Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tract is known to contain the classical neurohypophyseal hormones vasopressin and oxytocin. Additionally, dynorphin, methionine- and leucine-enkephalin, cholecystokinin (CCK), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and galanin are co-stored with vasopressin and/or oxytocin. Recent immunohistochemical studies have revealed the existence of a low to moderate number of substance P-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, neuropeptide Y (NPY)- and somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve fibers within the rat neurohypophysis. VIP-, substance P- and NPY-immunoreactive fibers were distributed throughout the organ, whereas somatostatin-immunoreactive fibers were present in the proximal part of the organ. The positive nerve endings were either large in size resembling classical nerve terminals related to perivascular spaces, or smaller similar to peptidergic fibers as described in the CNS. These results indicate that these neuropeptides may be either co-stored with the classical neurohypophyseal hormones or contained in another system of afferents to the organ. The probably distinct functional roles of these neuropeptides in the physiology of the neurohypophysis are discussed.
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PMID:Non-vasopressinergic, non-oxytocinergic neuropeptides in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tract: experimental immunohistochemical studies. 138 83

Single- and dual-labelling immunohistochemistry were used to determine the distribution and coexistence of neuropeptides in perivascular nerves of the large arteries and veins of the snake, Elaphe obsoleta, using antibodies for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuropeptide Y, galanin, somatostatin, and leu-enkephalin. Blood vessels were sampled from four regions along the body of the snake: region 1, arteries and veins anterior to the heart; region 2, central vasculature 5 cm anterior and 10 cm posterior to the heart; region 3, arteries and veins in a 30-cm region posterior to the liver; and region 4, dorsal aorta and renal arteries, renal and intestinal veins, 5-30 cm cephalad of the vent. A moderate to dense distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive fibres was found in most arteries and veins of regions 1-3, but fibres were absent from the vessels of region 4. The majority of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive fibres contained colocalized substance P-like immunoreactivity, and these fibres were unaffected by either capsaicin or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) pretreatment. In the anterior section of the snake, the vagal trunks contained many cell bodies with colocalized vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P-like immunoreactivity. It is suggested that the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/substance P-like immunoreactive cell bodies and fibres are parasympathetic postganglionic nerves. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive fibres were observed in all arteries and veins, being most dense in regions 3 and 4. The majority of these fibres also contained colocalized galanin-like immunoreactivity, and were absent in tissues from 6-OHDA pretreated snakes, suggesting that neuropeptide Y and galanin are colocalized in adrenergic nerves. A small number of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive fibres contained vasoactive intestinal polypeptide but not galanin, and were unaffected by 6-OHDA treatment. All calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive fibres contained colocalized substance P-like immunoreactivity, and these fibres were observed in all vessels, being particularly dense in the carotid artery and jugular veins. All calcitonin gene-related peptide/substance P-like immunoreactive fibres appeared damaged after capsaicin treatment suggesting they represent fibres from afferent sensory neurons. A sparse plexus of somatostatin-like immunoreactive fibres was observed in the vessels only from region 4. No enkephalin-like immunoreactive fibres were found in any blood vessels from any region. This study provides morphological evidence to suggest that there is considerable functional specialization within the components of the rat snake peripheral autonomic system controlling the circulation, in particular the regulation of venous capacitance.
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PMID:The distribution and colocalization of neuropeptides in perivascular nerves innervating the large arteries and veins of the snake, Elaphe obsoleta. 138 80

The present work was undertaken to determine by immunocytochemical methods which of the putative enteric neurotransmitters are contained in axons supplying the guinea-pig taenia coli and what proportion of axons is accounted for by the presence of these substances. Numerous fibres displayed immunoreactivity for dynorphin (DYN), enkephalin (ENK), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), but, in contrast to other gut regions, fibres showing immunoreactivity for gastrin-releasing peptide, galanin and neuropeptide Y were rare in the taenia. Fibres reactive for calbindin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine and somatostatin were also rare. Tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity (TH-LI) was present in numerous fibres that disappeared after extrinsic denervation, a procedure that did not detectably affect any of the other major groups of fibres. Simultaneous staining of extrinsically denervated preparations revealed that SP-LI and VIP-LI were located in separate fibres, and ultrastructural studies showed these to be 58% and 33% of intrinsic fibres supplying the muscle. Immunoreactivity for the general marker, neuron-specific enolase, was located in 95-98% of axons. ENK-LI and DYN-LI were in the same axons, and similar proportions of the fibres with either SP-LI or VIP-LI, about 85%, contained immunoreactivity for ENK and DYN. All VIP-LI fibres, but no SP-LI fibres, were reactive for NOS. The results imply that the taenia of the guinea-pig caecum is innervated by two major groups of enteric neurons: (i) excitatory neurons that contain ACh, SP, other tachykinins, and, in most cases, DYN-LI and ENK-LI; and (ii) inhibitory neurons that contain NOS-LI, VIP-LI, in most cases, the two opioids and, quite probably, ATP as a transmitter. GABA-LI is contained in a smaller population of intrinsic axons. Even though the taenia represents one of the simplest tissues for examining transmission from enteric neurons to intestinal muscle, it shares some of the complexity of other regions, in that four major axon types supply the muscle and both the enteric excitatory and enteric inhibitory neurons contain multiple transmitters.
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PMID:Light- and electron-microscopic immunochemical analysis of nerve fibre types innervating the taenia of the guinea-pig caecum. 138 81

The present study determines the effects of sciatic nerve stimulation at intensities that activate A-fibers alone or both A- and C-fibers on immunostaining for substance P (SP), cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8), galanin (GAL), dynorphin (DYN) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. The goal of this study is to provide a more precise spatial localization of the sites of release or accumulation of these compounds in relation to specific types of stimuli. Following A-fiber stimulation, there was no significant change in immunostaining for any of these compounds. However, A- and C-fiber stimulation resulted in major changes. For SP, CCK-8, GAL and DYN there was a large and significant loss of immunostaining in medial regions of the dorsal horn. This is the area where sciatic nerve primary afferent fibers terminate and the depletion is probably correlated with activity in these fibers. By contrast, VIP immunostaining is increased in the lateral part of the superficial cord, which is outside of the central sciatic afferent fiber terminations. This indicates that the increase is not in the fine sciatic sensory axons that are directly stimulated. As a final point, the fact that C-fiber but not A-fiber stimulation causes marked changes in the immunocytochemical distribution of all these compounds is further evidence, albeit indirect, that they are involved in nociceptive information processing.
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PMID:The effects of A- and C-fiber stimulation on patterns of neuropeptide immunostaining in the rat superficial dorsal horn. 150 92

The topographical distribution of neuropeptide-containing cell bodies, fibers and terminals was studied in human parabrachial nuclei and the pontine tegmentum with immunohistochemical stainings. Brains of seven adult human subjects of 35-72 years were fixed within 2 h post mortem. Serial sections were immunostained by antisera of 14 different neuropeptides--oxytocin, vasopressin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, angiotensin II, calcitonin gene-related peptide, beta-endorphin, dynorphin A, dynorphin B, leucine-enkephalin, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, substance P, neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin and galanin--alternately. All of these peptides were found to be present in nerve fibers and terminals, but only two, angiotensin II and dynorphin B, in cell bodies of the parabrachial nuclei. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-, neuropeptide Y-, cholecystokinin- and galanin-immunoreactive cells were present in other areas of the pontine tegmentum, like the motor trigeminal nucleus, locus coeruleus, periventricular gray matter but not in the parabrachial nuclei. Peptidergic fibers were distributed unevenly throughout the pontine tegmentum having unique, individual distribution patterns. In the parabrachial nuclei, substance P, neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin and galanin showed the highest density of immunoreactive neuronal networks. Moderate to low concentrations of immunoreactive processes were detected by calcitonin gene-related peptide, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, dynorphin B, thyrotropin releasing hormone, leucine-enkephalin, dynorphin A, angiotensin II, beta-endorphin, vasopressin and oxytocin antisera, respectively. Other pontine tegmental areas, like the locus coeruleus, dorsal tegmental, pontine raphe and motor trigeminal nuclei as well as the central gray of the tegmental region exhibited a varying assortment of neuropeptides with distinct, individual localization patterns. Their detailed topographical distributions are mapped and given in coronal sections.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study on the distribution of neuropeptides within the pontine tegmentum--particularly the parabrachial nuclei and the locus coeruleus of the human brain. 154 21

Chromaffin granules, the secretory organelles of the neuron-like adrenal medullary chromaffin cells, have previously been shown to store and liberate neurotrophic activities that support in vitro survival of several neuron populations including those innervating the adrenal medulla. Molecules resembling fibroblast growth factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor have been identified among these activities. Since chromaffin granules store a variety of neuropeptides and many neuropeptides can have pleiotropic effects on neuronal growth and maintenance we have tested 24 different neuropeptides for their capacities to promote survival of embryonic chick ciliary, dorsal root and sympathetic ganglionic neurons. Peptides tested included several derivatives of proenkephalin (Leu- and met-enkephalin, fragments BAM 22, B, F and E), somatostatin, substance P, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, VIP, bombesin, secretin, pancreastatin, dynorphin B, dynorphin 1-13, beta-endorphin, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-MSH. Control cultures received saturating concentrations of ciliary neurotrophic or nerve growth factor (CNTF; NGF), or no trophic supplements. At 1 x 10(-5) M leu- and met-enkephalin as well as somatostatin supported sympathetic neurons to the same extent as NGF. At the same concentrations, leu-enkephalin, the proenkephalin fragments BAM 22 and E, and somatostatin maintained about half of the dorsal root ganglionic neurons supported by NGF, but were not effective on ciliary neurons. VIP promoted the survival of approximately 50% of the ciliary and embryonic day 10 dorsal root ganglionic neurons as compared to saturating amounts of CNTF, but required the presence of non-neuronal cells in the cultures to be effective. Neurotensin (1 x 10(-5) M had a small effect on ciliary neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Screening of adrenal medullary neuropeptides for putative neurotrophic effects. 163 76

90 primary breast carcinomas and 18 metastases were immunostained for c-erbB-2 protein and neuron specific enolase. 30 tumours were c-erbB-2 negative and NSE positive, 23 tumours were NSE negative and c-erbB-2 positive. 1 tumour expressed focal immunoreactivity for both markers. 54 of the 108 tumours (50%) did not express either marker. Hormone immunoreactivity was present in single cells and in small groups of cells in 18 of the 31 NSE positive tumours. Bombesin, neurotensin and prealbumin were present in 4 cases each, followed by beta-endorphin and VIP in 3 cases each, leu-enkephalin in 2 cases and gastrin, serotonin, substance P, glucagon and somatostatin in 1 case each. None of 10 NSE negative breast carcinomas were comprised of cells expressing immunoreactivity for hormones. By immunoelectron microscopic examination the c-erbB-2 protein was shown to be present on the cell membrane, on smooth areas, microvilli and in coated pits. Immunoreactivity was also expressed in vesicles in cytoplasm and along rough endoplasmic reticulum. The study shows that c-erbB-2 protein expression and neuroendocrine activity are present in different tumour cell populations. This supports the hypothesis that the presence of c-erbB-2 protein, indicating an elevated cellular tyrosine kinase activity with stimulation of growth, intracellular Ca++, and phosphatidylinositol derivates, means that the same cell does not need regulation of the same factors by stimulation of peptide hormone receptors. Thus the production of autocrine and paracrine factors is switched off.
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PMID:C-erbB-2 protein and neuroendocrine expression in breast carcinomas. 167 29

To investigate the functional relationship between the enteric nervous system and the intestinal neurotensin (N) cells, the release of neurotensin (NT) was measured upon vascular 8-min infusion periods of various neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in an isolated vascularly perfused rat jejunoileum. NT-like immunoreactivity (NT-LI) was measured with an antiserum that specifically recognizes intact NT. The cholinergic agonists methacholine and carbachol produced a strong release of NT-LI (250% and 700% of basal, respectively at 10(-5) M). The infusion of a lower dose (10(-7) M) was less effective in both cases. The nicotinic receptor agonist DMPP (10(-4) M) had no significant effect on NT-LI release. Norepinephrine (10(-6) M) produced a moderate and well-sustained secretion of NT (200% of basal). Infusion of higher doses of these neurotransmitters dramatically increased the arterial pressure. G-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA), histamine, serotonin and dopamine administered at final concentrations up to 10(-5) M had no effect on NT-LI release. In contrast, gastrin-releasing peptide and bombesin induced a dose-dependent transient increase of portal NT-LI (maximal value at 10(-7) M: 1000% of basal) followed by a rapid return to near basal values. Substance P (10(-7) M) evoked a prompt release of NT-LI with a peak at 600% of basal followed by a decline to 200% of basal at the end of the session. Leu-enkephalin and calcitonin-gene-related-peptide (CGRP, 10(-7) M) produced a small rise in portal NT-LI, while Met-enkephalin, dynorphin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), galanin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), neuromedin U and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) had no stimulatory effect. Our results indicate that additionally to the secretion of NT induced by cholinergic agents and bombesin, substance P and to a lesser extent Leu-enkephalin are capable of stimulating NT release in the rat.
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PMID:Release of ileal neurotensin in the rat by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. 167 14

Neuropeptides, among which substance P, VIP (Vasoactive intestinal peptide), somatostatin, neurotensin, dynorphin and enkephalins, are able to modulate inflammatory processes. Increasing interest is now devoted to these peptides in different inflammatory diseases, concerning skin, lung and joins. The effect of substance P can be dependent on its C-terminal moiety implicating by this way an interaction with specific neurokinin receptors or can be dependent on its N-terminal moiety which does not involve a specific membrane receptor. Such diversity of the action mechanisms of peptides should influence the evolution of the anti-inflammatory therapeutic.
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PMID:[Neuropeptides and inflammation: presumed mechanisms in neurogenic inflammation]. 2317 66

Dynorphin A(1-17), the proposed endogenous ligand for the kappa receptor, has been reported to demonstrate no antinociceptive activity when tested in analgesic assays involving noxious (heat (e.g., tail-flick and hot-plate assays). By using a rat tail-flick analgesic assay that utilizes extreme cold as its noxious stimulus (an ethylene glycol-water mixture maintained at -10 degrees C), we have recently reported a dose-related and naloxone-reversible antinociceptive effect for i.c.v. administered dynorphin A(1-17). To elucidate the biochemical mechanism of this antinociception, we designed a push-pull perfusion system which would allow us to measure changes in neuropeptide release in the spinal cord during exposure to noxious heat or cold. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted surgically with two lengths of PE-10 tubing inserted into the spinal subarachnoid space via the cisterna magna, with the push cannula at the level of T-1, and the pull cannula at the rostral edge of the lumbar enlargement. At the time of testing, samples of cerebrospinal fluid were collected both in the presence and absence of a noxious stimulus. Substance P (SP) and somatostatin (SST) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Exposing the animal's tail to the noxious cold (30 sec/min for 20 min) resulted in a significant elevation in SP release (69% above base-line levels), but no change in the level of SST release. Conversely, exposure to noxious heat (50 degrees C, 20 sec/min for 20 min) produced a significant increase in SST release (56% above base line), but no change in the level of SP release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Differential release of substance P and somatostatin in the rat spinal cord in response to noxious cold and heat; effect of dynorphin A(1-17). 169 Feb 93


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