Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The neural origin and even the existence of appendiceal neuromas have been questioned. We have studied 20 examples, 7 discovered during a prospective examination of 26 consecutive routine appendectomy specimens (for an incidence of 27%), 2 selected from random cases, and 11 discovered in a retrospective review of 11 randomly selected cases of appendices diagnosed as "fibrous obliteration." By light-microscopy, appendiceal neuromas appear as a loose proliferation of spindle cells usually in a myxoid background, frequently with entrapped fat and connective tissue and infiltrated by eosinophils. Seventeen were located centrally in the appendix without nodule formation. One was central with nodularity and two were confined to the mucosa. The spindle cells were positive for S-100 protein and neuron-specific enolase in all cases. In 12, serotonin positive cells entrapped in the proliferation were present. In 5 of 11 cases with apparent uninvolved appendix present in the specimen, the number of serotonin cells in the crypts was greater than in normal appendix controls. Two appendiceal neuromas contained somatostatin positive cells. Stains for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, neurotensin, bombesin and gastrin were negative. Ultrastructural examination of one case confirmed the presence of a mixture of Schwann cells and cells containing neurosecretory granules. We conclude that appendiceal neuroma is a rather common entity, and that most cases of so-called fibrous obliteration actually represent appendiceal neuroma.
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PMID:Neuromas of the appendix. A light-microscopic, immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic study of 20 cases. 243 Apr 80

The distribution of nerves containing immunoreactivity for substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), leucine-enkephalin (LENK), and gastrin-releasing polypeptide (GRP) in the margin of the reticulo-omasal orifice, omasum, and omasal pillar of calves and cows was studied by immunohistochemistry. The general distribution of nerves was determined by means of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) antiserum and then compared to the distribution of immunoreactive (IR) nerves stained for the four peptides. Marked differences in the distribution of immunoreactive nerves were associated with age and the segment examined. SP-IR fibers were abundant in the musculature of the ungulate papillae at the reticulo-omasal orifice and in the smooth muscle of the omasal leaves, moderately dense in the omasal pillar, and low in density in the inner muscle layer of the reticulo-omasal orifice and in the muscle of the omasal wall. In order of decreasing abundance, the cell bodies of SP-IR nerves were found at the reticulo-omasal orifice, in the omasal wall, and in the omasal pillar. LENK-IR fibers, though less abundant, showed a pattern of distribution that was similar to that of SP-IR fibers. Nerve cell bodies showing weak immunoreactivity for LENK were detected rarely. Abundant VIP-IR fibers were present in the inner muscle layer of the reticulo-omasal orifice and in the omasal wall, while moderate numbers were seen in the omasal pillar: they were low in density in the ungulate papillae and omasal leaves. Cell bodies of VIP-IR nerves decreased in number through the omasum, reticulo-omasal orifice, and omasal pillar. The distribution of GRP-IR nerve fibers was similar to that of VIP-IR fibers, although GRP-IR fibers were less abundant. Nerve cell bodies showing weak immunoreactivity for GRP were detected rarely. The individual distribution of peptide-IR nerves was similar in the calf and cow, but immunoreactive nerves were far more abundant in the calf. The present study provides valuable information for discussion of the possible role of nerves in the regulation of omasal function.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study on the distribution of neuron-specific enolase- and peptide-containing nerves in the omasum of cattle. 243 68

A method of perfusion-fixation of the human brain is described and compared with immersion-fixation by immunoperoxidase staining for several substances (tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P, choline acetyltransferase, glutamate decarboxylase, Met-enkephalin, and neuron-specific enolase) in human striatum. Results from 1-cm slices fixed by immersion for 1, 2, 4 and 8 days were compared with results from slices of perfused brain postfixed for the same time periods. The fixative used in all steps was 4% paraformaldehyde at 4 degrees C. In the immersion-fixed brains, optimal immunoreaction for tyrosine hydroxylase and glutamate decarboxylase was limited to a depth of 1-2 mm from the surface of the brain slice. In contrast, staining density in perfusion-fixed brains was relatively homogeneous and of high quality. The other antigens studied displayed more uniform staining throughout the section with both perfused and immersed brains. Investigators intending to study human brain immunohistochemistry using immersion-fixation should be aware of the possibility of depth-related variations in staining intensity and would be wise to determine whether this effect is significant for the antigens they choose to study.
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PMID:Perfusion-fixation of the human brain for immunohistochemistry: comparison with immersion-fixation. 243 8

Inflammatory or allergic conditions, as well as situations where healing and repair processes occur, are characterized by the presence of increased numbers of mast cells. Previous work on the effect of neuropeptides on mast cell mediator release showed that only substance P caused such release from intestinal mucosal mast cells [Shanahan, F., Denburg, J. A., Fox, J., Bienenstock, J. & Befus, A. D. (1985) J. Immunol. 135, 1331-1337]. Accordingly, we investigated the microanatomical relationship between mast cells and enteric nerves in normal rat intestine and parasite-infected rat intestine, in which mucosal mast cell hyperplasia occurs. Combined immunohistochemistry for neuron-specific enolase and staining with alcian blue at pH 0.5 was employed on paraffin-embedded sections of normal and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-infected rat jejunum. Sixty-seven percent of intestinal mucosal mast cells were touching subepithelial nerves, and an additional 20% were within 2 micron of nerves. Assessment of the proportion of the lamina propria occupied by mast cells (12.5%), the average mast cell area (121 +/- 28 microns 2), and the density of enteric nerves (one per 788 +/- 151 microns 2) suggested that the association was 5 times greater than would be expected by chance alone (P less than 0.0001). In consecutive sections, the nerves in contact with mast cells were also shown to contain substance P and/or calcitonin-gene-related peptide. Electron microscopy confirmed this association: 8% of the mast cells in infected rats exhibited membrane-membrane contact with unmyelinated axons containing 70- to 170-nm dense-core vesicles, and an additional 31% were situated less than 250 nm from nerves. Other mast cells appeared to embrace nerve bundles through the projection of lamellopodia. These data provide systematic quantitative evidence that a structural foundation for communication between the immune and nervous systems exists in the rat gastrointestinal tract.
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PMID:Intestinal mucosal mast cells in normal and nematode-infected rat intestines are in intimate contact with peptidergic nerves. 243 89

Paraffin-embedded sections of 99 human adrenal and extraadrenal paragangliomas were analyzed by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique for the presence of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and 10 neuropeptides. Each showed diffuse staining for NSE. Most tumors were positive for [Leu5]-enkephalin (76 per cent), [Met5]-enkephalin (75 per cent), somatostatin (67 per cent), and pancreatic polypeptide (51 per cent), followed by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) (43 per cent), substance P (31 per cent), ACTH (28 per cent), calcitonin (23 per cent), bombesin (15 per cent), and neurotensin (12 per cent). The neuropeptides paralleled to a large extent those normally found in the sympathetic nervous system. Clinically malignant paragangliomas (n = 25) with proven regional or distant metastases expressed considerably fewer neuropeptides, although the spectrum of those seen remained similar. Malignant paragangliomas contained an average of two neuropeptides per tumor, in contrast to five for the benign tumors (P less than 0.05). Logistic regression analysis of staining results revealed that the paucity of enkephalins, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, and VIP along with the patient's sex was predictive of clinical malignancy. Our results show a definite relationship between expression of neuropeptides and the biologic behavior of these paragangliomas.
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PMID:Decreased expression of neuropeptides in malignant paragangliomas: an immunohistochemical study. 244 10

Patients with medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) were analyzed according to age, sex, and tumor stage. In addition, the MTC were screened for the predominant histologic pattern, immunocytochemical spectrum (60 tumors), and DNA content (DNA cytophotometry and DNA flow cytometry, 25 tumors). These findings were correlated with follow-up data available for 45 of these patients. Forty-eight percent of the tumors revealed a polygonal cell pattern, whereas 22% showed spindle-cell predominance. All tumors contained cytokeratin, chromogranin A, and calcitonin (CT). Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was present in 92%, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in 77%, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in 75%, and vimentin in 53% of cases. Positivity for neurotensin, somatostatin, neurofilaments, bombesin, and alpha human chorionic gonadotropin (a-hCG) and serotonin ranged between 3% and 27%. All MTC were negative for substance P, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroglobulin (TG), or S-100 protein. Local recurrences and regional lymph node metastases revealed identical staining patterns as the primaries. Prognosis of MTC was found not to be related to histologic features (dominant architectural pattern, cellular shape, presence of amyloid deposits) or immunocytochemical pattern. Instead, survival was significantly correlated to age, sex, and stage of disease. The best prognosis was seen in women younger than 40 years and revealing an early stage of disease. DNA measurements added valuable information in assessing the prognosis of MTC.
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PMID:Prognostic factors in medullary thyroid carcinomas. Survival in relation to age, sex, stage, histology, immunocytochemistry, and DNA content. 244 25

It is unknown whether adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons require trophic factors for their survival and maintenance of neuropeptide phenotypes. We have established and characterized neuron-enriched cultures of adult rat DRGs and investigated their responses to nerve growth factor (NGF), ciliary neuronotrophic factor (CNTF), pig brain extract (PBE, crude fraction of brain-derived neuronotrophic factor, BDNF), and laminin (LN). DRGs were dissected from levels C1 through L6 and dissociated and freed from myelin fragments and most satellite (S-100-immunoreactive) cells by centrifugation on Percoll and preplating. The enriched neurons, characterized by their morphology and immunoreactivity for neuron-specific enolase, constituted a population representative of the in vivo situation with regard to expression of substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM), and cholecystokinin-8 (CCK) immunoreactivities. In the absence of trophic factors and using polyornithine (PORN) as a substratum, 60-70% of the neurons present initially (0.5 days) had died after 7 days. LN as a substratum did not prevent a 30% loss of neurons up to day 4.5, but it subsequently maintained DRG neurons at a plateau. This behavior might reflect a cotrophic effect of LN and factors provided by non-neuronal cells, whose proliferation between 4.5 and 7 days could not be prevented by addition of mitotic inhibitors of gamma-irradiation. CNTF, but not NGF, slightly enhanced survival at 7 days on either PORN or LN. No neuronal losses were found in non-enriched cultures or when enriched neurons were supplemented with PBE, indicating that non-neuronal cells and PBE provide factor(s) essential for adult DRG neuron survival. Proportions of SP-, SOM-, and CCK-immunoreactive cells were unaltered under any experimental condition, with the exception of a numerical decline in SP cells in 7-day cultures with LN, but not PORN, as the substratum. Our data, considered in the context of recent in vivo and vitro studies, suggest that a combination of trophic factors or an unidentified factor, rather than the established molecules NGF, CNTF, and BDNF, which address embryonic and neonatal DRG neurons, are required for the in vitro maintenance of adult DRG neurons.
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PMID:Neuron-enriched cultures of adult rat dorsal root ganglia: establishment, characterization, survival, and neuropeptide expression in response to trophic factors. 244 41

The immunoreactivity of anti-neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and anti-Leu-7 on formalin-fixed sections of human fetal salivary gland epithelium was determined by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method. In addition, expression of some neuropeptides such as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SRIF), and substance P in the human salivary gland epithelium during the gestational period was observed, whereas the other polypeptides examined, including glucagon, cholecystokinin (CCK), Leu-enkephalin, and calcitonin were absent. NSE and Leu-7 immunoreactivity in the fetal salivary gland epithelium was observed solitarily or in groups commonly restricted to the developing duct epithelium. Positive immunoreactivity was observed in 46 cases with NSE (73%) and 44 cases with Leu-7 (70%) in 63 fetal salivary glands examined. In contrast, the incidence of positive cases stained with neuropeptides was lower than those of NSE and Leu-7 immunoreactivity in the human fetal salivary gland epithelium. These findings indicate that certain neuropolypeptides, as well as VIP, SRIF, and substance P present in the human fetal salivary gland epithelium may play a significant role in the development of the gland.
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PMID:Expression of neuron-specific enolase, Leu-7, and neuropeptides in human fetal salivary gland epithelium. 247 26

The taste buds and associated nerves in the guinea pig, rat, cat, and mouse were investigated by immunocytochemistry and formaldehyde-induced fluorescence histochemistry. The antisera used were against spot 35 protein, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), neurofilament protein (NFP), and substance P. The spot 35 protein immunoreactivity was confined to taste bud cells in the guinea pig and rat; the immunoreactive cells, slender in shape, comprised half the number of the total taste bud cells in the guinea pig but were fewer in the rat. For NSE, on the other hand, taste bud cells as well as neural elements localized in both the taste bud and the subepithelial connective tissue were immunoreactive in all the species investigated. Furthermore, all of the spot 35 protein-immunoreactive cells proved to be NSE-immunoreactive in the guinea pig and rat. For NFP, neither the bud cells nor the nerves in the taste bud were reactive, whereas a part of nerves in the connective tissue was immunostained in all the species. The antiserum against substance P exclusively detected some parts of nerves in and out of the taste buds in the cat, rat, and mouse. The aminergic innervation was rather meager and appeared in the nerve fibers localized in the taste buds and connective tissue of the cat and mouse.
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PMID:Immunocytochemistry of neuron-specific proteins and neuropeptides in taste buds and associated nerves. 247 4

A juxtapapillary duodenal polyp (measuring 1.5 x 1.0 x 1.2 cm) was removed endoscopically in a 57-year-old man who had had recurrent intestinal bleedings. Histological examination revealed a typical duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma with carcinoid and paraganglioma-like components, as well as neuroid portions with ganglion cells. Various neuroendocrine markers (neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin, protein-gene product 9.5) were demonstrated immunohistochemically. Tests for pancreatic polypeptide, substance P, enkephalin, cholecystokinin, glucagon and S-100 proteins, were all positive.
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PMID:[Juxtapapillary gangliocytic paraganglioma of the duodenum]. 270 35


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