Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

With the use of several region-specific antisera and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique, several regulatory polypeptides were localized in nerves of the kidney. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)- immunoreactivity (IR), neurotensin (NT)-IR and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-IR occurred at high densities in all segments of the renal arterial system forming a perivascular plexus. Furthermore, NT-IR nerves were particularly frequent at the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA). Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-IR was mainly concentrated in nerves supplying the hilus arteries and the JGA. Substance P (SP)-IR was predominantly found in large varicosities close to large renal arterial vessels and in the vicinity of the JGA. Somatostatin (SOM)-IR was only observed in single varicosities located at the media-adventitia border of large renal hilus arteries. The peptidergic nerves are correlated to their ultrastructural counterpart. In addition, the distribution patterns and the frequency of the different types of renal peptidergic nerve fibres are evaluated and compared. The functional role of these neuropeptides and their origin within the efferent branch of this part of the peripheral autonomic nervous system is discussed. Furthermore, the implication of some of the neuropeptides studied in afferent renal innervation is also substantiated.
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PMID:Neuropeptide (neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, somatostatin) immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure of renal nerves. 245 14

The present study examines the distribution of several neuropeptides, as revealed by immunohistochemistry in the isolated cord. Fetal rat spinal cord was grafted to the anterior chamber of the adult Sprague-Dawley albino rats. After intraocular maturation for 2-3 months, the amount and distribution of somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, substance P, enkephalin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, peptide histidine-isoleucine, calcitonin gene-related peptide and cholecystokinin immunoreactive terminals and cell bodies were analysed using indirect fluorescence immunohistochemistry. The visualization of immunoreactive cell bodies in the grafts was enhanced using a novel intraocular colchicine treatment. In the graft a rich network of somatostatin-positive terminals was found with a high density in well-demarcated areas reminiscent of substantia gelatinosa of the dorsal horn of normal spinal cord. A large number of small- to medium-sized somatostatin neurons was found throughout the grafts without colchicine treatment. This is in contrast to normal spinal cord, where positive neurons were difficult to visualize without colchicine and were mainly confined to the dorsal horn. Neuropeptide Y had a distribution in the grafts similar to that of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y cells were found throughout the grafts without colchicine treatment. In normal spinal cord, neuropeptide Y-positive fibers were found mainly in substantia gelatinosa with a sparse network in the ventral horn. Enkephalin-positive fibers were found throughout the grafts. The distribution of fibers resembled that of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y with distinct zones of high fiber density in well-demarcated areas, whereas the density of nerve fibers in the rest of the graft neuropil was moderate to low. The distribution of substance P was similar to that of enkephalin. After colchicine treatment, both enkephalin- and substance P-positive cell bodies were visualized. In the intact spinal cord both peptides were seen in the entire gray matter with the highest concentrations in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn. Antisera against calcitonin gene related-peptide, revealed a sparse terminal network and many large cells, which might represent motoneurons. A sparse network of varicose cholecystokinin-immunoreactive fibers was found evenly distributed in the grafts. In normal spinal cord a dense cholecystokinin-positive network of primary sensory afferent origin was found in the dorsal horn. In the grafts cholecystokinin cell bodies were seen after colchicine treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Expression of eight neuropeptides in intraocular spinal cord grafts: organotypical and disturbed patterns as evidenced by immunohistochemistry. 245 42

The presence of immunoreactive enkephalin, dynorphin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, cholecystokinin, substance P and neuropeptide Y in nerve fibers that project to the guinea-pig inferior mesenteric ganglion was analysed, after different denervation and ligation procedures. A quantitative analysis demonstrates that enkephalin- and substance P fibers reach the ganglion mainly via lumbar splanchnic and partly via intermesenteric nerves. Dynorphin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and cholecystokinin fibers reach the ganglion mainly via colonic and partly via hypogastric or intermesenteric nerves. Neuropeptide Y fibers enter via intermesenteric, lumbar splanchnic and hypogastric nerves and pass through the ganglion. Analysis of serial 0.5 micron sections tends to confirm co-existence: of dynorphin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and cholecystokinin in fibers projecting from the colon; of dynorphin with substance P in the lumbar splanchnic nerves; and of neuropeptide Y with substance P in the hypogastric and colonic fibers. Synaptic contacts, predominantly axodendritic, onto the ganglion cells from enkephalin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, and substance P-containing terminals were revealed by electron microscopy. Enkephalin-immunoreactive axon varicosities are filled with small, clear vesicles with a few large, cored vesicles and form asymmetric synapses; dynorphin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive axon varicosities are rich in large, dense-cored vesicles and form symmetric synapses.
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PMID:Projection pathways, co-existence of peptides and synaptic organization of nerve fibers in the inferior mesenteric ganglion of the guinea-pig. 246 Feb 40

The smooth-muscle tone of pial, middle, and anterior cerebral arteries from humans, cats, and pigs, respectively, was studied in vitro with respect to the effects of capsaicin and various peptides which are present in local perivascular nerves. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) caused concentration-dependent, potent contractions of the cerebral vessels both in the presence and in the absence of endothelium. In contrast to the response to noradrenaline (NA) and K+, the NPY effect was not altered by changes in the extracellular Ca++ concentration. The relaxant action of the calcium antagonist nifedipine on NPY-evoked contraction of cerebral arteries was not inhibited by a Ca++-deficient medium or by a high-Ca++ medium. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and capsaicin caused relaxation of precontracted cerebral arteries with an intact endothelium. Calcitonin gene-related peptide was the most potent dilatory agent, and removal of the endothelium did not change the CGRP response. In contrast, the ability of SP to cause relaxation was abolished after removal of the endothelium. Capsaicin, which activates sensory nerves, induced long-lasting relaxation in both the presence and absence of endothelium. In conclusion, in contrast to earlier reported data, the contractile effect of NPY seems to be largely independent of extracellular Ca++, while NA- and K+-induced contractions are dependent on extracellular Ca++. The present results suggest that the relaxant effect of nifedipine on cerebral blood vessels may involve actions other than inhibition of Ca++ influx. The relaxant effect of capsaicin is likely to be induced by release of CGRP rather than SP. The potent effects of these peptides on human pial arteries suggest that neuropeptides may be involved in the control of cerebral blood flow in man.
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PMID:Effects of neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, and capsaicin on cerebral arteries in man and animals. 246 38

The distribution of adrenergic and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, neuropeptide Y- and substance P-immunoreactive nerves was studied histochemically and immunohistochemically in the irides of rats 8 weeks after the induction of diabetes with streptozotocin. In the control animals, catecholamine-containing, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibres were found in the constrictor pupillae, dilator muscle and the ciliary processes. They also formed perivascular nerve plexuses of blood vessels in the dilator muscle. Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerve fibres were only observed in the dilator muscle and ciliary processes. In the irides from diabetic animals, a considerable increase was observed in the fluorescence intensity and/or density of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerves. Some varicosities of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerves appeared enlarged. In contrast, no apparent change in the density and/or fluorescence intensity of catecholamine-containing, neuropeptide Y- and substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibres was observed in the irides from diabetic animals when compared with controls. The results are discussed in relation to the symptoms of autonomic neuropathy of the irides in diabetes.
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PMID:An increase of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, but not neuropeptide Y-, substance P- or catecholamine-containing nerves in the iris of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. 246 63

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) inhibits electrogenic Cl secretion in rat jejunal epithelium under voltage clamp conditions. This effect is dependent upon endogenous eicosanoid formation since it is blocked by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, piroxicam, which itself has an inhibitory action upon chloride secretion. A number of chloride secretagogues have been examined for their ability to restore the antisecretory effects of NPY. Data presented here shows that NPY responsiveness is restored, in piroxicam pretreated tissues, by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), forskolin, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (IBMX) and dibutyryl cAMP added prior to the neuropeptide. While all these agents cause chloride secretion by elevating intracellular cAMP, NPY is also effective in inhibiting the secretory effects of carbachol (CCh) and substance P (SP), agents believed to act by raising intracellular calcium (Cai). Although there is evidence that NPY can inhibit adenylate cyclase, its ability to attenuate chloride secretion brought about by secretagogues acting through both adenylate cyclase and calcium mechanisms, implies that NPY has either a more general fundamental mechanism or has multiple interactions with different second messenger systems.
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PMID:Neuropeptide Y antagonises secretagogue evoked chloride transport in rat jejunal epithelium. 246 61

The occurrence and distribution of peptidergic nerves in the guinea pig uterus was studied by means of immunocytochemistry using numerous neuropeptide anti-sera. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive (IR) nerves were the most abundant, whereas substance P (SP)-, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, and neurokinin A (NKA)-IR nerves were less frequent, and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI)-IR nerves were the most sparse. Chemical sympathectomy by means of 6-hydroxydopamine, and capsaicin treatment revealed the division of the peptidergic nerves into three separate populations: (1) NPY-IR nerves, which co-existed with adrenergic nerves, (2) SP-, CGRP- and NKA-IR nerves, which mutually co-existed, and (3) PHI-IR nerves. Parallel-running adrenergic/NPY-IR and SP-IR nerves could be found with very similar although not completely identical morphological appearance. Paracervical ganglia contained neurotensin- and dynorphin A-IR cells bodies in addition to cell bodies with immunoreactivities similar to those in prevertebral ganglia. Combined retrograde tracing with True blue and immunocytochemistry showed that the adrenergic and NPY-IR uterine nerves originate in paracervical and prevertebral ganglia. In the prevertebral ganglia the cellular origin was the same for adrenergic and NPY-IR nerves. In contrast, SP-, CGRP-, and NKA-IR nerves originated in dorsal root ganglia. At full-term pregnancy all the neuropeptide immunoreactivities had vanished, probably reflecting a fetus-induced general nerve degeneration.
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PMID:Co-existence and origin of peptidergic and adrenergic nerves in the guinea pig uterus. Retrograde tracing and immunocytochemistry, effects of chemical sympathectomy, capsaicin treatment and pregnancy. 246 70

Using behavioural, morphological and immunohistochemical analysis, the effect of intrathecal administration of a substance P antagonist, Spantide [D-Arg1, D-Trp7,9, Leu11)-SP), was studied. Antisera raised against markers for motoneurons, local spinal neurons, descending bulbospinal systems and primary afferents were used. The effect of some drugs, including thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), on Spantide-induced effects were also analyzed. After injection of 2 micrograms of Spantide at the lumbar level, a marked necrosis of the spinal cord was observed extending for about 5-6 segments, affecting mostly the ventral horns. Thus, calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity (LI) in motoneurons completely disappeared and no motoneurons could be seen in cresyl violet-stained sections. The first changes were observed 6 h after Spantide injection and at 24 h a complete necrosis was seen. Marked reductions in the number of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)- and substance P-positive fibers were also observed. The effects were less dramatic in the dorsal horns, but at the site of maximal effects there was a disturbance also of CGRP-, substance P-, and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY)-positive fibers in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn. These effects could be completely counteracted by multiple intravenous injections of TRH as well as with 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeDMT), a 5-HT agonist. The behavioural analysis showed parallel changes, with permanent motor impairment after Spantide-treatment and complete absence of these symptoms when TRH or 5-MeDMT was given in addition. Finally, the effect of Spantide on 5-HT, noradrenaline, substance P and CGRP levels was measured biochemically. The present results are discussed in the light of recent findings that Spantide can cause a dramatic reduction in spinal blood flow.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical and behavioral analysis of spinal lesions induced by a substance P antagonist and protection by thyrotropin releasing hormone. 246 86

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36-amino acid member of the pancreatic polypeptide family, was found to be present by RIA and immunocytochemistry in the rat anterior pituitary gland. NPY prohormone messenger RNA (mRNA) was identified in the pituitary by Northern blot analysis. The possible regulation of NPY was examined by determining the effects of thyroid hormone manipulation on peptide synthesis. Three other anterior pituitary neuropeptides, neurotensin (NT), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), were studied for comparison. Hypothyroidism was found to significantly increase the pituitary content of NPY, SP, and VIP and their respective mRNAs but to decrease the quantity of NT. Immunocytochemistry revealed very weak NPY immunoreactivity in scattered cells in control rat anterior pituitaries, but in hypothyroid rats a greater number of positive cells were seen, and the staining was relatively intense. These positive cells were identified as a subset of thyrotropes. In T4-induced hyperthyroidism NPY, NT, and VIP levels were unaffected whereas SP concentrations fell considerably. TRH treatment produced a decrease in NT and had no effect on NPY, SP, or VIP. These changes were found only in the pituitary; no net change occurred in hypothalamic peptide and mRNA levels. Since the changes in pituitary peptide and mRNA levels occurred coordinately it appears that regulation by thyroid hormone status occurs, at least in part, directly at the level of gene transcription. The changes in these 4 regulatory peptides in hypothyroidism and their known powerful effects on pituitary function suggest that they may have a significant paracrine or autocrine influence in controlling the alterations in pituitary secretion.
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PMID:Evidence for neuropeptide Y synthesis in the rat anterior pituitary and the influence of thyroid hormone status: comparison with vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, and neurotensin. 247 69

These experiments further define the organization of peptidergic pathways in the paravertebral sympathetic system of the bullfrog. Populations of axons and synaptic boutons in sympathetic ganglia 9 and 10 were found to express calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-IR) and substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-IR). CGRP-IR is present in fibers that run through the ganglia and in boutons that make contact with almost half of the principal neurons. SP-IR is also present in fibers within the ganglia and in a rare class of synaptic boutons that are found on less than 1% of the principal neurons. Both forms of immunoreactivity are coexpressed in some nerve fibers and in the rare synaptic boutons that contain SP-IR. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-IR), a marker for C-type postganglionic neurons, was used to identify the postsynaptic targets of boutons containing CGRP-IR and SP-IR. Ninety-five percent of the ganglion cells contacted by CGRP-IR boutons were negative for NPY-IR and are therefore likely to be B-type postganglionic neurons. Similarly, 100% of the ganglion cells contacted by boutons containing SP-IR were negative for NPY-IR. Lesions of the sympathetic chain demonstrated that synaptic boutons containing CGRP-IR arise from neurons whose axons enter the chain rostral to ganglion 7. Cutting the chain between ganglia 8 and 9 eliminates all preganglionic B and C inputs to ganglia 9 and 10. The destruction of the preganglionic C pathway by this lesion was verified by staining ganglia 9 and 10 for luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). This lesion also eliminated boutons containing CGRP-IR and drastically reduced the number of ganglionic fibers that stained for CGRP-IR and SP-IR. By contrast, cutting the sympathetic chain between ganglia 6 and 7 spared LHRH-IR in the preganglionic C pathway but still eliminated the boutons that normally express CGRP-IR and reduced the amount of staining for SP-IR. CGRP-IR in the sympathetic ganglia arises from preganglionic and sensory neurons whereas ganglionic SP-IR is purely sensory in origin. In the spinal cord, the preganglionic B and C neurons that innervate ganglia 9 and 10 are located in different segments. In segments that contain preganglionic B cells, but not those that contain C cells, there were 243 +/- 37 (mean +/- SD) neurons in the intermediolateral cell column that express CGRP-IR. However, no cell bodies containing SP-IR were found in this region of the spinal cord.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Preganglionic and sensory origins of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like and substance P-like immunoreactivities in bullfrog sympathetic ganglia. 247 76


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