Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The discovery of peptides in the splanchnic nerve and adrenal gland, and their co-existence with conventional neurotransmitters raises questions about their possible functional roles in catecholamine (CA) secretion and gene transcription in the adrenal gland. Short-term, stress-induced CA secretion is regulated biphasically by substance P (SP) which inhibits acetylcholine (ACh) action at SP greater than 10(-6) M and facilitates CA secretion in response to metabolic and physical stressors, ACh or electrical stimulation at SP less than 10(-6) M. Long-term, gene transcription of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) is exerted by glucocorticoids, and gene transcription of Proenkephalin-A by agents such as histamine, angiotensin II and VIP that increase cyclic AMP (cAMP). The final products of these two genes, adrenaline and Met-enkephalin and congeners, are co-stored in chromaffin granules of adrenaline cells but gene expression of these products is clearly under differential control.
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PMID:Peptide regulation of adrenal medullary function. 169 30

An immunocytochemical investigation was carried out on round and spreading hemocytes of Planorbarius corneus by using 20 antisera to vertebrate bioactive peptides. The immunotests showed the presence of alpha 1-antichymotrypsin-bombesin-, calcitonin-, CCK-8 (INC)-, CCK-39-, gastrin-, glucagon-, Met-enkephalin-, neurotensin-, oxytocin-, somatostatin-, substance P-, VIP-, and vasopressin-immunoreactive molecules in the spreading hemocytes. The round hemocytes were only positive to anti-bombesin, anticalcitonin, anti-CCK-8 (INC), anti-CCK-39, anti-neurotensin, anti-oxytocin, anti-substance P and anti-vasopressin antibodies. No immunostaining was observed with anti-CCK-8 (Peninsula), anti-insulin, anti-prolactin, anti-thyroglobulin and anti-thyroxin (T4) antibodies. As probably in vertebrates, these bioactive peptides may modulate immuno cell function.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical evidence of vertebrate bioactive peptide-like molecules in the immuno cell types of the freshwater snail Planorbarius corneus (L.) (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). 169 11

Release of [3H]acetylcholine ([3H]ACh) was examined in a submucous plexus preparation obtained from the guinea pig small intestine in vitro. Constant-current field stimulation evoked ACh output; this output was dependent on the stimulus frequency applied. Maximal release was observed at 10 Hz; this release was blocked by tetrodotoxin (1 x 10(-6) M) or in Ca2(+)-free buffer. Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] stimulated the release of ACh dose dependently, with an ED50 of 5 x 10(-7) M. Substance P was ineffective, while vasoactive intestinal peptide weakly stimulated ACh secretion. Several neuropeptides were tested on their ability to modulate 5-HT-evoked ACh release. Dynorphin A inhibited 5-HT-stimulated ACh release, while Met-enkephalin was without any effect. Both somatostatin and galanin were effective modulators, with an inhibitory effect in the submicromolar range and an excitatory effect at higher concentrations. The response characteristics of the cholinergic neurons of submucosal plexus differ markedly from those of the myenteric plexus. These distinct features form an important framework for future functional studies on submucous plexus neurons.
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PMID:Modulation of submucosal cholinergic neurons by 5-hydroxytryptamine and neuropeptides. 170 72

Isolated myenteric nerve varicosities prepared from the myenteric plexus of the guinea pig ileum were investigated as a suitable model system with which to study the release of several neuropeptide-like immunoreactivities (-LI). Basal release of substance P-LI, neurokinin A-LI, Leu-enkephalin-LI and Met-enkephalin-LI was determined, and clear depolarization-induced release of the enkephalin-LI's and neurokinin A-LI was obtained using this preparation, providing further support for their roles as putative mediators in the enteric nervous system. Evoked-release of these peptides was dependent on the presence in the incubation mixture of certain antagonists to known endogenous neuronal mediators. In the absence of such antagonists, no unequivocal evidence of release was seen. Clear evoked release of Leu-enkephalin-LI occurred only in the presence of the adenosine receptor antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-p-sulfophenylxanthine (DPSPX), atropine and naloxone. Release of Met-enkephalin-LI occurred in the presence of either atropine or naloxone. The release of neurokinin A-LI was evident in the presence of DPSPX. These findings suggest the existence of either distinct subpopulations of nerve varicosities or distinct neuronal pools containing each peptide and that these peptides may be under differential regulation by endogenous inhibitory mediators. It is concluded that, under suitable conditions, isolated myenteric nerve varicosities provide a useful model system for the study of release, and the modulation of release, of endogenous neuropeptides.
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PMID:Neuropeptide release from isolated myenteric nerve endings derived from the guinea pig myenteric plexus. 170 15

Specimens of the taenia from the sigmoid colon of female patients undergoing surgery for carcinoma of the rectum were studied histochemically and immunohistochemically for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-, substance P (SP)-, somatostatin (SOM)-, neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and Met-enkephalin (mENK)-immunoreactivity. Autonomic ganglia were observed on the serosal surface of the longitudinal muscle of the taenia. The subserosal ganglia contained SP-, mENK-, NPY-, SOM-, but not CGRP- or VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibres. In addition, they contained SP-, mENK- and NPY-, but not CGRP-, SOM- and VIP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies (although CGRP- and VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibres were observed in the longitudinal muscle of the taenia). AChE-activity was found both in nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies in these ganglia. The greatest numbers of nerve cell bodies contained AChE, followed in decreasing order by SP, mENK and NPY. The possible function of the subserosal ganglia of the human taenia is discussed.
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PMID:The subserosal ganglia of the human taenia. 170 11

Substance P and somatostatin may be transmitters of nociceptive information, which are involved in the transmission of pressure and heat nociceptive information, respectively, in the spinal dorsal horn. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, which is present in the primary sensory neurons having substance P or somatostatin, may function as a pain-promoting substance and be involved in the production of inflammation-induced hyperalgesia. The descending noradrenergic system plays a role in inhibiting nociceptive transmission in the spinal dorsal horn, and inhibits the release of substance P evoked by noxious mechanical stimulation. Persistent noxious stimuli increase the release of Met-enkephalin from the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, which promotes the activity of the descending noradrenergic system. Morphine activates the descending noradrenergic system, acting on the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. Morphine also activates the descending serotonergic system, which inhibits the release of somatostatin evoked by thermal noxious stimulation.
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PMID:[Neuropeptide-mediated transmission of nociceptive information and its regulation. Novel mechanisms of analgesics]. 170 78

Substance P (SP) antiserum (500 micrograms protein) was administered to rats on the second day of life and the animals were sacrificed 3 months later. This treatment produced a loss in SP immunoreactive fibers in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, in the substantia nigra and in the periaqueductal gray matter, when compared to control animals receiving a neonatal treatment of non-specific immunoglobulins. In the dorsal horn, the observed depletion was greater in the superficial layers, lamina I and lamina IIo. Immunoreactivity for Met-enkephalin was apparently unchanged by SP antiserum. Results of this study provide cytochemical evidence for a specific and lasting deleterious effect of SP antiserum on different SP-containing neuronal systems.
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PMID:Lasting loss in substance P following administration of substance P antiserum to newborn rats. An immunohistochemical study. 171 65

The distribution of substance P (SP), gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and Met-enkephalin in the brain and spinal cord of the domestic pig is described for the first time. The levels of SP, GnRH and Met-enkephalin were measured by specific radioimmunoassays in various regions of the brain and spinal cord of the pig. Substance P and Met-enkephalin are widely distributed within the central nervous system of the pig. High levels of SP were found in the preoptic area (POA), suprachiasmatic area (SCA), medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and brain stem while moderate amounts of SP were found in olfactory bulb (OB). High levels of Met-enkephalin were found in POA, SCA and MBH, and moderate levels of Met-enkephalin in OB and brain stem. Both SP and Met-enkephalin levels were higher in the dorsal spinal cord in comparison with the levels of these peptides in the ventral spinal cord. This finding is in agreement with the predominant role played by these neural systems in primary afferent mediation of nociceptive impulses. The POA and SCA contained only low levels of GnRH while the MBH contained high levels of GnRH. Finally, some differences in the quantitative distribution of these peptides in the pig and rat are discussed.
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PMID:Distribution of substance P, GnRH, Met-enkephalin in the central nervous system of the pig. 171 37

Autopsy study of a patient who died after an episode of prolonged unilateral status epilepticus revealed neuronal loss in the hippocampus on the epileptic side, with gliosis confined to the CA1 and CA3 fields. There was loss of the parvalbumin-immunoreactive gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic interneurons in the hippocampus on that side. There was also loss of the normal laminar pattern of substance P staining with increased substance P immunoreactivity in the supragranular plexus on that side. Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity was also increased in the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus on the epileptic side. Mossy fibers on the epileptic side stained more strongly with the Hicks' silver stain and with antibodies against glutamate and taurine, but less intensely with antibodies against calbindin. In the contralateral cerebellum, there was Purkinje cell loss, injury to the remaining Purkinje cells, and increased prominence of the Bergmann glia. Our observations show that prolonged unilateral seizure activity can be associated with specific histochemical changes in the human hippocampus.
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PMID:Neuropathologic asymmetries in the brain of a patient with a unilateral status epilepticus. 171 86

Little is known about putative transmitters in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) mediating parasympathetic control of the heart, although Met-enkephalin (m-ENK), Leu-enkephalin (l-ENK), substance P (SP) and acetylcholine (Ach) have been detected in the cell bodies and fibers of this nucleus. The effects of these substances on arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) were studied by microinjecting them (4-20 nl) into the NA. Experiments were done in 26 spinal (high cervical) rats that were anesthetized with urethane and artificially ventilated. L-Glutamate (GLU) was microinjected into the right NA to identify the location of cell bodies from which decreases in HR and AP could be elicited. m-ENK, l-ENK, SP or Ach was then microinjected into these sites. Microinjection of 1 nmol of GLU elicited significant decreases in HR (-72.2 +/- 9.7 bpm, n = 15) which were not accompanied by significant decreases in mean AP. Microinjection of m-ENK (15-200 pmol; n = 7), l-ENK (15-200 pmol; n = 6), SP (0.9-15 pmol; n = 7) and Ach (2.0-20 pmol; n = 7) into the NA decreased HR in a dose-dependent manner but did not affect AP. The magnitudes of HR responses to m-ENK, l-ENK, SP and Ach were smaller but of longer duration than the changes in HR to microinjection of GLU. These results suggest a physiological role for GLU, enkephalins, SP and Ach in the vagal control of HR mediated by the NA.
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PMID:Enkephalins, substance P and acetylcholine microinjected into the nucleus ambiguus elicit vagal bradycardia in rats. 172 20


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