromal cells were entirely negative. For serotonin, VIP, and neurotensin no specific reaction was seen. On the basis of these findings it is proposed that hemangioblastomas have a neuroendocrine component.
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PMID:Histogenesis of stromal cells in cerebellar hemangioblastomas. An immunohistochemical study. 291 47

Neuroendocrine (NE) neoplasms of the human bronchopulmonary tract were examined by electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and gel electrophoresis of cytoskeletal proteins from microdissected tissue samples. All samples (carcinoids, well-differentiated NE carcinoma, NE carcinomas of intermediate type, NE carcinomas of the small cell type) contained significant numbers of cells that immunostained for one or more of the following neuroendocrine markers tested: bombesin, calcitonin, ACTH, leu-enkephalin, gastrin, serotonin, somatostatin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, vasoactive intestinal peptide, glucagon, insulin, substance P, and neuron-specific enolase. Electron microscopy revealed typical NE cell features, including variable abundant and frequently heterogeneous neurosecretory granules. Tumor cells contained filaments specifically stained with different conventional and monoclonal antibodies to cytokeratins and displayed punctate plasma membrane staining with antibodies to desmoplakins, in agreement with the electron microscopic demonstration of tonofilament bundles and desmosomes. Immunocytochemistry for NE markers and cytoskeletal proteins on consecutive sections revealed both cytokeratins and neuroendocrine substances in single cells. Using gel electrophoresis of cytoskeletal proteins of tissue regions extracted with high salt buffer and detergent, we could detect, in the tumors tested, appreciable amounts of cytokeratin polypeptides 8, 18, and 19, i.e., major cytokeratins also found in certain other lung carcinomas such as adenocarcinomas. Tumor cells were not significantly stained with antibodies to other intermediate filament proteins such as vimentin, desmin, glial filament protein, and neurofilament protein. The results show that NE substances can be synthesized in cells containing a typical epithelial cytoskeleton, i.e., cytokeratin filaments and desmosomes. These findings support the notion of an epithelial character of these tumors and appear in contrast with recent reports that neurofilaments are the only type of intermediate filaments present in carcinoids and other pulmonary NE tumors. These observations may have important implications for the histogenesis of NE carcinomas and for diagnostic pathology.
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PMID:Coexpression of neuroendocrine markers and epithelial cytoskeletal proteins in bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms. 298 72

Eighteen head and neck paragangliomas were studied by light microscopy and light microscopic immunohistochemistry by the peroxidase technique for the presence of NSE (neuron-specific enolase), serotonin, and a battery of neuropeptides. Seven of these tumors were also studied by electron microscopy. All 18 cases demonstrated immunostaining for NSE; 10 of the 11 carotid body tumors had immunostaining for multiple hormones. Considering all 18 cases, the most frequently demonstrated hormonal substances were in order: serotonin, leu-enkephalin, gastrin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin, bombesin, calcitonin, and alpha MSH. In several tumors, adjacent-step sections stained for different hormonal substances strongly suggested reactivity for more than one hormone in given tumor cells. By electron microscopy, all 7 cases studied displayed considerable heterogeneity of the neurosecretory granules with respect to size, shape, and electron density. This demonstrated that branchiomeric paragangliomas are capable of producing a spectrum of neuropeptides in addition to their known amine content. The presence of immunoreactive serotonin in most of these neoplasms was confirmed. In addition to these findings, neurofibrils within the substance of carotid body paragangliomas demonstrated immunoreactivity for somatostatin and a gastrinlike neuropeptide. The significance of the neuropeptides in these neoplasms and their possible presence and role in normal and hyperplastic paraganglia remain to be defined.
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PMID:Paragangliomas of the head and neck: ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis. 300 85

The various subpopulations of autonomic and sensory nerves supplying the mammalian cardiovascular system may be demonstrated using specific immunocytochemical and histochemical techniques, but no single marker has previously been available for the visualisation of the entire innervation. Protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 was first identified in extracts of human brain and found to represent a major protein component of the neuronal cytoplasm. We have demonstrated that PGP 9.5 immunoreactivity occurs in the guinea pig cardiovascular innervation and is present in more individual nerve fibres than other general neuronal markers (neuron-specific enolase and neurofilaments). PGP 9.5 immunoreactivity was localized to both intrinsic neurones and nerve fibres in the guinea pig heart. In the vascular system PGP 9.5-immunoreactivity occurred in an extensive plexus of fine perivascular nerve fibres and fascicles running around and along both arteries and veins, mainly at the adventitial-medial border. At the ultrastructural level, this immunoreactive material was localized to the axonal cytoplasm and did not appear to be associated with cytoskeletal elements or secretory vesicles. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) pretreatment resulted in the degeneration of noradrenergic axon terminals containing PGP 9.5, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) immunoreactivities. Most of the perivascular nerve fibres which remained displayed substance P- and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity, as well as PGP 9.5 immunoreactivity. Capsaicin pretreatment resulted in a depletion of both substance P and CGRP immunoreactivity, but had no apparent effect on PGP 9.5 immunostaining. In the heart PGP 9.5 immunoreactivity also appeared to be present in presumed postganglionic cholinergic nerves. PGP 9.5 may be a useful marker when examining regional variations in cardiovascular innervation and for determining the relative proportions of nerve subpopulations.
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PMID:The visualisation of cardiovascular innervation in the guinea pig using an antiserum to protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5). 310 56

An extensive array of nerve fibers ramify around the afferent blood vessels of the liver and the extrahepatic and intrahepatic biliary pathways, and are thought to be involved in regulation of blood flow. Although the role of sympathetic innervation is established, little is known about the location or role of regulatory peptidergic innervation in the liver. We examined the anatomic distribution of a wide variety of regulatory peptides and several neural antigens by in situ immunohistochemistry in the rat and in man. A rich peptidergic plexus of nerve fibers and ganglion cells was observed around the arterial vessels in both species, with intense immunoreactivity for neuron-specific enolase, neurofilaments, neuropeptide Y, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. S-100 protein immunoreactivity was seen principally in large nerve bundles, suggesting that the majority of nerves in this area were unmyelinated. In contrast, the portal vessels revealed very little peptidergic innervation. No staining was observed with antibodies directed against insulin, glucagon, gastrin, serotonin, met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu, cholecystokinin, or growth hormone. These findings indicate the presence of a rich, although selective, peptidergic plexus surrounding afferent hepatic blood vessels. This plexus may play an important role in regulation of hepatic blood flow.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine innervation of the hepatic vessels in the rat and in man. 318 22

Three patients suffering from an absence of the enteric nervous system are reported. Two sisters presented with severe vomiting shortly after birth and dilatation of the intestine proximal to a stenosis. There was an absence of the enteric nervous system throughout the entire length of the intestine distal to the duodenum. A boy presenting an ileus was found to suffer from an aganglionosis of the entire colon. There was also an absence of neuronal bodies and nerve fibers in the small intestine. The final diagnosis was made by histochemical and immunocytochemical stains for acetylcholinesterase, lactate hydrogenase, neuron-specific enolase, protein S-100, and substance P. In the literature, 13 other patients have been reported. On the basis of differences of symptoms, incidence, sex ratio, genetics, and, presumably, pathogenesis between absence of the enteric nervous system and aganglionosis, it is assumed that the two diseases are separate entities.
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PMID:Absence of the enteric nervous system in the newborn: presentation of three patients and review of the literature. 351 82

A neuroendocrine skin carcinoma cell line MKL-1 has been established from a nodal metastasis in a 26-year-old patient. The line grows as irregularly outlined, loosely packed floating aggregates lacking central necrosis. MKL-1 is hyperdiploid and has a mean doubling time of 120 hours. Xenografts of 2 X 10(7) MKL-1 cells produce tumors in nude mice at 4 to 6 weeks after subcutaneous inoculation. The xenografts were morphologically indistinguishable from the original skin primary and the nodal metastasis. Electron microscopy revealed sparse membrane-bound neurosecretory granules, and conspicuous, paranuclear aggregates of intermediate filaments. Immunohistochemical study showed diffuse and consistent staining with neuron-specific enolase, while bombesin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, Leu-enkephalin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide displayed heterogeneous and variable expression. Uniform staining of all cells appearing as cytoplasmic fibrils and paranuclear aggregates was noted with antibodies to cytokeratin. Appreciable amounts of cytokeratin polypeptides 8, 18, and 19 and IT protein were seen on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of cytoskeletal preparations from MKL-1 cells and from tumor-rich frozen sections. Immunostaining also showed coexpression of neurofilaments arranged in paranuclear aggregates; gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting demonstrated the presence in MKL-1 cells of prominent amounts of the small neurofilament polypeptide. Focal expression of desmoplakin was noted in the xenografts. The cells reacted with monoclonal antibodies anti-Leu-7 and anti-Leu-M1 but did not react with antibodies to human lymphocyte antigens (HLA)-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C. Cytogenetic analysis revealed the presence of 3 chromosomally abnormal cell lines with the majority of metaphase cells demonstrating a gain of an isochromosome of the short arm of chromosome 5. Thus, MKL-1 cell line shares several characteristics with small cell neuroendocrine bronchopulmonary carcinoma cell lines but shows distinct cytogenetic abnormalities.
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PMID:Establishment and characterization of a neuroendocrine skin carcinoma cell line. 354 33

Five carcinoid tumors of the thymus were screened immunohistochemically for the occurrence of neuropeptides (ACTH, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, gastrin, neurotensin, somatostatin, substance P), as well as of serotonin, chromogranin A, and neuron-specific enolase. Most of the patients exhibited local symptoms evoked by growing tumor masses in the upper mediastinum without any clinical evidence of endocrine activity. Light and electron microscopic examination showed characteristic uniform large epithelial cells in polar or palisade arrangement, containing variable amounts of electron-dense secretory granules. Only a few of the tested neuropeptide antisera reacted with the investigated tumors. Cholecystokinin-immunoreactive cell populations were seen in all tumors. Expression of neurotensin could be observed in three neoplasms, two of which also exhibited ACTH immunoreactivity. Chromogranin A-immunoreactive cells were found in two neoplasms. Neuron-specific enolase showed strong staining in three tumors, one of the tumors also being immunoreactive for calcitonin. The results were confirmed by control reactions. Apart from the demonstration that conventional marker proteins are not reliable in identifying all carcinoid tumors, the present study proves that the visualization of neuropeptide-immunoreactive cells in thymus carcinoids does not necessarily correspond to the manifestation of the clinical symptoms. Furthermore, each of the investigated neoplasms, as also known from other carcinoid tumors, appears to be able to produce more than one hormone.
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PMID:Carcinoid tumors of the thymus. An immunohistochemical study. 366 30


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