Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1 Capsaicin (Cap) enhanced the twitch response of the epididymal and prostatic portions of rat vas deferens induced by field stimulation at 0.1 Hz. The effect of Cap was reproducible and showed no desensitization. 2 Prazosin, and pretreatment with reserpine or Cap did not affect the potentiating effect of Cap, whereas pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine abolished the action of Cap. 3 Cap tended to attenuate the contractions induced by noradrenaline, tyramine and ATP. 4 Like Cap, substance K and substance P augmented the twitch response without causing desensitization, but their effects differed somewhat from that of Cap. Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibited the twitch response. 5 These results suggest that Cap enhances a stimulation-induced, prazosin-resistant non-adrenergic twitch response of rat vas deferens through an as yet undefined prejunctional mechanism. This mechanism is possibly mediated by some peptide released in response to Cap from sensory neurones, which in turn acts on sympathetic nerves and increases stimulation-induced release of a mediator or cotransmitter responsible for the non-adrenergic twitch response. However, the possibility that Cap has a direct action on sympathetic nerves cannot be ruled out.
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PMID:Capsaicin enhances the non-adrenergic twitch response of rat vas deferens. 244 7

The developmental patterns of neurofilament triplet proteins, peptide and amine immunoreactivities were compared in motor (ventral spinal cord), sensory (dorsal spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, epidermis), and autonomic (intermediolateral cell columns, dermis) regions in the rat and human. In the rat, neurofilament triplet proteins first appeared in motoneurones (embryonic day 13). In the youngest human fetuses studied (6 weeks), immunoreactivity was present throughout the spinal cord. Peptides and amines occurred later. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y and its C-flanking peptide (CPON) were the first to appear localized to motoneurones (embryonic days 15-17 rat; fetal weeks 6-14 human). Numbers of immunoreactive motoneurones decreased toward birth, but immunoreactive fibers increased in the ventral horn with enkephalin, thyrotrophin-releasing hormone, and the monoaminergic markers 5-hydroxytryptamine and tyrosine hydroxylase (all presumably of supraspinal origin) the last to appear perinatally. In the dorsal horn, particularly in the rat, a transient expression of substance P-, somatostatin-, and neuropeptide Y/CPON-immunoreactive cells was detected (embryonic days 15-17). A pronounced increase of calcitonin gene-related peptide-, galanin-, somatostatin- and substance P- immunoreactive fibers was found perinatally in both species. This coincided with an increased detection of cells in the dorsal root ganglia containing these peptides and the earliest appearance of calcitonin gene-related peptide-, somatostatin-, and substance P-immunoreactive fibers in the rat epidermis. Few antigens were localized to the intermediolateral cell columns before embryonic day 20 (rat), fetal week 20 (human), with thyrotrophin-releasing hormone-, 5-hydroxytryptamine-, tyrosine hydroxylase-, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerves appearing perinatally. In the rat dermis, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers (sympathetic fibers) and fibers immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y/CPON and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were detected from postnatal day 1. In conclusion, 1) peptide and amine immunoreactivity develops in motor before sensory or autonomic regions, 2) many peptide-containing cells are transient in fetal life, and 3) central terminals of dorsal root ganglion cells express peptides before terminals in the skin.
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PMID:Ontogeny of peptide- and amine-containing neurones in motor, sensory, and autonomic regions of rat and human spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and rat skin. 244 34

Patients with medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) were analyzed according to age, sex, and tumor stage. In addition, the MTC were screened for the predominant histologic pattern, immunocytochemical spectrum (60 tumors), and DNA content (DNA cytophotometry and DNA flow cytometry, 25 tumors). These findings were correlated with follow-up data available for 45 of these patients. Forty-eight percent of the tumors revealed a polygonal cell pattern, whereas 22% showed spindle-cell predominance. All tumors contained cytokeratin, chromogranin A, and calcitonin (CT). Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was present in 92%, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in 77%, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in 75%, and vimentin in 53% of cases. Positivity for neurotensin, somatostatin, neurofilaments, bombesin, and alpha human chorionic gonadotropin (a-hCG) and serotonin ranged between 3% and 27%. All MTC were negative for substance P, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroglobulin (TG), or S-100 protein. Local recurrences and regional lymph node metastases revealed identical staining patterns as the primaries. Prognosis of MTC was found not to be related to histologic features (dominant architectural pattern, cellular shape, presence of amyloid deposits) or immunocytochemical pattern. Instead, survival was significantly correlated to age, sex, and stage of disease. The best prognosis was seen in women younger than 40 years and revealing an early stage of disease. DNA measurements added valuable information in assessing the prognosis of MTC.
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PMID:Prognostic factors in medullary thyroid carcinomas. Survival in relation to age, sex, stage, histology, immunocytochemistry, and DNA content. 244 25

Neuropeptide K (NPK) induced a slow depolarization in principal ganglion cells of the guinea pig inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) in vitro. This effect was due to a postsynaptic action and prevented by pre-exposure of the IMG to neurokinin A (NKA) or substance P (SP). The non-cholinergic slow postsynaptic excitatory potential (s-EPSP) evoked by ureteric nerve stimulation was depressed during NPK, SP or NKA application. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) applied in concentrations up to 10 microM had no effect on the membrane potential in 90% of IMG cells nor did it influence the s-EPSP. We suggest that NPK may depolarize IMG neurones via similar mechanisms/in a similar fashion, to other tachykinins and that the s-EPSP, induced by stimulation of the afferent ureteric nerve fibres, is mediated by a tachykinin whereas there is little indication/evidence for an involvement of CGRP.
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PMID:Actions of neuropeptide K and calcitonin gene-related peptide on inferior mesenteric ganglion cells--tachykinin interactions with non-cholinergic potentials evoked by ureteric nerve stimulation. 245 84

With the use of several region-specific antisera and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique, several regulatory polypeptides were localized in nerves of the kidney. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)- immunoreactivity (IR), neurotensin (NT)-IR and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-IR occurred at high densities in all segments of the renal arterial system forming a perivascular plexus. Furthermore, NT-IR nerves were particularly frequent at the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA). Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-IR was mainly concentrated in nerves supplying the hilus arteries and the JGA. Substance P (SP)-IR was predominantly found in large varicosities close to large renal arterial vessels and in the vicinity of the JGA. Somatostatin (SOM)-IR was only observed in single varicosities located at the media-adventitia border of large renal hilus arteries. The peptidergic nerves are correlated to their ultrastructural counterpart. In addition, the distribution patterns and the frequency of the different types of renal peptidergic nerve fibres are evaluated and compared. The functional role of these neuropeptides and their origin within the efferent branch of this part of the peripheral autonomic nervous system is discussed. Furthermore, the implication of some of the neuropeptides studied in afferent renal innervation is also substantiated.
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PMID:Neuropeptide (neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, somatostatin) immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure of renal nerves. 245 14

Immunocytochemistry against neuropeptides contained within primary afferent neurons was used to study the morphology and distribution of intraepidermal free nerve endings in cat facial skin. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) immunoreactivity was found in similar intraepidermal nerve endings of cat glabrous and hairy skin epithelia. The greatest density of immunoreactive intraepidermal nerve endings was located in the nose epidermis. Small limited areas with immunoreactive intraepidermal nerve endings were also found in facial hairy skin.
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PMID:Presence of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) immunoreactivity in intraepidermal free nerve endings of cat skin. 245 51

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a 37-amino acid peptide, is widely distributed in the gastrointestinal tract where it is colocalized with substance P. The effect of CGRP on gallbladder motility is unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of CGRP on cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8) and substance P-stimulated gallbladder contraction in vivo and in vitro. In in vivo studies intragallbladder pressure was measured in response to bolus administration of CCK-8 (10(-15) to 10(-9) mol/kg) or substance P (10(-12) to 10(-7) mol/kg), either alone or with a continuous infusion of CGRP (10(-9) mol/kg/hr), in anesthetized guinea pigs. In in vitro studies the contractile force of guinea pig gallbladder muscle strips was examined in response to CCK-8 (10(-12) to 10(-7) mol/L) and substance P (10(-9) to 10(-6) mol/L), alone or with CGRP (10(-10) to 10(-6) mol/L). CGRP (10(-9) mol/kg/hr) inhibited in vivo gallbladder contraction that was stimulated by CCK-8, but not by substance P. CGRP alone produced a significant (p less than 0.05) dose-related decrease in the resting tension of gallbladder strips in vitro. CGRP (10(-6) mol/L) inhibited gallbladder muscle tension in vitro, stimulated by both CCK-8 and substance P. These studies show that CGRP can affect gallbladder motor activity by decreasing smooth muscle tone and that CGRP can antagonize the action of CCK and substance P. CGRP may be involved in the physiologic control of gallbladder emptying and refilling.
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PMID:Calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits gallbladder contractility. 245 29

Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity was localized immunohistochemically in nerve fibers innervating the biliary pathway and liver of the guinea-pig. Immunoreactive fibers are present in all layers of the gallbladder and biliary tract and are particularly numerous around blood vessels. In the liver, immunoreactive processes are usually restricted to the interlobular space and porta hepatis, and only a few, very thin, beaded processes were observed in the hepatic parenchyma. A rich innervation is also associated with the vena portae. Positive ganglion cell bodies were not visualized within the ganglionated plexus of the biliary system, whereas they were found in the myenteric and submucosal plexus in the cranial portion of the duodenum corresponding to the sphincter of Oddi. The vast majority, if not all, of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive fibers contain substance P immunoreactivity; however, there are some substance P-containing fibers lacking calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity. The lack of co-occurrence of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P immunoreactivities in intrinsic ganglion cells suggests that these two peptides are coexpressed in the extrinsic component of the innervation of the hepatobiliary system.
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PMID:Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the biliary pathway and liver of the guinea-pig: distribution and colocalization with substance P. 245 85

Electron microscope immunocytochemistry was used to determine the intracellular localization and distribution among follicular elements of four peptides: calcitonin, somatostatin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and substance P in the thyroid glands of bats captured in the prehibernation phase of their annual life cycle. Previous studies have shown that this period of the hibernation-activity cycle is characterized by the accumulation and storage of secretory granules in parafollicular cells. Sites of binding of primary antisera to each of the four peptides were identified by means of affinity-purified secondary antisera directly coupled to colloidal gold particles. Calcitonin and somatostatin immunoreactivities were found in all parafollicular cells examined and in every secretory granule within these cells. CGRP was also found in all parafollicular cells examined (n = 75) but only in about half of their secretory granules. In contrast to these peptides, substance P immunoreactivity was not found in any parafollicular cells, but was localized exclusively in nerve endings within the basement membrane of the follicle.
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PMID:Ultrastructural immunocytochemical studies of the localization and distribution of somatostatin, calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and substance P in the bat thyroid follicle. 246 Nov 25

The smooth-muscle tone of pial, middle, and anterior cerebral arteries from humans, cats, and pigs, respectively, was studied in vitro with respect to the effects of capsaicin and various peptides which are present in local perivascular nerves. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) caused concentration-dependent, potent contractions of the cerebral vessels both in the presence and in the absence of endothelium. In contrast to the response to noradrenaline (NA) and K+, the NPY effect was not altered by changes in the extracellular Ca++ concentration. The relaxant action of the calcium antagonist nifedipine on NPY-evoked contraction of cerebral arteries was not inhibited by a Ca++-deficient medium or by a high-Ca++ medium. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and capsaicin caused relaxation of precontracted cerebral arteries with an intact endothelium. Calcitonin gene-related peptide was the most potent dilatory agent, and removal of the endothelium did not change the CGRP response. In contrast, the ability of SP to cause relaxation was abolished after removal of the endothelium. Capsaicin, which activates sensory nerves, induced long-lasting relaxation in both the presence and absence of endothelium. In conclusion, in contrast to earlier reported data, the contractile effect of NPY seems to be largely independent of extracellular Ca++, while NA- and K+-induced contractions are dependent on extracellular Ca++. The present results suggest that the relaxant effect of nifedipine on cerebral blood vessels may involve actions other than inhibition of Ca++ influx. The relaxant effect of capsaicin is likely to be induced by release of CGRP rather than SP. The potent effects of these peptides on human pial arteries suggest that neuropeptides may be involved in the control of cerebral blood flow in man.
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PMID:Effects of neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, and capsaicin on cerebral arteries in man and animals. 246 38


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