Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to clarify the mechanism of substance P (SP)-induced cortisol secretion from bovine adrenocortical (BAC) cells, protein synthesis at the early stage of SP-stimulation in BAC cells was investigated. Both SP and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) increased [3H]leucine uptake into BAC cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Although the SP-induced [3H]leucine uptake precedes the cortisol secretion, ACTH was slower in inducing [3H]leucine uptake and cortisol secretion. Protein synthesis inhibitors, actinomycin D and cycloheximide, were potent in inhibiting the SP-induced cortisol secretion. SDS-PAGE analysis, revealed that a 240 kDa protein is newly synthesized in BAC cells in response to SP but not ACTH. It was also indicated that the production of this 240 kDa protein was elicited about 30 min after stimulation by SP. Moreover, A23187 and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) also caused a rapid [3H]leucine uptake and production of 240 kDa protein. In contrast, dibutyryl cAMP did not induce the synthesis of this 240 kDa protein. Calmidazolium, a calmodulin inhibitor, effectively inhibited not only [3H]leucine uptake but also 240 kDa protein production due to SP. On the other hand, KT-5720, an inhibitor of protein kinase A, had no effect on [3H]leucine uptake or 240 kDa production. Using the [125I]calmodulin-membrane overlay method, it was found that the 240 kDa protein was a newly synthesized calmodulin binding protein. From the present study, it was concluded that the de novo synthesis of this 240 kDa protein may be intimately related to the cortisol secretion in SP-stimulated BAC cells associated with an activation of the Ca-calmodulin pathway.
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PMID:de novo synthesis of calmodulin binding protein in substance P-induced steroidogenesis in bovine adrenocortical cells. 138

Tuberomammillary neurons in the posterior hypothalamus are the sole source of neuronal histamine in adult mammalian brain. In the rat, these cells are reported to contain immunoreactivity for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and several neuropeptides. We compared the presence of these substances in the tuberomammillary cells of the rat, mouse, and guinea pig. In all three species, all histamine-immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies were positive for GABA. This suggests that GABAergic transmission may be important in tuberomammillary function. No cell bodies immunoreactive for thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) were found in the guinea pig or mouse tuberomammillary area. In contrast, about 14% of the histamine-immunoreactive tuberomammillary cells in the rat were TRH-positive. These cells were small or medium-sized and were located only in the medial part of the tuberomammillary complex. An antibody against porcine galanin stained about 45% of the tuberomammillary cell bodies in the rat and about 28% in the mouse, but none in the guinea pig. A large proportion of the cells in the rat and mouse, but none in the guinea pig, were positive for met-enkephalin-arg-phe. In contrast, all histamine-containing tuberomammillary cells in the guinea pig, but none in the rat or mouse, were immunoreactive for met-enkephalin. This may indicate a different expression of proenkephalin-derived peptides in the tuberomammillary neurons in these species. Some substance P-immunoreactive cell bodies were located in the tuberomammillary area in all three species. However, only 3% of the histamine-immunoreactive cell bodies in the rat and mouse but none in the guinea pig were substance P-positive. The neurochemical properties of the tuberomammillary nucleus that exhibited species commonality deserve to be studied neurochemically and electrophysiologically in order to determine the functional relevance of coexisting transmitters in this nucleus.
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PMID:Multiple neurotransmitters in the tuberomammillary nucleus: comparison of rat, mouse, and guinea pig. 138 90

Authors have often experienced that psychological stress influences rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition, recent reports show a modulatory role for neuropeptide such as substance P in arthritis. These findings prompted us to study endogenous opioid peptides in RA, which are found mainly in the brain and have an effect on the central nervous system. We examined methionine-enkephalin (Met-enk), leucine-enkephalin (Leu-enk) and beta-endorphin (beta-end) in opioid peptides. We measured these peptides in plasma and synovial fluid samples obtained from 28 knees of 24 RA patients and the quantity in the synovial tissue of 13 knees. We also measured plasma and synovial fluid samples from patients with osteoarthritis of the knee and plasma samples from healthy candidates. Leu-enk and beta-end levels in synovial fluid were significantly higher than plasma levels only in RA. Larger quantity of Leu-end and beta-end were contained apparently in the synovial tissue than Met-enk. The synovial tissue with proliferative change tends to contain larger quantity of opioid peptides. These results indicate that the synovial tissue produces or secretes Leu-enk and beta-end and that opioid peptides are related to the degree of inflammation in RA.
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PMID:[A study of opioid peptides in synovial fluid and synovial tissue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. 152 70

The topographical distribution of neuropeptide-containing cell bodies, fibers and terminals was studied in human parabrachial nuclei and the pontine tegmentum with immunohistochemical stainings. Brains of seven adult human subjects of 35-72 years were fixed within 2 h post mortem. Serial sections were immunostained by antisera of 14 different neuropeptides--oxytocin, vasopressin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, angiotensin II, calcitonin gene-related peptide, beta-endorphin, dynorphin A, dynorphin B, leucine-enkephalin, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, substance P, neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin and galanin--alternately. All of these peptides were found to be present in nerve fibers and terminals, but only two, angiotensin II and dynorphin B, in cell bodies of the parabrachial nuclei. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-, neuropeptide Y-, cholecystokinin- and galanin-immunoreactive cells were present in other areas of the pontine tegmentum, like the motor trigeminal nucleus, locus coeruleus, periventricular gray matter but not in the parabrachial nuclei. Peptidergic fibers were distributed unevenly throughout the pontine tegmentum having unique, individual distribution patterns. In the parabrachial nuclei, substance P, neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin and galanin showed the highest density of immunoreactive neuronal networks. Moderate to low concentrations of immunoreactive processes were detected by calcitonin gene-related peptide, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, dynorphin B, thyrotropin releasing hormone, leucine-enkephalin, dynorphin A, angiotensin II, beta-endorphin, vasopressin and oxytocin antisera, respectively. Other pontine tegmental areas, like the locus coeruleus, dorsal tegmental, pontine raphe and motor trigeminal nuclei as well as the central gray of the tegmental region exhibited a varying assortment of neuropeptides with distinct, individual localization patterns. Their detailed topographical distributions are mapped and given in coronal sections.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study on the distribution of neuropeptides within the pontine tegmentum--particularly the parabrachial nuclei and the locus coeruleus of the human brain. 154 21

Recent studies have shown that neuropeptides, such as substance P, are responsible for arthritis. We therefore studied opioid peptides (beta-endorphin, Methionine-enkephalin, Leucine-enkephalin) in order to confirm our belief that mental status may have some influence on the activity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We examined opioid peptides, lymphocyte subsets, psycologic test (Cornell Medical Index-Health questionnaire (CMI), the Face scale) and clinical data in patients with RA. Plasma Leu-enk, % Leu2a+ Leu15- cells,% Leu3a+ Leu8- cells and % Leu11+ Leu7- cells were higher in patients with a larger number of psycologic complaints in CMI. Plasma Leu-enk concentration was higher while % Leu11+ Leu7- cells was lower in proportion to the degree of neurosis, as indicated by the descrimitive chart of CMI. Plasma Met-enk concentration, % Leu2a+ Leu15- cells, and Lansbury's index were significantly higher in the group of patients whose facial expression was more severe. These findings suggest that mentala status have some relationship with the plasma level of opioid peptides (enkephalins) and immunologic functions, and that it may exert indirect effects on RA.
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PMID:[Psychosomatic medicine in rheumatoid arthritis]. 158 48

Chromaffin granules, the secretory organelles of the neuron-like adrenal medullary chromaffin cells, have previously been shown to store and liberate neurotrophic activities that support in vitro survival of several neuron populations including those innervating the adrenal medulla. Molecules resembling fibroblast growth factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor have been identified among these activities. Since chromaffin granules store a variety of neuropeptides and many neuropeptides can have pleiotropic effects on neuronal growth and maintenance we have tested 24 different neuropeptides for their capacities to promote survival of embryonic chick ciliary, dorsal root and sympathetic ganglionic neurons. Peptides tested included several derivatives of proenkephalin (Leu- and met-enkephalin, fragments BAM 22, B, F and E), somatostatin, substance P, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, VIP, bombesin, secretin, pancreastatin, dynorphin B, dynorphin 1-13, beta-endorphin, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-MSH. Control cultures received saturating concentrations of ciliary neurotrophic or nerve growth factor (CNTF; NGF), or no trophic supplements. At 1 x 10(-5) M leu- and met-enkephalin as well as somatostatin supported sympathetic neurons to the same extent as NGF. At the same concentrations, leu-enkephalin, the proenkephalin fragments BAM 22 and E, and somatostatin maintained about half of the dorsal root ganglionic neurons supported by NGF, but were not effective on ciliary neurons. VIP promoted the survival of approximately 50% of the ciliary and embryonic day 10 dorsal root ganglionic neurons as compared to saturating amounts of CNTF, but required the presence of non-neuronal cells in the cultures to be effective. Neurotensin (1 x 10(-5) M had a small effect on ciliary neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Screening of adrenal medullary neuropeptides for putative neurotrophic effects. 163 76

90 primary breast carcinomas and 18 metastases were immunostained for c-erbB-2 protein and neuron specific enolase. 30 tumours were c-erbB-2 negative and NSE positive, 23 tumours were NSE negative and c-erbB-2 positive. 1 tumour expressed focal immunoreactivity for both markers. 54 of the 108 tumours (50%) did not express either marker. Hormone immunoreactivity was present in single cells and in small groups of cells in 18 of the 31 NSE positive tumours. Bombesin, neurotensin and prealbumin were present in 4 cases each, followed by beta-endorphin and VIP in 3 cases each, leu-enkephalin in 2 cases and gastrin, serotonin, substance P, glucagon and somatostatin in 1 case each. None of 10 NSE negative breast carcinomas were comprised of cells expressing immunoreactivity for hormones. By immunoelectron microscopic examination the c-erbB-2 protein was shown to be present on the cell membrane, on smooth areas, microvilli and in coated pits. Immunoreactivity was also expressed in vesicles in cytoplasm and along rough endoplasmic reticulum. The study shows that c-erbB-2 protein expression and neuroendocrine activity are present in different tumour cell populations. This supports the hypothesis that the presence of c-erbB-2 protein, indicating an elevated cellular tyrosine kinase activity with stimulation of growth, intracellular Ca++, and phosphatidylinositol derivates, means that the same cell does not need regulation of the same factors by stimulation of peptide hormone receptors. Thus the production of autocrine and paracrine factors is switched off.
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PMID:C-erbB-2 protein and neuroendocrine expression in breast carcinomas. 167 29

The effect of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) on the release of four regulatory peptides from the anterior pituitary of male rats has been studied using an in vitro perfusion system. Quartered anterior pituitaries from male adult Wistar rats were perfused with buffer containing different concentrations of ACTH and, subsequently, 56 mM KCl. Fractions of 1.5 ml were collected at 3 min intervals and analyzed for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), galanin, 7B2, and substance P, using specific radioimmunoassays. Concentrations of 0.02, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 microM ACTH produced increases of 117 +/- 50%, 155 +/- 90%, 163 +/- 14%, and 161 +/- 3% (mean + SE), respectively, of basal release of VIP (P less than 0.001). However, concentrations of 1 microM and 2 microM ACTH suppressed VIP release to 74 +/- 6% and 47 +/- 4%, respectively, compared to basal release (P less than 0.001). Results for galanin release were similar: concentrations of 0.02, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 microM ACTH increased galanin release to 129 +/- 4%, 136 +/- 8%, 143 +/- 9%, and 133 +/- 9% of basal release (P less than 0.001) and 1 and 2 microM ACTH provoked a suppression of 52 +/- 7% and 50 +/- 13%, respectively, compared with basal release (P less than 0.001). Doses of ACTH that altered the secretion of VIP and galanin had no effect on 7B2 and substance P release. These results demonstrate that ACTH causes a release of pituitary VIP and galanin in vitro and, moreover, that this is a biphasic phenomenon.
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PMID:Effect of ACTH on VIP and galanin release from the pituitary. 168 92

A transurethral prostatic resection for prostatism in a 73 year old man showed a cluster of richly capillarised clear cells originally thought to be indicative of invasive carcinoma. Immunohistochemical studies were carried out on this tissue specimen and three similar cases using a variety of antibodies--Neuron specific enolase, PGP 9.5, chromogranin, synaptophysin, serotonin, somatostatin, substance P, calcitonin, calcitonin gene related peptide, met-enkephalin, VIP, neurofilament, CAM 5.2, S100 protein, prostatic specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase. The cellular foci were shown to be composed of paraganglionic cells. The cell clusters were well defined and predominantly comprised clear cells with scanty, fine eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules in three cases. The cell nuclei were round to oval, moderately pleomorphic, with evenly dispersed dense chromatin. It is concluded that the presence of minute foci of paraganglial cells in the bladder wall and prostate gland may be misinterpreted as malignant because of their close association with nerves and their relative rarity. Immunohistochemical staining with neuroendocrine markers should dispel any doubt about their identity.
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PMID:Paraganglial cells of urinary bladder and prostate: potential diagnostic problem. 169 Feb 21

Autonomic dysfunction is an increasingly recognized problem in aging animals and man. The pathologic changes that produce autonomic dysfunction in human aging are largely unknown; however, in experimental animal models specific pathologic changes have been found in selected sympathetic ganglia. To address whether similar neuropathologic changes occur in aging humans, the authors have examined paravertebral and prevertebral sympathetic ganglia from a series of 56 adult autopsied nondiabetic patients. They found significant, specific, age-related neuropathologic lesions in the prevertebral sympathetic superior mesenteric ganglia of autopsied patients. Markedly swollen dystrophic preterminal axons compressed or displaced the perikarya of principal sympathetic neurons. Ultrastructurally, these swollen presynaptic axons contained abundant disoriented neurofilaments surrounded by peripherally marginated dense core vesicles. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that dystrophic axons contained tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY)-like immunoreactivity but not other neuropeptides (VIP, substance P, gastrin-releasing peptide [GRP]/bombesin, met-enkephalin). Similar to the animal models of aging, lesions were much more frequent in the prevertebral superior mesenteric ganglia than in the paravertebral superior cervical ganglia. These studies demonstrate anatomic, peptidergic, and pathologic specificity in the aging human nervous system similar in many respects to that which the authors have described in experimental animal models. Neuroaxonal dystrophy in the sympathetic nervous system may underlie poorly understood alterations in clinical autonomic nervous system function that develop with age.
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PMID:Neuroaxonal dystrophy in aging human sympathetic ganglia. 169 57


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