Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neurons containing the calcium-binding proteins, calbindin or parvalbumin, were studied by immunohistochemistry in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Calbindin-containing cells were found in laminae I, II and III, being more abundant in laminae I and II. Some of the neurons in lamina I containing calbindin projected to the supraspinal area. Parvalbumin-containing neurons were mainly distributed in laminae IIi and III. Calbindin and parvalbumin were not detected in the same cells. Some 75% of the neurotensin-like immunoreactive neurons contained calbindin, which corresponded to 13% of the calbindin-containing neurons. Calbindin was sometimes found in the same cells with substance P, enkephalin or somatostatin but less frequently (44-46% of the peptide-containing neurons). Parvalbumin was not found together with these peptides. Electron microscopy showed that the immunoreactive products of calbindin or parvalbumin were mostly in the dendrites or cell bodies. Immunoreactive axon terminals were relatively few. In rhizotomized animals, neurons containing one of these proteins in laminae II and III were found to receive direct inputs of primary afferent fibers. These findings indicate that neurons containing these two proteins belong to different subpopulations of dorsal horn neurons. They may be important in primary afferent processing.
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PMID:Calcium-binding proteins calbindin and parvalbumin in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. 224 26

Parvalbumin- and calretinin-immunoreactivities (CR-irs) were examined in the molar tooth pulp of the rat using immunohistochemical methods. CR-ir fibers were further classified based on the tachykinin-ir revealed by a double immunofluorescence method. The rat root pulp contained three types of nerve fibers; parvalbumin-ir smooth fibers, CR-ir (TK-negative) smooth fibers and CR-ir (TK-ir) varicose fibers. These fibers projected toward the roof of the pulp chamber and pulp horn without marked ramification. In the subodontoblastic layer at the roof of the pulp chamber and pulp horn, parvalbumin-ir smooth fibers repeatedly ramified and extended varicose terminals into the odontoblastic layer. CR-ir (TK-negative) smooth fibers reached the subodontoblastic layer without marked ramification and gave rise to varicose terminals that appeared to terminate within the subodontoblastic layer. On the other hand, CR-ir (TK-ir) varicose fibers proceeded to the subodontoblastic layer at the roof of the pulp chamber and pulp horn, where they ramified and penetrated the odontoblastic layer. The present study indicates that the rat tooth pulp contains myelinated parvalbumin-ir and CR-ir (TK-negative) fibers, and unmyelinated CR-ir (TK-ir) fibers, and that they project varicose terminals to the subodontoblastic and odontoblastic layers. The central projection sites of these sensory fibers have yet to be revealed.
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PMID:Neural parvalbumin and calretinin in the tooth pulp. 806 94

The anuran torus semicircularis consists of several subnuclei that are part of the ascending auditory pathway as well as audiomotor interface structures. Additionally, recent anatomical studies suggest that the midbrain tegmentum is an integral part of the audiomotor network. To describe the chemoarchitecture of these nuclei, taking into account the toral subdivisions, we investigated the distribution of serotonin, leucine-enkephalin, substance P, tyrosine-hydroxylase, dopamine D2-receptor, parvalbumin, aspartate, GABA, and estrogen-binding protein-immunoreactivity in the midbrain of Bombina orientalis, Discoglossus pictus and Xenopus laevis. In the torus semicircularis, the highest density of immunoreactive fibers and terminals for all transmitters was found in the laminar nucleus. Parvalbumin-like immunoreactivity was highest in the principal nucleus, and D2-receptor-like immunoreactivity was uniformly distributed throughout the torus. In the tegmentum, axons and/or dendrites were stained with all antibodies except estrogen-binding protein. Additionally, heavily stained enkephalin and substance P-immunopositive fiber plexus were found in the lateral and dorsal tegmentum. The immunostainings revealed no qualitative differences between the three species. Immunopositive cell bodies were labeled in several brain areas, the connectivity of which with torus and tegmentum is discussed on the background of functional questions. The putative neuromodulatory innervation of both the laminar nucleus of the torus semicircularis and the tegmentum may be the anatomical basis for the influence of the animal's endogenous state on the behavioral reaction to sensory stimuli. These data corroborate earlier anatomical and physiological findings that the neurons of these nuclei are key elements in the audio-motor interface.
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PMID:Chemoarchitecture of the anuran auditory midbrain. 1101 Oct 65

Parvalbumin-containing fast-spiking interneurons in the cerebral cortex exhibit widespread electrical coupling, as do somatostatin-containing low-threshold spiking interneurons. Besides the classical neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, these cortical interneurons may also release various neuropeptides including substance P (SP), as well as the freely diffusible messenger nitric oxide (NO). To investigate whether these two networks of interneurons might interact via these nonclassical messengers, we performed immunocytochemistry for SP and NO signaling pathways in rat somatic sensory cortex. SP was found in a subset of parvalbumin-positive cells concentrated in layers IV and V, whereas its receptor, NK1, was found in a subset of somatostatin-containing neurons (and also, at much lower levels, in a disjoint subset of parvalbumin-containing neurons). Only 4% of SP-containing axon terminals were apposed to NK1-positive dendrites, suggesting that in the cerebral cortex, SP may act predominantly as a paracrine neuromediator. Nitric oxide synthase-I (NOS-I), the synthetic enzyme for NO, was found almost exclusively in NK1-positive neurons; 95% of intensely somatostatin/NK1-positive neurons were also positive for NOS-I, and 94% of NOS-positive neurons were also positive for NK1. Immunoreactivity for soluble guanylyl cyclase (the NO receptor) was at high levels in the apical dendrites of layer V pyramidal neurons and in parvalbumin/SP-positive neurons. These data point to a novel reciprocal chemical interaction between two inhibitory networks in the rat neocortex.
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PMID:Substance P and nitric oxide signaling in cerebral cortex: anatomical evidence for reciprocal signaling between two classes of interneurons. 1174 51

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is caused by the impaired cleavage of the embryonic prosencephalon, and in the severest type, alobar HPE, the normally bilateral diencephalon and basal ganglia are fused and tend to incorporate into the upper brainstem. The detailed neuropathological features of HPE remain to be elucidated, although disturbed regulation in body temperature and electrolyte balance are frequently observed. We immunohistologically examined the expression of hypothalamic hormones, neurotransmitters, calcium-binding proteins and neuropeptides in six female autopsy cases of alobar HPE. Eight age-matched controls formed the comparative basis for the immunoreactivity of these markers during the fetal period. Neurons immunoreactive for either vasopressin or orexin-A were noted in the fused diencephalon in five HPE cases, and colocalization of vasopressin and tyrosine hydroxylase occurred in HPE cases surviving more than 6 months. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers and neurons were observed in the fused diencephalon and basal ganglia in all the six cases. Parvalbumin-immunoreactive structures were identified in the fused diencephalon and basal ganglia in five cases, and the apparent red nucleus was identified by anti-parvalbumin immunostaining in two cases aged more than 1 year. Five cases demonstrated substance P-immunoreactive structures in the diencephalon, and a substantia nigra-like structure in the midbrain was visualized by immunostainings for both tyrosine hydroxylase and substance P in four cases. Only two cases aged more than 1 year had immunoreactivity for methionine-enkephalin in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra. These data suggest that the fused diencephalon and basal ganglia exhibited functional developments in alobar HPE, and the disturbed expression of the markers may be involved in hypothalamic and/or motor abnormalities in patients.
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PMID:Neuropathological evaluation of the diencephalon, basal ganglia and upper brainstem in alobar holoprosencephaly. 1468 95