Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A distinct subdivision of the striatum has recently been described which is located at the caudomedial margin of the striatum, surrounding the rostrolateral edge of the globus pallidus. This "marginal division" has an internal organization and an efferent distribution which is distinct from the rest of the striatum. The striatum contains moderately high levels of zinc and the neuropeptides enkephalin, dynorphin and substance P. In the present study we have examined the distribution of histologically detectable zinc and of dynorphin B- and substance P-immunoreactivity in the marginal division of the striatum. Each of these substances was more dense within the confines of the marginal division than in the rest of the striatum. These data provide further evidence that the marginal division is a structurally distinct subdivision of the striatum.
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PMID:High density of zinc-containing and dynorphin B- and substance P-immunoreactive terminals in the marginal division of the rat striatum. 169 Oct 46

A number of different neuroactive substances have been found in striatal projection neurons and in fibers and terminals in their target areas, including substance P (SP), enkephalin (ENK), and dynorphin (DYN). In a preliminary report on birds and reptiles, we have suggested that SP and DYN are to a large extent found in the same striatal projection neurons and that ENK is found in a separate population of striatal projection neurons. In the present study, we have examined this issue in more detail in pigeons and turtles. Further, we have also explored this issue in rats to determine whether this is a phylogenetically conserved feature of basal ganglia organization. Simultaneous immunofluorescence double-labeling procedures were employed to explore the colocalization of SP and DYN, SP and ENK, and ENK and DYN in striatal neurons and in striatal, nigral, and pallidal fibers in pigeons, turtles, and rats. To guard against possible cross-reactivity of DYN and ENK antisera with each others' antigens, separate double-label studies were carried out with several different antisera that were specific for DYN peptides (e.g., dynorphin A 1-17, dynorphin B, leumorphin) or ENK peptides (leucine-enkephalin, metenkephalin-arg6-gly7-leu8, methionine-enkephalin-arg6-phe7). The results showed that SP and DYN co-occur extensively in specific populations of striatal projection neurons, whereas ENK typically is present in different populations of striatal projection neurons. In pigeons, 95-99% of all striatal neurons containing DYN were found to contain SP and vice versa. In contrast, only 1-3% of the SP+ striatal neurons and no DYN neurons contained ENK. Similarly, in turtles, greater than 75% of the SP+ neurons were DYN+ and vice versa, whereas ENK was observed in fewer than 5% of the SP+ neurons and 2% of the DYN+ neurons. Finally, in rats, more than 70% of the SP+ neurons contained DYN and vice versa, but ENK was found in only 5% of the SP+ neurons and in none of the DYN+ perikarya. Fiber double-labeling in the striatum and its target areas (the pallidum and substantia nigra) was also consonant with these observations in pigeons, turtles, and rats. These results, in conjunction with studies in cats by M.-J. Besson, A.M. Graybiel, and B. Quinn (1986; Soc Neurosci. Abs. 12:876) strongly indicate that the co-occurrence of SP and DYN in large numbers of striatonigral and striatopallidal projection neurons in a phylogenetically widespread, and therefore evolutionarily conserved, feature of basal ganglia organization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Extensive co-occurrence of substance P and dynorphin in striatal projection neurons: an evolutionarily conserved feature of basal ganglia organization. 169 32

The experiments examine the actions of morphine and opioid peptides on the responses evoked by electrical field stimulation or by acetylcholine (ACh) and substance P (SP) in guinea-pig bronchial strip chain. Electrical field stimulation evoked a biphasic contraction, consisting of a cholinergically mediated fast contraction followed by a non-cholinergically mediated slow contraction. Morphine and opioid peptides caused a concentration-dependent inhibition in the height of the non-cholinergic contraction. The order of inhibitory activity was BW443C greater than dynorphin greater than morphine greater than beta-endorphin greater than leucine-enkephalin greater than methionine-enkephalin. Cholinergically mediated contractions were less potently inhibited by these opioids. Submaximal contractions of bronchial muscle evoked by exogenous ACh (2 microM) or SP (0.2 microM) were not inhibited by morphine (100 microM) or opioid peptides (3-10 microM), rather, they were augmented. The results indicate that in guinea-pig isolated bronchial muscle, morphine and opioid peptides can selectively inhibit excitatory non-cholinergic neurotransmission via prejunctional opioid receptors.
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PMID:Morphine and opioid peptides selectively inhibit the non-cholinergically mediated neurogenic contraction of guinea-pig isolated bronchial muscle. 169 28

Biochemical mapping of five different peptide-like materials--calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), Met5-enkephalin (ME), cholecystokinin (CCK), and dynorphin A (1-8) (DYN)--was conducted in the dorsal and ventral zones of the spinal cord at the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar levels in 3-month-old rats 10 days after unilateral dorsal rhizotomy at the cervical level (C4-T2) or after neonatal administration of capsaicin (50 mg/kg s.c.). In control rats, all peptide-like materials were more abundant in the dorsal than in the ventral zone all along the spinal cord. However, in both zones, absolute concentrations of CGRP, SP, ME, and CCK were significantly higher at the lumbar than at the cervical level. Rhizotomy-induced CGRP depletion (-85%) within the ipsilateral dorsal zone of the cervical cord was more pronounced than that due to neonatal capsaicin (-60%), a finding suggesting that this peptide is contained in both capsaicin-sensitive (mostly unmyelinated) and -insensitive (myelinated) primary afferent fibers. In contrast, similar depletions of SP (-50%) were observed after dorsal rhizotomy and neonatal capsaicin treatment, as expected from the presence of SP only in the capsaicin-sensitive small-diameter primary afferent fibers. Although the other three peptides remained unaffected all along the cord by either intervention, evidence for the existence of capsaicin-insensitive CCKergic primary afferent fibers could be inferred from the increased accumulation of CCK (together with SP and CGRP) in dorsal root ganglia ipsilateral to dorsal root sections.
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PMID:Regional distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide-, substance P-, cholecystokinin-, Met5-enkephalin-, and dynorphin A (1-8)-like materials in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of adult rats: effects of dorsal rhizotomy and neonatal capsaicin. 169 86

Both carotid bodies from 26 patients coming to necropsy were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and sections 4 microns thick were stained for various peptides by use of the immunogold technique. The results show that the human carotid body contains met- and leu-enkephalin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neurotensin and bombesin. The distribution of these six peptides within the carotid body differs. Thus met- and leu-enkephalin are both present predominantly within glomic chief cells but with a marked tendency to favour the dark variant of these cells. Substance P and VIP both show a weak immunoreactivity in comparison to the enkephalins and are present in all three variants of chief cell. Neurotensin shows the weakest immunoreactivity of all and is restricted to a few glomic chief cells in a minority of cases. Bombesin also shows a weak immunoreactivity in glomic chief cells but a strong reaction in glomic arteries and arterioles. In these vessels bombesin appears to be confined to smooth muscle cells in the media but we cannot say whether it is secreted by them or merely bound to receptor sites on their membranes. These findings are related to quantitative data on the concentration of peptides in the human carotid body from a previous paper with which we were associated.
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PMID:The occurrence and distribution of certain polypeptides within the human carotid body. 170 Sep 31

The immunoreactivity of anti-neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and anti-Leu-7 on formalin-fixed sections of human salivary gland neoplasms was determined by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method. In addition, neuropeptides, such as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, and substance P, in human salivary gland neoplasms were expressed, whereas other polypeptides, including glucagon, cholecystokinin, leu-enkephalin and calcitonin, were absent. When 182 paraffin-embedded examples of human salivary gland tumors, including 112 benign and 70 malignant neoplasms, were examined immunohistochemically, positive immunoreactivity was observed in: 51 cases with NSE (59%) and 46 cases with Leu-7 (54%) of 86 pleomorphic adenomas; 11 cases with Leu-7 (61%) of 18 Warthin's tumors; 7 cases with Leu-7 (58%) of 12 acinic cell carcinomas; 5 cases with NSE (31%) of 16 adenoid cystic carcinomas; 5 cases with NSE (42%) and 4 cases with Leu-7 (33%) of 12 adenocarcinomas; 4 cases with NSE (25%) and 6 cases with Leu-7 (38%) of 16 undifferentiated carcinomas. The other tumors, such as oxyphilic adenomas, basal cell adenomas, epidermoid carcinomas, and mucoepidermoid carcinomas, were nonreactive. Neuropeptides were observed in the neoplastic epithelial cells of certain tumors such as Warthin's tumors, acinic cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas and undifferentiated carcinomas. These findings suggest the possibility that cells of neuroendocrine origin, present in certain neoplastic salivary gland epithelia may play a significant role in the histogenesis of human salivary gland neoplasms.
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PMID:Immunopathological study of neuropeptide expression in human salivary gland neoplasms. 170 3

Immunohistochemical methods were used to determine the localisation of immunoreactivities to a variety of antigens involved in neurotransmission in the myenteric plexus of the colon in the rat and mouse. The findings in the two species were closely similar. Five neuronal types have been identified. (i) The axons of extrinsic noradrenergic sympathetic neurons, immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase, supply the ganglia and the circular muscle. (ii) Bombesin immunoreactive intrinsic neurons with unbeaded axons are largely confined to the ganglia and tracts of the plexus. These neurons probably contain gastrin-releasing peptide, which is the mammalian analogue of bombesin. (iii) Somatostatin immunoreactive intrinsic neurons have long, beaded axons within the myenteric plexus and also outside the plexus, between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers. (iv) Intrinsic neurons containing opioid peptides (beta-endorphin, met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin), have beaded axons that cannot be traced for long distances. They contact all the cell bodies in the ganglia and extend also into the interganglionic tracts and the smooth muscle. (v) Substance P immunoreactive somata and axons are present throughout the myenteric plexus and provide dense innervation to the smooth muscle. Extrinsic substance P immunoreactive sensory axons are probably also present.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of the myenteric plexus of the colon in the rat and mouse. 170 22

Release of [3H]acetylcholine ([3H]ACh) was examined in a submucous plexus preparation obtained from the guinea pig small intestine in vitro. Constant-current field stimulation evoked ACh output; this output was dependent on the stimulus frequency applied. Maximal release was observed at 10 Hz; this release was blocked by tetrodotoxin (1 x 10(-6) M) or in Ca2(+)-free buffer. Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] stimulated the release of ACh dose dependently, with an ED50 of 5 x 10(-7) M. Substance P was ineffective, while vasoactive intestinal peptide weakly stimulated ACh secretion. Several neuropeptides were tested on their ability to modulate 5-HT-evoked ACh release. Dynorphin A inhibited 5-HT-stimulated ACh release, while Met-enkephalin was without any effect. Both somatostatin and galanin were effective modulators, with an inhibitory effect in the submicromolar range and an excitatory effect at higher concentrations. The response characteristics of the cholinergic neurons of submucosal plexus differ markedly from those of the myenteric plexus. These distinct features form an important framework for future functional studies on submucous plexus neurons.
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PMID:Modulation of submucosal cholinergic neurons by 5-hydroxytryptamine and neuropeptides. 170 72

The present work was carried out to observe the effect of intra-cerebroventricular (icv) injection of monoamine neurotransmitters, enkephalin and morphine on immunoreactive substance P(Ir-SP) contents in hypothalamus, striatum, hippocampus and pain threshold. The results were as follows: (1) After icv or intra-DR (dorsal raphe nucleus) injection of 5-HTP, the content of Ir-SP in hypothalamus significantly decreased and pain threshold markedly increased; After depletion of the 5-HT content in brain by pCPA or destruction of DR, the contents of Ir-SP were remarkably elevated in three brain regions by the former and in hypothalamus, striatum by the later. (2) The Ir-SP levels in the three brain regions and the pain threshold were not affected by the icv injection of NE, however, icv injection of DA caused a increase of Ir-SP concentration in striatum which was reversed by the DA receptor antagonist haloperidol, but without any change of the pain threshold. 7th day after icv injection of 6-OHDA, the content of Ir-SP in striatum significantly reduced. (3) Icv injection of met-enkephalin (MEK) or morphine could increase the Ir-SP levels in hypothalamus, striatum and the pain threshold, and above-mentioned effect of morphine could be prevented by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. Icv injection of leu-enkephalin (LEK) had no effects both on Ir-SP contents in three brain regions and the pain threshold.
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PMID:[Effect of monoamine neurotransmitters, enkephalin and morphine on substance P contents of several brain regions and pain threshold in rats]. 170 64

The striatonigral pathway contains several neurotransmitters which may regulate the activity of the nigrostriatal dopamine projection in the rat. This was investigated by measuring extracellular dopamine levels in the striatum, using microdialysis, after injections of GABA (300 nmol/0.2 microliters), dynorphin A (0.5 nmol/0.2 microliters), substance P (0.07 mnol/0.2 microliters) or neurokinin A (0.09 nmol/0.2 microliters) into the ipsilateral substantia nigra, pars reticulata (SNR). Intranigral injections of GABA or dynorphin A inhibited, while intranigral injections of substance P or neurokinin A stimulated dopamine levels in the ipsilateral striatum. In rats with ibotenic acid lesions (2.5 micrograms/0.5 microliters) in the SNR, intranigral injections of GABA or dynorphin A inhibited, while intranigral injections of substance P or neurokinin A stimulated dopamine levels in the ipsilateral striatum. These responses were not significantly different than those in unlesioned rats. Analysis of the intranigral lesion with in situ hybridization revealed a heavy loss of glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA expression in the SNR and a significant loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA expression in the SNC. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a disappearance of TH-Like immunoreactivity (LI) im dendrites in the SNR, a considerable loss of TH-LI cell bodies in the SNC and a restricted loss of neuropeptide K-LI in the SNR around the tip of the injection cannula. Furthermore, lesioned rats rotated ipsilateral to the lesion after apomorphine (1 mg/kg, s.c.), indicating that the basal ganglia output mediated via the SNR GABA neurons was impaired on the lesioned side. Analysis of the striatum revealed that a dense TH-LI fiber network could still be seen on the lesioned side. Furthermore, basal and amphetamine stimulated extracellular dopamine levels in the striatum on the lesioned side were not significantly depleted. This indicates that the ascending nigrostriatal dopamine projection was functionally intact on the lesioned side. These findings indicate that intranigral GABA, dynorphin A, substance P and neurokinin A modulation of ipsilateral striatal dopamine release is mediated via direct action on the nigrostriatal projection. Thus, it is suggested that the striatonigral pathway, which contains GABA, dynorphin, substance P and neurokinin A, exerts a direct regulatory effect on the activity of the nigrostriatal dopamine projection.
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PMID:Striatonigral GABA, dynorphin, substance P and neurokinin A modulation of nigrostriatal dopamine release: evidence for direct regulatory mechanisms. 170 47


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