Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In previous publications we proposed that dynorphin A (1-17) (Dyn) functions as an antianalgesic agent in the spinal cord of mice. Whether endogenously released or administered directly to the spinal cord, this antianalgesic action attenuates the antinociceptive effect of morphine (Mor) in the mouse tail-flick test. Because this action of Dyn in the spinal cord appeared to be congruous with the function of substance P (SP), experiments were designed to compare the actions of the two on Mor-induced antinociception. Inhibition of the tail-flick response induced by i.c.v. administration of Mor was attenuated by intrathecal (i.t.) administration of SP or Dyn. This antianalgesic effect of Dyn (5 fmol) but not SP (74 pmol) was antagonized by naloxone and nor-binaltorphimine administered i.t. Capsaicin (Cap) i.t. at a 0.1-microgram dose, like SP and Dyn, antagonized the antinociceptive effect of Mor given i.c.v. Excellent evidence exists to indicate that, in rats, Cap (30-70 micrograms i.t.) releases SP in the spinal cord and that Mor inhibits this release. Present experiments indicated, however, that i.t. administration of low doses of Cap (0.05-0.5 microgram) in mice preferentially released Dyn and not SP as based on the following results. 1) The antianalgesic action of Cap i.t. against Mor i.c.v. was antagonized by naloxone and nor-binaltorphimine i.t. as was Dyn i.t. (but not SP i.t.). 2) A SP antagonist, (D-Pro2, D-Phe7, D-Trp9)-SP, did not reverse the effect of Cap or Dyn given i.t., even though it antagonized the effect of SP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Involvement of dynorphin A and not substance P in the spinal antianalgesic action of capsaicin against morphine-induced antinociception in mice. 137 71

The influence of cocaine self-administration on the expression of messenger RNAs for dynorphin, enkephalin and substance P was analyzed in the rat striatum with in situ hybridization histochemistry. Cocaine, an indirect dopamine agonist, was found to differentially affect the levels of mRNA encoding these neuropeptides in different subregions of the striatum. Following a 7 day period of variable free access to cocaine, dynorphin and substance P mRNA levels were elevated throughout the striatum, but the increases were substantially greater in the dorsal striatum than in the nucleus accumbens. Enkephalin mRNA was not significantly altered in the dorsal striatum but was slightly elevated in the nucleus accumbens. These results suggest that cocaine self-administration has differential effects on striatonigral and striatopallidal projection neurons, and that these effects vary in subregions of the striatum.
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PMID:Cocaine self-administration differentially alters mRNA expression of striatal peptides. 137 4

Triple-labelling immunofluorescence and retrograde axonal tracing with fluorescent dyes have been combined to identify and characterize the neuropeptide content of vasoconstrictor, vasodilator and pilomotor neurons in the lumbar sympathetic ganglia of guinea-pigs. Postganglionic noradrenergic pilomotor neurons lacked immunoreactivity to neuropeptide Y and comprised up to about 30% of postganglionic neurons. Most post-ganglionic noradrenergic neurons that contained neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity were likely to be vasoconstrictor neurons, although some noradrenergic neurons containing neuropeptide Y projected to pelvic viscera. Vasoconstrictor neurons comprised up to about 60% of postganglionic neurons. About 15% of postganglionic neurons were non-noradrenergic and contained immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal peptide, neuropeptide Y and dynorphin. They mostly innervated blood vessels supplying skeletal muscles and were likely to be vasodilator neurons. Endings of presumed preganglionic neurons containing immunoreactivity to substance P were exclusively associated with vasodilator neurons. Conversely, presumed preganglionic endings containing immunoreactivity to calcitonin gene-related peptide were exclusively associated with vasoconstrictor neurons, although not all vasoconstrictor neurons had such endings associated with them. Presumed preganglionic terminals containing immunoreactivity to enkephalin were associated with some postganglionic neurons in each functional class. These results show that preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic neurons lying in different functional pathways can be distinguished by their neuropeptide content as well as their projections. The identification of neurochemically distinct functional pathways begins to explain how the sympathetic nervous system is organized to allow the precise control of discrete target tissues.
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PMID:Vasoconstrictor, vasodilator and pilomotor pathways in sympathetic ganglia of guinea-pigs. 137 57

The rat striatum after dopamine denervation followed by repeated apomorphine treatment was examined for the co-expression of c-fos and Fos-related antigens with dynorphin, substance P and [Met5]enkephalin using Western blot and immunohistochemical techniques. Administration of apomorphine, a dopamine agonist, elevated the level of 35 kDa Fos-related antigen which co-localized with dynorphin and substance P, but not enkephalin, in striatal neurons.
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PMID:A 35 kDa Fos-related antigen is co-localized with substance P and dynorphin in striatal neurons. 137 35

The distribution of fibers and cell bodies containing neurotensin, neurokinin A, galanin, or somatostatin-28(1-12) immunoreactivity in the torus semicircularis of the carp was studied using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. In this mesencephalic region, a high-density of galanin-immunoreactive fibers was found, whereas neurokinin A or somatostatin-28(1-12)-immunoreactive processes were observed at a moderate density and neurotensin-immunoreactive fibers at a low density. Cell bodies containing somatostatin-28(1-12) immunoreactivity were observed in both central and lateral nuclei. The torus semicircularis was not immunoreactive for dynorphin A. The presence of these neuropeptides in the carp torus semicircularis suggests that such neuroactive substances may be involved in auditory and visual mechanisms, as well as in the control of inputs arising from the lateral line system.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in the torus semicircularis of the carp (Cyprinus carpio). 137 85

Immunohistochemical techniques were used to study the adrenal organs of the anuran species Rana esculenta, Caldula pulchra and Bufo marinus with respect to the distribution and coexistence of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), Leu-enkephalin (Leu-ENK). Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe (MEAP) and dynorphin A 1-17 (DYN). Antisera against enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis, i.e., dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), were used for the identification of chromaffin cells. ANP-immunoreactive (-IR) cells occurred in high densities (30%-70% of the total cell population) in all species investigated. In C. pulchra and B. marinus, BNP-IR cells constituted a population of non-DBH-IR and non-TH-IR cells that were different from the ANP-IR cells. A large proportion of the adrenal cells (10%-55%) were immunoreactive to Leu-ENK, and a minority (2%-5%) showed MEAP-immunoreactivity. DYN-immunoreactivity was not observed. The anurans studied exhibited small numbers of SP-IR, CGRP-IR and NPY-IR cells. Immunoreactivities for ANP + Leu-ENK and Leu-ENK + MEAP were shown to coexist. In C. pulchra and B. marinus, immunoreactions for ANP + NPY, ANP+SP and SP + CGRP were also colocalized. Except for DYN, all neurohormonal peptides also occurred in intra-adrenal nerve fibers. SP-IR fibers also displayed CGRP-immunoreactivity and some Leu-ENK-IR fibers contained MEAP-immunoreactivity. In C. pulchra, NPY-IR fibers were found that also showed ANP-immunoreactivity.
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PMID:Distribution patterns and coexistence of neurohormonal peptides (ANP, BNP, NPY, SP, CGRP, enkephalins) in chromaffin cells and nerve fibers of the anuran adrenal organ. 137 3

We examined the distribution of immunoreactivity to serotonin (5-HT), leu-enkephalin (LENK), tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH), and substance P (SP) within the primary visceral sensory region of cartilaginous fish. Two genera of sharks, Squalus and Heterodontus, a skate, Raja, a ray, Myliobatis, and a holocephalian, Hydrolagus, were used. Cranial nerves, VII, IX, and X enter the visceral sensory complex from the lateral aspect and divide it into lobes. Based on sagittally cut sections, there are four lobes in Hydrolagus and five in Squalus, corresponding to the number of gill arches. The neurochemicals are differentially distributed within each lobe. LENK+ and 5-HT+ fibers are located in all regions within the visceral sensory complex. SP+ fibers are extremely dense in a dorsolateral subdivision and do not extend as far ventrally as 5-HT+ and LENK+ fibers. The lobes lack 5-HT+ cells, but contain a few LENK+ and SP+ cells. Many TH+ cells are distributed in dorsomedial portions of the complex, but there are few TH+ fibers. Thus, the visceral sensory area of cartilaginous fish contains several divisions that can be distinguished by their neurochemical content.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of serotonin, leu-enkephalin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and substance P within the visceral sensory area of cartilaginous fish. 137 4

By use of light microscopic immunohistochemical and lectin histochemical methods, the interrelation of galactose-containing glycoprotein (GCGP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like, leu-enkephalin (L-ENK)-like, and substance P (SP)-like peptides has been evaluated on consecutive sections of dorsal root ganglia from colchicine-treated rats. The results showed that GCGP, CGRP, L-ENK and SP exist simultaneously in individual neurons of the dorsal root ganglia in rats. Almost all small neurons in dorsal root ganglion contained both GCGP and CGRP. The stronger peanut lectin affinity with small neurons, the weaker CGRP immunoreactivity, and vice versa. Some neurons of medium size were of strong CGRP-like immunoreactivity; however, they lacked in affinity with peanut lectin. The large spinal ganglionic cells rarely showed CGRP immunoreactivity and affinity with peanut lectin. The results suggested that there was a negative interrelation between GCGP and CGRP in small primary sensory neurons. From the above it may be suggested that the GCGP plays an important role in recognizing and transmitting information in primary sensory neurons.
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PMID:Simultaneous existence of galactose-containing glycoprotein and several neuropeptides in DRG of the rat. 137 55

The sympathetic and sensory innervation of guinea-pig trachea and lung were studied by means of retrograde neuronal tracing using fluorescent dyes, and double-labelling immunofluorescence. Sympathetic neurons supplying the lung were located in stellate ganglia and in thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia T2-T4; those supplying the trachea resided in the superior cervical and stellate ganglia. Retrogradely labelled sympathetic neurons were usually immunoreactive to tyrosine hydroxylase; the majority also contained neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity. However, a small number were non-catecholaminergic (i.e. tyrosine hydroxylase negative), but neuropeptide Y immunoreactive. Within the airways, tyrosine hydroxylase/neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive axons were found in the smooth muscle layer, around blood vessels including the pulmonary artery and vein, and to a lesser extent in the lamina propria. Periarterial axons contained in addition dynorphin immunoreactivity. Sensory neurons supplying the lung were located in jugular and nodose vagal ganglia as well as in upper thoracic dorsal root ganglia; those supplying the trachea were most frequently found bilaterally in the nodose ganglia and less frequently in the jugular ganglia. A spinal origin of tracheal sensory fibres could not be consistently demonstrated. With regard to their immunoreactivity to peptides, three types of sensory neurons projecting to the airways could be distinguished: (i) substance P/dynorphin immunoreactive; (ii) substance P immunoreactive but dynorphin negative; and (iii) negative to all peptides tested. Substance P-immunoreactive neurons innervating the airways invariably contained immunoreactivity to neurokinin A and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Retrogradely labelled neurons located in the nodose ganglia belonged almost exclusively (greater than or equal to 99%) to the peptide-negative group, whereas the three neuron types each represented about one-third of retrogradely labelled neurons in jugular and dorsal root ganglia. Within the airways, axons immunoreactive to substance P/neurokinin A and substance P/calcitonin gene-related peptide were distributed within the respiratory epithelium of trachea and large bronchi, in the lamina propria and smooth muscle from the trachea down to the smallest bronchioli (highest density at the bronchial level), in the alveolar walls, around systemic and pulmonary blood vessels, and within airway ganglia. Those axons also containing dynorphin immunoreactivity were restricted to the lamina propria and smooth muscle. The origin of nerve fibres immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, of which a part were also neuropeptide Y immunoreactive, could not be determined by retrograde tracing experiments. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive fibres terminating within airway ganglia may be of preganglionic parasympathetic origin, whereas others (e.g. those found in smooth muscle) may arise from intrinsic ganglia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The sensory and sympathetic innervation of guinea-pig lung and trachea as studied by retrograde neuronal tracing and double-labelling immunohistochemistry. 138 Jan 40

We investigated the effects of collagen II-induced arthritis on two cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) enzymes converting dynorphin A and substance P (SP), namely dynorphin-converting enzyme (DCE) and substance P endopeptidase (SPE). The products generated by these enzymes are the bioactive fragments Leu-enkephalin-Arg6 and substance P, respectively. The strain used (DA rats) is very sensitive towards induction of arthritis. The collagen arthritis is a chronic autoimmune arthritis induced by native rat collagen type II (CII). Following intradermal injection of CII into the tailbase. CSF was sampled on day 21 (acute arthritis) and day 38 (chronic arthritis). Control rats were untreated because the strain used developed an acute and self-limited arthritis (adjuvant arthritis) when administered vehicle (i.e. incomplete Freund's adjuvant). The DCE activity was significantly lowered in the acute phase of arthritis (P less than 0.05) when analysed with two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). The enzyme converting SP (SPE) also showed a significant decrease in the acute phase of arthritis (P less than 0.05). These results demonstrate that both DCE and SPE are affected in the acute phase of arthritis. A functional role of these enzymes in processing pain-related neuropeptides is therefore implicated.
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PMID:Decreased neuropeptide-converting enzyme activities in cerebrospinal fluid during acute but not chronic phases of collagen induced arthritis in rats. 138


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