Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The occurrence and distribution of neuropeptide-containing fibres in the human parotid gland were examined by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method with attention to the quality of fixation and the condition of patients. Many fibres immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and a moderate number of galanin-positive (GAL) fibres were distributed around the acini. A moderate number of NPY and VIP fibres were distributed around the intercalated ducts. The semiquantitative mean densities (+/- SD) of periacinar NPY, VIP and GAL fibres expressed as a percentage of the total protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 immunoreactive fibres were 75.62 +/- 7.25%, 70.52 +/- 9.33% and 41.76 +/- 5.45%, respectively, whereas those of substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and FMRF amide (FMRF) fibres were below 10%. The mean densities of NPY and VIP fibres around the intercalated ducts expressed as the percentage of PGP 9.5 fibres associated with these ducts were 52.37 +/- 6.19% and 59.62 +/- 7.02% respectively. Those of SP, CGRP, GAL, and FMRF fibres were below 10%. The densities of NPY, VIP, SP, CGRP, GAL and FMRF fibres around the striated and excretory ducts were also below 10%. In the vasculature, NPY fibres were the most prominent. Similarly, the mean density of perivascular NPY fibres was 93.76 +/- 2.03%. No somatostatin or leucine or methionine enkephalin immunoreactivity was detected around the acini, duct system or blood vessels. These findings suggest that, in this gland, the periacinar NPY, VIP and GAL fibres may participate in regulating the synthesis of saliva and its secretion and that perivascular peptidergic fibres, especially NPY fibres, may be involved in controlling local blood flow.
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PMID:Neuropeptide-containing nerve fibres in the human parotid gland: a semiquantitative analysis using an antibody against protein gene product 9.5. 927 56

Habitual snoring precedes obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), but the pathophysiological mechanisms behind progression are still unclear. The patency of upper airways depends on a reflexogen mechanism reacting on negative intrapharyngeal pressure at inspiration, probably mediated by mucosal receptors, i.e., via afferent nerve endings. Such nerves contain a specific nerve protein, protein-gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and in some cases substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related (CGRP). Biopsies of the soft palatial mucosa were obtained from non-smoking men ten OSA patients, 11 habitual snorers and 11 non-snoring controls. The specimens were immunohistochemically analyzed for PGP 9.5, SP and CGRP. As compared to controls, an increased number of PGP-, SP- and CGRP-immunoreactive nerves were demonstrated in the mucosa in 9/10 OSA patients and 4/11 snorers, in addition to varicose nerve endings in the papillae and epithelium. Using double staining methodology, it could be shown that SP- and CGRP-like immunoreactivities (LIs) often coexisted in these fibres, as did CGRP- and PGP 9.5-LIs. The increased density in sensory nerve terminals are interpreted to indicate an afferent nerve lesion. Our results support the hypothesis of a progressive neurogenic lesion as a contributory factor to the collapse of upper airways during sleep in OSA patients.
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PMID:Abnormal afferent nerve endings in the soft palatal mucosa of sleep apnoics and habitual snorers. 929 39

The density and distribution of nerve fibres immunoreactive to antisera for PGP 9.5 (general neuronal marker), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) (markers for sensory neurons), as well as neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (markers for autonomic fibres), were examined in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of late gestation fetal sheep. This work formed part of a project investigating the influence of age and osteoarthritis on the innervation of the TMJ, and was undertaken to determine whether the innervation of the joint at 140 d gestation (17 d before birth) differed from that in the mature adult. Immunofluorescence microscopy was applied to serial sections of the capsule, disc and synovial membrane of 10 joints from 5 fetuses and image analysis was used for the quantitative assessment. The capsule, synovial membrane and the disc contained fibres immunoreactive (IR) to antisera for PGP 9.5, SP and CGRP. NPY-IR fibres were only visible in the loose connective tissue of the capsule. No VIP- or TH-IR nerve fibres were detected in the fetal TMJ. There was no statistically detectable difference between the density of nerve fibres immunoreactive to CGRP or PGP 9.5 antisera in the capsule or disc. Substance P-immunoreactivity (IR) was relatively weak in all samples examined. Scattered branches of CGRP-IR fibres were found deep in the disc proper. The lack of receptor endings, other than free nerve endings in the TMJ of the late fetal sheep, might be a reflection of the functional and anatomical immaturity of the TMJ, as reflected in the immature, gross and microscopic appearance of the disc, the inferior joint compartment and articular surface of the condyle at this stage. These results demonstrate that the capsule, synovial membrane and disc in the TMJ of fetal sheep at 140 d gestation age are innervated with sensory fibres, while autonomic fibres are located in the capsule only. The findings also support the view that the disc is innervated at an early stage of life but at a later stage the density of innervation in the central part of the disc regresses and the innervation remains only peripherally in the adult TMJ disc. Further work is required to determine (1) at what stage sympathetic fibres innervate the disc and the synovium, and (2) when the mechanoreceptive nerve endings develop.
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PMID:Distribution and coexistence of neuropeptides in nerve fibres in the temporomandibular joint of late gestation fetal sheep. 930

The presence and distribution of neuropeptide-containing nerves within bronchial surgical specimens has been investigated in bronchitic (n = 12) and in nonbronchitic subjects (n = 7). Lung tissue, obtained from patients undergoing thoracotomy for limited lung lesions, was processed immediately and analyzed for nerves using the streptavidin-biotin complex peroxidase method with antisera to the neural marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP). There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to the density of PGP 9.5-, SP-, or CGRP-positive nerves in both the locations assessed (smooth muscle layer and glands). The density of VIP-positive nerves was significantly higher in the glands of bronchitic than in nonbronchitic subjects. A negative relationship was found between the presence of airway inflammation, as indexed by mononuclear cell tissue infiltration, and the density of PGP 9.5-positive nerves in both smooth muscle and glands. Likewise, a relationship was found between the smoking history (packs/yr and age of onset of smoking) and the density of VIP-positive nerves in glands. These findings support a role for VIP in the hallmark of chronic bronchitis, i.e., sputum production.
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PMID:Increased VIP-positive nerve fibers in the mucous glands of subjects with chronic bronchitis. 941 81

The distribution of nerves immunoreactive to protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) antisera was investigated in the atrioventricular valves of the Sprague-Dawley rat and the Dunkin-Hartley guinea pig using confocal and epifluoresence microscopy. No major differences were noted between the innervation of the mitral and tricuspid valves in either species. For all antisera the staining was more extensive in the guinea pig valves. Two distinct nerve plexuses separated by a 'nearly nerve free' zone were identified in both species with each antiserum tested. This was most apparent on the anterior cusp of the mitral valve. The major nerve plexus extends from the atrioventricular ring through the basal, intermediate and distal zones of the valves towards the free edge of the valve cusp. These nerve bundles, arranged as primary, secondary and tertiary components, ramify to the free edge of the valve and extend to the attachment of the chordae. They do not contribute to the innervation of the chordae tendineae. The second, minor chordal plexus, runs from the papillary muscles through the chordae tendineae and passes parallel to the free edge of the cusp. The nerves of this minor plexus are interchordal, branching to terminate mainly in the distal zone, free edge of the valve cusp and adjacent chordae tendineae. Some interchordal nerve fibres loop from a papillary muscle up through a chorda, along the free edge and pass down an adjacent chorda into another papillary muscle. The nerve fibres of the major and minor plexuses intermingle although no evidence was found for interconnectivity between them. In the distal zone between the major plexus which extends from the base of the valve and the minor chordal plexus there is a zone completely free of nerves staining with antisera to TH and NPY. Occasional nerves which stained positive for PGP 9.5, SP and CGRP immunoreactivities crossed this 'nearly nerve free zone' passing either from the chordal/free edge nerves to the intermediate and basal zones or vice versa. An additional small nerve plexus which displayed immunoreactivity to CGRP antiserum extended from the atrioventricular ring into the basal zone of the valve cusp. Not all chordae tendineae displayed immunoreactive nerve fibres. It is concluded that the innervation patterns of the sensory and sympathetic neurotransmitters and neuropeptides examined in the atrioventricular valves of the rat and guinea pig are ubiquitous in nature. The complexity of the terminal innervation network of the mammalian atrioventricular valves and chordae tendineae may contribute to the complex functioning of these valves in the cardiac cycle.
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PMID:Distribution of PGP 9.5, TH, NPY, SP and CGRP immunoreactive nerves in the rat and guinea pig atrioventricular valves and chordae tendineae. 944 74

In this study, the severity and time course of inflammation induced by 4 organic solvents (acetone, cyclohexane, toluene and m-xylene), and the effect of neuropeptides during the inflammation were investigated in the hairless rat abdominal skin. Plasma extravasation used as a parameter of inflammation was measured by Evans blue and 125I-bovine serum albumin (BSA). Total volume of plasma extravasation induced by 4 organic solvents in 240-min exposure was as follows: toluene > m-xylene > cyclohexane > acetone = 0. While hydrophobic solvents (toluene, m-xylene, cyclohexane) induced plasma extravasation, the hydrophilic solvent, acetone, did not induce plasma extravasation. It was suggested that the severity and time course of plasma extravasation depend on chemical characteristics of the organic solvents. In immunohistochemical study, substance P (SP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers (IRNF) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-IRNF were intact during 240-min exposure to acetone. In contrast, cyclohexane, toluene, and m-xylene reduced the number of SP-IRNF and CGRP-IRNF in 10 min exposure and further reduced immunoreactivity. In hairless rats treated with systemic capsaicin, the above plasma extravasation was significantly reduced, along with SP-IRNF and CGRP-IRNF; however, protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5)-IRNF was nearly intact. These results indicated that certain organic solvents induce instance of inflammation that vary widely in terms of their severity and time course, and that these differences are correlated with neuropeptides.
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PMID:Evaluation of organic solvent-induced inflammation modulated by neuropeptides in the abdominal skin of hairless rats. 947 57

We examined the effect of inflammation on immunoreactivity of growth-associated protein (GAP-43) in the rat urinary bladder in which acute cystitis was induced with cyclophosphamide (CPA). Following CPA injection, the number of GAP-43 labeled nerves was significantly increased in the muscle layer. Immunoreactivity of PGP9.5, which was used as an axonal marker, was not augmented following CPA injection. Double fluorescence immunohistochemistry revealed that substance P immunoreactivity was present in most GAP-43 immunoreactive fibers (90.2%) in the inflamed bladder. Electron microscopic examination showed that GAP-43 immunoreactivity was localized on axons. Some GAP-43 positive axons showed degeneration. Possible significance of the increase of GAP-43 immunoreactive afferent nerve fibers in the muscle layer of acutely inflamed bladder was discussed.
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PMID:Increase of growth-associated protein-43 immunoreactivity following cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in rats. 948 79

Morphological changes in developing human gustatory papillae during the 6th to the 23rd postovulatory week have been studied. The general innervation pattern of taste papillae and taste bud primordia was revealed immunohistochemically using antibodies against protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), neurofilament H (NFH), neurofilament L (NFL), neurone-specific enolase (NSE), and tubulin. The autonomic and somatosensory nerve supply has been investigated using antibodies against substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), the neuronal form of nitric oxide synthase (n-NOS), and, enzyme histochemically, NADPH-diaphorase. Nerve fibers approach the basal membrane of the lingual epithelium around the 7th postovulatory week and invade the epithelium of papilla-like structures at the 8th week, but some also penetrate the basal membrane of the non-papillary epithelium. They are in close contact with slender epithelial cells that are considered to be the taste bud's progenitor cells. Early human taste buds situated at the anterior part of the tongue do not necessarily require a dermal (later fungiform) papilla. The NADPH-diaphorase reaction revealed positive results in dermal nerve fibers, but the immunohistochemical reaction against n-NOS was negative. Immunohistochemical detection of neuropeptides and vasoactive substances rendered negative results for developmental stages of 7-18 postovulatory weeks. By the 18th week, only SP was detected in dermal papillae, but not in the vicinity of taste buds' primordia. Thus, autonomic and somatosensory nerves seem not to play a key role in formation and maintenance of early human taste buds.
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PMID:Innervation of developing human taste buds. An immunohistochemical study. 954 77

The anatomical relationships between immunocytochemically identified nerve fibers and MHC class II-expressing antigen presenting dendritic cells were investigated in the rat hepatobiliary system using immunocytochemistry, confocal laser scanning, and electron microscopy. Close proximity of nerve fiber varicosities immunostained for PGP 9.5 and MHC class II-expressing dendritic cells was frequently observed in the wall of extrahepatic bile ducts, in Glisson's area, around central and hepatic veins, and in the liver capsule. Contacts between nerve fibers staining for substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, calretinin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and dendritic cells were more often observed around extrahepatic bile ducts than in Glisson's area. Nerve fibers immunostaining for tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y were numerous both in the wall of extrahepatic bile ducts and in Glisson's area and frequently contacted dendritic cells there. At the ultrastructural level, close membrane contacts between bare axolemmal areas of unmyelinated nerve fibers and processes of MHC class II-expressing cells were observed. These results demonstrate close anatomical relationships of nerve fibers from various sources with antigen presenting dendritic cells in the visceral domain and suggest modulation of antigen presentation by the autonomic nervous system.
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PMID:Close anatomical relationships between nerve fibers and MHC class II-expressing dendritic cells in the rat liver and extrahepatic bile duct. 956 91

The distribution of intraepithelial nerve fibres and neuroendocrine cells within the surface and glandular epithelium of human nasal mucosa and larynx was examined using immunohistochemical techniques. Neuronal structures were immunostained for the general neuroendocrine marker protein gene-product (PGP) 9.5, and the two neuropeptides substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) using immunofluorescence and streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (S-ABC) methods. Intraepithelial nerve fibres with free nerve endings contained PGP 9.5 and were found within the respiratory surface epithelium of the nasal mucosa and the squamous epithelium of the larynx. A subpopulation of these nerve fibres showed positive immunoreactivties with antibodies against SP and CGRP. Nerve fibres within the ductal epithelium of subepithelial excretory ducts passing the basal membrane and reaching the luminal part were detected. These nerve fibres showed CGRP-like immunoreactivity but not for SP. A dense network of nerve fibres within the squamous surface epithelium was detected in the subglottic and epiglottic region containing CGRP and SP in a small subpopulation of nerve fibres. Single intraepithelial taste buds in the epiglottic region and neuroendocrine cells within the subglottic epithelium expressed PGP 9.5.
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PMID:CGRP and substance P in intraepithelial neuronal structures of the human upper respiratory system. 965 80


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