Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Using a double-immunostaining technique with cholera toxin (CT) as a retrograde tracer, the authors examined the cells of origin and the histochemical nature of lower brainstem afferents to the cat posterior hypothalamus. The posterior hypothalamus, in particular the lateral hypothalamic area, receives substantial afferent projections from: substantia nigra, peripeduncular nucleus, ventral tegmental area, periaqueductal grey, mesencephalic reticular formation, peribrachial region including the locus coeruleus complex, rostral raphe nuclei and the rostral part of the nucleus magnus. In addition, a moderate number of retrogradely labeled neurons was found in: Edinger-Westphal nucleus, nucleus reticularis pontis oralis, nucleus reticularis magnocellularis, caudal lateral bulbar reticular formation around the nucleus ambiguus and lateral reticular nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract. The posterior hypothalamus receives: 1) dopaminergic inputs from A8, A9 and A10 cell groups; 2) noradrenergic inputs from A6 and A7 pontine, as well as A1 and A2 bulbar cell groups; 3) adrenergic inputs from C1 cell group in the caudal medulla; 4) serotoninergic inputs from the rostral raphe nuclei (B6, B7 and B8 cell groups); 5) cholinergic inputs from the peribrachial region of the dorsal pontine tegmentum as well as from the nucleus reticularis magnocellularis of the medulla; 6) peptidergic inputs such as methionine-enkephalin, substance P, corticotropin-releasing factor and galanin that originate mainly in the mesencephalic periaqueductal grey, the dorsal raphe nucleus and the peribrachial region of the dorsal pontine tegmentum.
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PMID:Lower brainstem afferents to the cat posterior hypothalamus: a double-labeling study. 197 Sep 46

The avian wulst, a laminated "bulge" in the dorsal telencephalon, contains several distinct regions. The posterolateral portion (visual wulst) has been proposed to be an avian equivalent of the mammalian striate cortex. The present study examines specific neurotransmitters and neuropeptides within the visual wulst by immunohistochemical techniques. Antisera and monoclonal antibodies against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), serotonin (5-HT), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABAAR), cholecystokinin (CCK), substance P (SP), leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK), neurotensin (NT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SRIF), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were used. Somata and neuropil displaying specific immunoreactivity were generally distributed in accordance with the laminar cytoarchitectonic organization of the wulst. The superficial layer of the wulst, the hyperstriatum accessorium, contained the highest densities of TH-, 5-HT-, SP-, NPY-, SRIF-, CRF-, and VIP-positive neuropil in the wulst, whereas the highest density of CCK- and NT-staining was found in the deepest layer of the wulst, the hyperstriatum dorsale. In addition to the traditionally defined four laminae of the wulst, the immunoreactive staining revealed several subregions within each lamina. The most dorsolateral portion of the wulst contained the highest densities of ChAT- and L-ENK-stained fibers in the wulst, as well as moderately dense staining of neuropil for 5-HT-, TH-, SP-, and CCK-like immunoreactivity. The nAChR-immunoreactivity was faint and distributed rather uniformly throughout the wulst. The results suggest that the wulst consists of multiple regional variations within layers comparable to laminar variations found within different cytoarchitectonic areas of the mammalian neocortex.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical analysis of the visual wulst of the pigeon (Columba livia). 197 83

During the past few years more than 30 novel, biologically active peptides have been discovered. Some are produced in endocrine glands and circulate as hormones in the blood; others are contained in the enterochromaffin cells of the gut and may be involved in the regulation of intestinal functions. The vast majority of new peptides, however, have been detected in the central and peripheral nervous systems, where they are synthesized in distinct neurons and stored in neurovesicles. Many of these neuropeptides may be involved in circulatory regulation. There is evidence supporting such a role, especially for centrally located angiotensin, opioid peptides, substance P, neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), kinins, corticotropin releasing factor, bombesin, and somatostatin. In this review we discuss the cardiovascular actions of angiotensin, neuropeptide Y, and calcitonin gene related peptide.
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PMID:The role of neuropeptides in cardiovascular regulation. 203 31

The immunocytochemical localization of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), substance P (SP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and neurotensin (NT) were studied in the human locus coeruleus (LC) using the avidin-biotin complex (ABC) technique. The brains were obtained from 3 adult male human subjects of 36-61 years old. All of these peptides studied were present in nerve fibers and varicosities throughout the entire nucleus, where they distributed unevenly. The highest density of immunoreactive neuronal networks was generally observed in the middle and to a lesser extent in the caudal part of the nucleus, while only scattered fibers were seen in the rostral part of the LC. Among the investigated neuronal peptides, the CRF-immunopositive network was the most dense, less dense immunostaining with TRH and NPY antisera while only few SP- and NT-immunoreactive fibers were present in the nucleus. Cell bodies immunostained for the above peptides were not seen in the LC. Per analogiam with rats, fibers immunostained in the LC may be of both intrinsic and extrinsic origins.
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PMID:Peptidergic innervation of the locus coeruleus cells in the human brain. 211 11

If we consider the chemical messengers in the central nervous system, there are about ten classic transmitters--the catecholamines, biogenic amines and amino acids--as opposed to over 50 different neuropeptides. These include previously well-established circulating hormones such as angiotensin, atrial natriuretic peptide, vasopressin and oxytocin, calcitonin and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), the opioid family of peptides, gastrointestinal peptides, pituitary peptides and their releasing factors, and miscellaneous peptides such as the kinins, bombesin, gallanin, and others; all occur as neuropeptides in the brain. There is evidence supporting a role in central cardiovascular control for angiotensin, opioid peptides, substance P, neuropeptide Y, vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide, kinins, corticotropin releasing factor, bombesin, somatostatin, and some other peptides. They have been localized in brain areas known to be important for blood pressure regulation, and specific high-affinity peptide receptors have also been discovered. Upon central administration, these peptides produce cardiovascular effects, partly by interacting with other blood pressure-controlling neuroregulators, e.g. catecholamines and GABA. Central inhibition of brain peptide synthesis or interaction with competitive antagonists at the receptor site results in marked cardiovascular effects. Altered peptide levels and activity of synthesizing enzymes, as well as supersensitivity to the pressor action of some brain peptides, have been described in experimental models of hypertension. We are using angiotensin as a model peptide to study the peptidergic control of cardiovascular function.
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PMID:Peptidergic control of cardiovascular function: the angiotensin paradigm. 219 11

We have investigated the appearance of the transmitter phenotypes of hypothalamic neurons in grafts transplanted into the third ventricle of adult female rats. The grafts were the mediobasal hypothalamus and the preoptic area of 12.5-day-old rat embryos, and were examined 40-100 days later. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) was injected into the jugular vein of several animals for the examination of the existence of neurovascular associations. Three days after the injection, WGA appeared to have been incorporated into the neurons in the paraventricular, periventricular, and arcuate nuclei of the host animals. In the grafts, WGA was also seen incorporated in certain neurons which were found immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), rat corticotropin-releasing factor (rCRF), substance P (SP), or somatostatin (SRIH). Neurons immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y (NPY) and ACTH did not seem to incorporate WGA. These findings suggest that the neurons containing TH, rCRF, SP, or SRIH link with fenestrated capillaries developed in the grafts. The immunoreactivity for glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was detected mainly in the nucleus of certain neurons and glial cells in the grafts as well as in the host hypothalamic neurons. In the grafts, strong GR immunoreactivity was detected in the cells immunoreactive for TH, NPY, and rCRF as in the host animals. It is concluded that the undifferentiated hypothalamic neurons differentiate to synthesize GR as well as definitive peptides and TH in the grafts.
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PMID:Appearance of neurons with glucocorticoid receptors and neurovascular links in the embryonal rat hypothalamus grafted in the third ventricle. 229 64

Three dimensional analysis of retinal neuropeptides and monoamine-containing amacrine cells were performed on flat-mount preparations of the chick retina by using indirect immunofluorescence method. somatostatin (SOM), neurotensin (NT), leu-enkephalin (ENK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP), glucagon (GLC), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were examined with specific antisera. To localize these substances in the amacrine cells, and to see in which layers their processes arborize, frozen sections were examined. There were four patterns of distribution. (1) Substances with more immunoreactive cells in the central than in the peripheral portions (SOM, NT, VIP, SP, GLC, 5HT), (2) Substances with more immunoreactive cells in the peripheral portion than in the central portion (APP), (3) Substances for which such cells were evenly distributed (TH), and (4) Substances with more immunoreactive cells in the inferior than in the superior portion (CRF). Subtypes were identified among the amacrine cells containing single peptides or monoamine.
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PMID:Three dimensional analysis of retinal neuropeptides and amine in the chick. 241 65

Colocalization of substance P (SP), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was detected by retrograde tracing and immunocytochemical staining in the nucleus tegmentalis dorsalis lateralis (ntdl) projecting to the medial frontal cortex (MFC), septum, and thalamus of the rat. The histochemical results suggest that SP and CRF coexist within a subpopulation of ntdl cholinergic neurons that project to a number of forebrain regions including the MFC. Behavioral studies of the effects of SP, CRF, and the cholinergic agonist, carbachol, employed microinjections into the MFC of rats. SP and CRF did not elicit any behavioral effects when administered alone. Carbachol (1-5 micrograms/side) produced a stereotyped motor behavior, consisting of rapid forepaw treading while in an upright posture, resembling "boxing." SP (1 micrograms/side) increased carbachol-induced "boxing." CRF (1-10 ng/side) decreased carbachol-induced "boxing." One possible functional significance of the coexistence of SP, CRF, and acetylcholinesterase, in neurons projecting to the medial frontal cortex in rats, appears to be a modulatory potentiation of cholinergic response by SP, and a modulatory inhibition of the cholinergic response by CRF.
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PMID:Behavioral investigation of the coexistence of substance P, corticotropin releasing factor, and acetylcholinesterase in lateral dorsal tegmental neurons projecting to the medial frontal cortex of the rat. 241 3

The medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) is a sexually dimorphic complex with three major subdivisions. The cell-dense central (MPNc) and medial (MPNm) subdivisions are larger in male rats, while the cell-sparse lateral subdivision (MPNl) occupies a majority of the nucleus in females. In the present study we evaluated the distribution of possible monoaminergic and peptidergic cells and fibers within the MPN, as well as in adjacent regions of the medial preoptic area of the adult male rat. For this, we used an indirect immunohistochemical method with antisera to serotonin (5HT), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), cholecystokinin (CCK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), neurotensin (NT), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), luteotropin-releasing hormone (LRH), somatostatin (SS), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), oxytocin (OXY), vasopressin (VAS), adrenocorticotropic hormone (1-24; ACTH), alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The results suggest that cell bodies and/or fibers crossreacting with all of these putative neurotransmitters are differentially distributed within the MPN. Within the MPNm, the densest plexuses of fibers were stained with antisera to SP and NPY, while moderate densities of fibers were stained with anti-DBH, SS, CCK, CGRP, ACTH, and alpha-MSH, and only a few fibers were stained with anti-5HT, TH, NT, VAS, and L-ENK. Moderate numbers of SP- and L-ENK-immunoreactive cell bodies, and a few SS-, NT-, CRF-, and TRH-stained cell bodies were also found within the MPNm. The MPNc contained a dense plexus of CCK-immunoreactive fibers, as well as a few CRF-immunoreactive fibers. Both fiber types were localized almost exclusively to this subdivision, while most of the others studied here appeared to avoid it selectively. This suggests that there are relatively few inputs to the MPNc, and that they tend to avoid other parts of the nucleus, although moderate densities of DBH- and NPY-immunoreactive fibers were found in both the MPNm and MPNc. The MPNc contained several CCK-immunoreactive cell bodies as well as a moderate number of TRH-stained cell bodies. Both cell types were nearly completely localized to the MPNc. The major inputs to the MPNl studied here appear to be stained with antisera to 5HT and L-ENK, although moderate numbers of NT- and CRF- immunoreactive fibers were also found in this part of the nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Neurotransmitter specificity of cells and fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus: an immunohistochemical study in the rat. 242 28

The organization of neurons in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) has been examined by using Nissl stain and immunocytochemical and retrograde tracing techniques. Four main subdivisions were identified on the basis of quantitative analyses of Nissl-stained material: medial (CM), lateral (CL), lateral capsular (CLC), and ventral (CV). An intermediate subdivision (CI), previously described by McDonald ('82), was apparent only in animals that had HRP-WGA injected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Large populations of neurotensin-, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-, and enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons were present within the lateral divisions (mainly CL), although they were also seen within CM. Somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons were distributed mainly within CL and CM. Within CL, neurotensin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons were more numerous laterally whereas CRF- and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons were more numerous medially. Substance P-immunoreactive neurons were almost exclusively confined to CM. Only a few cholecystokinin- and vasoactive-polypeptide-immunoreactive neurons were seen in the CNA, and they were observed within CL, CV, and CM. The majority of neurons projecting to the dorsal medulla, hypothalamus, and ventral tegmental area were located within CM, although a significant number of cells were also seen within CL. Efferent projections to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis were found to arise from neurons located within all subdivisions of the CNA. Thus, the distributional patterns of peptidergic and efferent neurons were not confined to individual cytoarchitectonically- defined subdivisions of the CNA. Rather, the results suggest overlapping medial to the lateral trends. Comparisons with the results of previous studies indicate that peptidergic and afferent terminal distribution patterns are more restricted to individual cytoarchitectonically defined subregions of the CNA. These observations suggest that the detailed cytoarchitecture of the CNA more likely reflects the functional integration of afferents rather than the organization of the CNA output neurons.
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PMID:Neuronal architecture in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala: a cytological, hodological, and immunocytochemical study. 242 31


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