Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study in the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) was designed to characterize the neurochemical features of hippocampal nonpyramidal neurons that are specific synaptic targets of substance P-containing projective neurons located in the supramammillary nucleus. Our previous studies provided evidence for an excitatory nature to this hypothalamo-hippocampal pathway and described the mode of termination of these afferents on hippocampal principal neurons. The present correlated light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical analysis, using the nickel-diaminobenzidine/diaminobenzidine double-labeling technique, revealed that this hippocampal afferent system establishes multiple, exclusively asymmetric synapses with three specific subpopulations of nonpyramidal cells: (1) a small portion of parvalbumin-containing basket cells located periodically in or adjacent to the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, which therefore inhibit only a subpopulation of granule cells; (2) some of the calbindin-immunoreactive local circuit neurons located in the hilar area; and (3) calbindin-positive cells occurring exclusively in the stratum molecular of the middle portion of the CA3 subfield. Postembedding studies revealed that the aforementioned calbindin-containing cells are GABAergic inhibitory neurons. Our studies indicate that hypothalamic afferents can effectively filter the information flow at different levels of the excitatory signal loop in the monkey hippocampal formation. Dentate granule cells, which are only stimulated by hypothalamic afferents, will transfer excitatory signals differently than those that are controlled by a feedforward inhibitory mechanism initiated by these fibers. In the CA3 subfield, the signal flow can again be depressed by those pyramidal neurons that are inhibited by calbindin-containing cells receiving an excitatory hypothalamic input.
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PMID:Morphological evidence that hypothalamic substance P-containing afferents are capable of filtering the signal flow in the monkey hippocampal formation. 751 94

The aim of this study was to investigate the neurochemical coding of myenteric neurons in the guinea pig gastric corpus by using immunohistochemical methods. Antibodies and antisera against calbindin (CALB), calretinin (CALRET), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), beta-endorphin (ENK), neuropeptide Y (NPY), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), protein gene product 9.5 (PGP), parvalbumin (PARV), serotonin (5-HT), somatostatin (SOM), substance P (SP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were used. Double- and triple-labeling studies revealed colocalization of certain transmitters and enabled the identification of distinct subpopulations of gastric enteric neurons. NPY/VIP/NOS/ENK were present in 28% of all neurons, whereas 11% had NPY/VIP/DBH/ChAT; NOS-only neurons made up 2% of the population. The combination SP/ChAT/ENK occurred in 21% of the population, whereas SP/ChAT/ENK/CALRET and SP/CHAT/SOM/ +/- CALRET was identified in 5% and 6% of all cells, respectively. 5-HT-containing neurons comprised 2% of all cells and could be further classified by the presence of additional antigens as 5-HT/SP/(ChAT) or 5-HT/VIP/(ChAT). Approximately 21% of all neurons contained only ChAT with no additional antigen present and are referred to as ChAT/-. Gastric myenteric ganglion cells were not immunoreactive for CALB, PARV, CGRP, or TH. The results of this study indicate that gastric myenteric neurons can be characterized on the basis of different chemical coding. Neurochemical coding of corpus myenteric neurons revealed some similarities and significant differences in comparison with other regions of the gut. These differences might reflect adaptation of enteric nerves according to regional specialization and the distinct functions of the proximal stomach as a gastric reservoir.
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PMID:Neurochemical coding of enteric neurons in the guinea pig stomach. 753 52

Repeated episodes of cerebral hypoxia-ischemia can cause primarily striatal neuronal loss in the developing brain. We investigated the effect of repeated episodes of asphyxia on specific neuronal sub-populations of the basal ganglia in late-gestation fetal sheep. Asphyxia was induced in 10 fetal sheep (118-126 days gestation) by occluding the umbilical cord for 5 min. This procedure was repeated four times at 30 min intervals and the brains were fixed 3 days later for histopathology. Immunohistochemical markers were used to identify various populations of neurons in the striatum. Antibodies to calbindin were used to stain the GABAergic medium-sized striatal projection neurons and antibodies to somatostatin and parvalbumin to identify striatal interneurons. Striatal projection neurons to the globus pallidus were recognized by enkephalin immunoreactivity, while the striatonigral terminals were identified in the substantia nigra pars reticulata by substance P immunohistochemical labelling. The results showed a marked loss of calbindin staining in the striatum, evident by both reduced cell numbers and a decrease in neuropil staining. The number of parvalbumin immunoreactive cells was also reduced in the striatum, while somatostatin interneurons were selectively preserved. In addition, immunostaining for enkephalin in the globus pallidus and for substance P in the substantia nigra was markedly reduced. These results show that the stiatal GABAergic medium-sized projection neurons are severely affected by recurrent episodes of asphyxia. These findings are confirmed and extended by the results demonstrating that both the enkephalin/GABA striatopallidal and the substance P/GABA stiatonigral pathways are affected. The results of this study therefore suggest that the efferent striatal projections to the globus pallidus and to the substantia nigra may be involved in asphyxial episodes resulting in cerebral palsy.
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PMID:Repeated asphyxia causes loss of striatal projection neurons in the fetal sheep brain. 760 81

Calcium-binding proteins and neuropeptides were examined in trigeminal neuronal cell bodies retrogradely labeled with Fast blue (FB) from the maxillary molar tooth pulp of the rat. FB-labeled cells were located in the maxillary division of the trigeminal ganglion. Approximately 30 and 50% of the labeled cells were immunoreactive for parvalbumin and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), respectively. The coexpression of these substances was observed in 9.5% of FB-labeled cells. On the other hand, 2.4% of FB-labeled cells exhibited calretinin-immunoreactivity (CR-ir) and 20% tachykinin (TK)-ir. The coexpression of CR and TK was observed in 1.9% of FB-labeled cells, i.e., most of CR-ir FB-labeled neurons coexpressed TK-ir. An immuno-EM method revealed that all parvalbumin-ir nerve fibers in the root pulp were myelinated and that CGRP-ir nerve fibers were both myelinated (15%) and unmyelinated (85%). The present study indicated that primary nociceptors innervating the rat molar tooth pulp contained parvalbumin and CR and coexpressed these calcium-binding proteins and neuropeptides. It was suggested that peripheral axons of parvalbumin-ir tooth pulp primary neurons are all myelinated. Most peripheral CR-ir axons are probably unmyelinated because TK-ir myelinated axons have never been demonstrated in any peripheral organ.
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PMID:Parvalbumin- and calretinin-immunoreactive trigeminal neurons innervating the rat molar tooth pulp. 763 81

To investigate the morphology, distribution, and connections of parvalbumin-containing neurones in the caudate-putamen of primates, perfuse-fixed sections were stained to reveal parvalbumin immunoreactivity. In agreement with previous observations, the caudate-putamen was rich in parvalbumin-positive neurones and neuropil. The neuropil staining was uneven such that the dense background staining was interspersed with zones of relatively weak staining. The distribution corresponded to the striosome/matrix system as defined by substance P or met-enkephalin immunostaining in adjacent sections. Because parvalbumin-positive neurones are present in regions known to project to the caudate-putamen and the majority of parvalbumin-positive terminals in the matrix formed asymmetric synapses, it is concluded that the uneven staining is probably due to afferents of the neostriatum. The morphology of the parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurones varied between the striosomes and matrix; those in the matrix were smaller and possessed dendritic arborisations that were relatively uniform, whereas those in the striosomes were generally more extensively stained and possessed a greater variation in their dendritic branching patterns. The dendrites frequently crossed the boundary between the striosomes and matrix. A population of giant parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurones was also observed in the putamen. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that, in addition to terminals forming asymmetric synapses, a smaller population formed symmetric synaptic specialisations and are presumed to be derived from the local parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurones. Terminals of the latter group formed synapses with medium-sized spiny neurones. Because parvalbumin-positive neurones receive input from the cortex, they may transmit cortical information to spiny neurones.
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PMID:Localisation of parvalbumin-immunoreactive structures in primate caudate-putamen. 782 89

The goal of the present study was to identify cytochemical markers characteristic of muscle afferents in hatchling chicks. To this end, we stained neurons in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus with a variety of markers that label subsets of neurons in avian dorsal root ganglia. We found that trigeminal mesencephalic neurons are surprisingly heterogeneous in their cytochemical make-up, expressing, to varying degrees, substance P, cholecystokinin, carbonic anhydrase, calbindin D-28k, parvalbumin, and S-100 beta. Calbindin D28k and S-100 beta appeared to be expressed equally in medial and lateral divisions of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. In contrast, substance P- and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive neurons were more abundant in the medial division, whereas carbonic anhydrase activity and parvalbumin immunoreactivity were stronger in the lateral division. We were unable to detect met-enkephalin, neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, somatostatin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, or tyrosine hydroxylase in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. Moreover, these neurons did not appear to bind the lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin. The heterogeneity of expression of markers among trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus neurons, especially between neurons in the medial and lateral divisions, suggests that these neurons are functionally diverse.
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PMID:Cytochemical characteristics of neurons in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus of hatchling chicks. 788 44

A number of neuroendocrine and neuronal markers were demonstrated in Leydig cells of the testes of 18 men aged between 20 and 81 years. Tissue sections were divided into five groups, i.e. carcinoma of the prostate (control cases; n = 4), seminoma (n = 8), anti-androgen therapy (n = 3), oestradiol therapy (n = 2) and cryptorchidism (n = 1). The following substances were immunocytochemically tested: the monoamine synthesizing enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, the indolamine serotonin, the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin, calbindin and S-100 protein, the microtubule associated protein-2, as well as neurofilament protein 200, synaptophysin, neuron specific enolase, substance P and chromogranin A + B. All these substances were found in Leydig cells of all sections independently of the pathological changes of the testes. Compared with the control cases, all the other groups showed a significantly weaker immunoreactivity for all markers. The uniformity of staining among the different antibodies allows the deduction that these neuroactive peptides may belong to a basic equipment of Leydig cells probably stabilizing their function in an autocrine manner. On the other hand, Leydig cells themselves seem to be a stable structural component of the testis, which are not essentially involved in the pathogenesis of the disturbances mentioned above.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine marker substances in human Leydig cells--changes by disturbances of testicular function. 790 79

Substance P receptor-expressing neurons in the rat cerebral neocortex were examined by single- and double-immunolabeling methods with an affinity-purified specific antibody to substance P receptor. Substance P receptor immunoreactivity was observed exclusively in non-pyramidal neurons. About a quarter of these substance P receptor-positive neocortical neurons showed intense immunoreactivity, and the other three quarters displayed weak substance P receptor immunoreactivity. The neurons showing intense substance P receptor immunoreactivity were large multipolar cells with a few long aspiny or sparsely-spiny dendrites, and were scattered throughout the neocortical layers except for layer I, and also in the underlying white matter. The weakly immunoreactive neurons were medium-sized multipolar cells with oval to round somata and aspiny varicose dendrites, and were distributed in all cortical layers with a bias to layers II-III and the superficial part of layer V. The double-immunofluorescence study revealed that almost all substance P receptor-positive neurons were immunoreactive for GABA, but negative for glutaminase. Substance P receptor immunoreactivity in GABAergic neocortical neurons were further examined by the double-immunofluorescence method with antibodies to markers for subgroups of GABAergic neurons. Somatostatin immunoreactivity was found in 89% of neurons with intense substance P receptor immunoreactivity, and in 1.5% of neurons with weak substance P receptor immunoreactivity. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity was also observed in 92% of neurons with intense immunoreactivity for substance P receptor, and in 1.6% of neurons with weak immunoreactivity for substance P receptor. In contrast, parvalbumin immunoreactivity was seen in 1.3% of neurons with intense substance P receptor immunoreactivity, and in 59% of weak substance P receptor immunoreactivity. Calbindin D28k immunoreactivity was found in 12 and 19% of neurons, respectively, with weak and intense immunoreactivities for substance P receptor. Virtually no cells showing substance P receptor immunoreactivity displayed immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or choline acetyltransferase. These results indicate that the neocortical neurons expressing substance P receptor constitute a subpopulation of GABAergic non-pyramidal cells, and are segregated into neurons with intense immunoreactivity and those with weak immunoreactivity for substance P receptor; the vast majority of neurons with intense substance P receptor immunoreactivity contain somatostatin and neuropeptide Y, and the majority of neurons with weak substance P receptor immunoreactivity have parvalbumin.
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PMID:Morphological and chemical characteristics of substance P receptor-immunoreactive neurons in the rat neocortex. 805 13

Parvalbumin- and calretinin-immunoreactivities (CR-irs) were examined in the molar tooth pulp of the rat using immunohistochemical methods. CR-ir fibers were further classified based on the tachykinin-ir revealed by a double immunofluorescence method. The rat root pulp contained three types of nerve fibers; parvalbumin-ir smooth fibers, CR-ir (TK-negative) smooth fibers and CR-ir (TK-ir) varicose fibers. These fibers projected toward the roof of the pulp chamber and pulp horn without marked ramification. In the subodontoblastic layer at the roof of the pulp chamber and pulp horn, parvalbumin-ir smooth fibers repeatedly ramified and extended varicose terminals into the odontoblastic layer. CR-ir (TK-negative) smooth fibers reached the subodontoblastic layer without marked ramification and gave rise to varicose terminals that appeared to terminate within the subodontoblastic layer. On the other hand, CR-ir (TK-ir) varicose fibers proceeded to the subodontoblastic layer at the roof of the pulp chamber and pulp horn, where they ramified and penetrated the odontoblastic layer. The present study indicates that the rat tooth pulp contains myelinated parvalbumin-ir and CR-ir (TK-negative) fibers, and unmyelinated CR-ir (TK-ir) fibers, and that they project varicose terminals to the subodontoblastic and odontoblastic layers. The central projection sites of these sensory fibers have yet to be revealed.
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PMID:Neural parvalbumin and calretinin in the tooth pulp. 806 94

A number of marker substances for neuronal and neuroendocrine cells have been demonstrated in the cytoplasm of the interstitial Leydig cells of human testes using basic immunocytochemical methods and some of their modifications. We were able to reveal immunoreactivity for enzymes involved in the synthesis of the catecholamines dopamine and noradrenaline (tyrosine hydroxylase, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase), for the indolamine 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), as well as for a number of well-known neuronal markers such as the neurofilament protein 200, synaptophysin, chromogranin A + B, the neural cell-adhesion molecule (N-CAM), the microtubule-associated protein (MAP-2), and the calcium-binding proteins: S-100, calbindin and parvalbumin. Immunoreactivity for these substances was found in the majority of the interstitial cells although differences in the staining intensity among the individual Leydig cells and among Leydig cells from different patients were observed. At the electron-microscopic level the Leydig cell cytoplasm was seen to contain microtubules, intermediate- and microfilaments as well as clear (40-60 nm) and dense-core (100-300 nm) vesicles, providing a morphological correlate for some of the immunocytochemical results. Although individual marker substances are not absolutely specific for nerve and neuroendocrine cells, the results obtained, together with the already established neuron-specific enolase-, substance P-, methionine-enkephalin- and proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptide-like immunoreactivity, provide strong evidence for the neuroendocrine (paraneuronal, APUD-like) nature of the Leydig cells of the human testis.
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PMID:The Leydig cell of the human testis--a new member of the diffuse neuroendocrine system. 847 1


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