Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pulmonary neuroepithelial endocrine cells have been shown to contain serotonin-immunoreactivity in almost every species studied. Regulatory peptides, of which at least ten have been reported so far, were mostly only demonstrated in a number of the investigated species or in a subpopulation of neuroepithelial endocrine cells. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, calcitonin, bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide, enkephalin, somatostatin, substance P, cholecystokinin and polypeptide YY were found in normal lung tissues, whereas ACTH and several other bioactive substances should be regarded as ectopic. The human pulmonary neuroepithelial endocrine system seems to harbour the largest spectrum of bioactive mediators. The distribution patterns of bioactive substances in various subpopulations of solitary neuroepithelial endocrine cells or neuroepithelial bodies and in different cells of a single neuroepithelial body reveal a great complexity. Therefore, further research is needed to elucidate the chemical coding of this system.
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PMID:Comparative histological overview of the chemical coding of the pulmonary neuroepithelial endocrine system in health and disease. 128 Sep 75

Changes in plasma levels of vasoactive peptides during hemodialysis have mainly been attributed to changes in plasma volume and osmolality. This study investigated the effect of the extracorporeal circulation on plasma levels of vasoactive peptides, noradrenaline, and renin. Eleven stable hemodialysis patients were studied during sham dialysis for 60 min using a Cuprophan dialyzer (Alwall GFE11, Gambro AB, Lund, Sweden). With regard to vasoconstrictors, there was an increase in noradrenaline (NA) (13%, p < 0.05) and renin (PRA) (32%, p < 0.05), while arginine vasopressin and neuropeptide Y remained unaltered. Concerning vasodilators, an increase in substance P (SP) (23%, p < 0.05) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (15%, p < 0.01) was observed, while a decrease in atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (17%, p < 0.05) and motilin (MOT) (24%, p < 0.01) occurred. Calcitonin gene related peptide and beta endorphin were unaltered. A decrease in blood pressure was observed, while heart rate remained unchanged. The authors conclude that the extracorporeal circulation, per se, affects plasma levels of vasoactive substances and influences vascular stability. The decrease in ANP and MOT might be due to adsorption to the dialysis membrane. The increase in some vasoconstrictors (NA, PRA) and vasodilators (SP, VIP) might be induced by the blood-artificial surface contact, or by other factors, e.g., heparin or cooling of the blood during the procedure.
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PMID:Effects of sham hemodialysis on plasma levels of vasoactive peptides in patients with uremia. 128 Oct 14

The effect of the neuropeptides substance P, neurokinin A and alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on human neutrophil granulocytes was investigated. Substance P induced secondary granule secretion at a concentration of 100 microM. CGRP induced a significant secretory response at 10 microM and thus appeared to be about 10 times more potent than substance P. Calcitonin and a fragment of CGRP, CGRP(8-37), had no effect on neutrophil degranulation. The chemotactic peptide antagonist BOC-MLP (100 microM) inhibited lactoferrin secretion mediated both by CGRP and chemotactic peptide FMLP almost completely, while secretion in response to tumour necrosis factor (TNF) was unaffected. Results from receptor binding studies showed that CGRP and N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) do not compete for binding. This indicates that CGRP does not exert its effects by binding to the chemotactic peptide receptor. CGRP induced a rapid increase in the cytosolic-free calcium concentration and this increase was not, unlike that induced by FMLP, abolished by preincubation of the cells with pertussis toxin (1000 ng/ml). Therefore CGRP signal transduction in neutrophils appears to involve rapid changes in the cytosolic-free calcium concentration but not a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein. In summary, this is the first report to show that CGRP can directly activate neutrophil granulocytes, and this probably occurs via a cell surface receptor which is distinct from that of FMLP although both the CGRP and FMLP-mediated effects can be blocked by BOC-MLP.
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PMID:Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) activates human neutrophils--inhibition by chemotactic peptide antagonist BOC-MLP. 128 94

The distribution and quantity of neuropeptides in the rat pterygopalatine ganglion were studied by using complete serial paraffin sections of the ganglion immunostained with antiserum against several neuropeptides. The pterygopalatine ganglion, composed of 4932 +/- 291 (mean +/- SD) neurons, was triangular in shape with a tapering caudal tail. The most commonly found peptide in neurons was vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) (99.0%), followed by neuropeptide Y (NPY) (54.1%) and enkephalin (10.5%). The rostro-ventromedial and caudal parts of the ganglion where intensely VIP-immunoreactive neurons predominate project to the nasal mucosa, while the rostro-dorsolateral part of the ganglion where NPY-immunoreactive neurons predominate projects to the Harderian gland. The coexistence of VIP/NPY (47.4%), VIP/NPY/enkephalin (6.6%) or VIP/enkephalin (3.9%) in the ganglionic neurons was recognized. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and substance P-immunoreactive varicosities formed synaptic contacts with the somatic spine or soma, which confirmed that the reflex arch, composed of axon collaterals of trigeminal ganglionic neurons and parasympathetic ganglionic neurons, operates through direct synapses. Enkephalin-immunoreactive varicosities, which were probably derived from parasympathetic preganglionic neurons, also made synaptic contact with the somatic spine.
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PMID:Distribution of neuropeptides in rat pterygopalatine ganglion: light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical studies. 128 5

We investigated effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and neurokinin A (NKA) on pial arterioles in newborn pigs. Pial arteriolar diameter was determined using a closed cranial window and intravital microscopy. Initial diameters were approximately 100 microns. Calcitonin-gene related peptide dilated pial arterioles by 22 +/- 8% at 10(-9)M and by 34 +/- 6% at 10(-8)M (n = 8), and this response was not significantly altered by prior administration of indomethacin (5mg/kg, iv) (n = 6) or administration of NG-methyl-L-arginine (5mg/kg, iv, and 10(-3)M in CSF) (n = 10). Substance P dilated arterioles at 10(-10)M through 10(-5)M (maximal response = 23 +/- 3%) (n = 6), and this response was unaffected by indomethacin administration (n = 6). In contrast, NG-methyl-L-arginine blocked much of the pial arteriolar dilation to SP. Unlike the other two peptides, NKA did not change pial arteriolar diameter. Radioimmunoassay determinations indicated that cerebrospinal fluid levels of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 and prostaglandin E2 did not change appreciably during application of CGRP or SP. We conclude that CGRP and SP but not NKA are dilator stimuli in the piglet pial circulation. Dilation by CGRP probably involves direct activation of receptors on vascular smooth muscle, while SP probably partially dilates pial arterioles via release of an endothelium-dependent relaxing factor.
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PMID:Effects of trigeminal neurotransmitters on piglet pial arterioles. 128 73

The tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles in the rat were examined with respect to the presence of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like as well as substance P-like immunoreactivity. In some of the motor endplates in these muscles, identified by staining for acetylcholinesterase activity, calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity was detected, but in others it was not. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity was found to coexist with substance-P-like immunoreactivity in nerve fibres located outside and inside the capsule of the muscle spindles, as well as in nerve fibres located in nerve fascicles. These fibres presumably represent sensory nerve fibres. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity, but not substance P-like immunoreactivity, was also detected in cap-like structures located on the surface of the intrafusal muscle fibres in the polar regions of the spindles, structures which are likely to correspond to motor plate endings. The observations suggest that calcitonin gene-related peptide is heterogeneously present in the endplates of rat hind limb muscles, and gives for the first time immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in the innervation of muscle spindles.
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PMID:Studies on the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like and substance P-like immunoreactivities in rat hind limb muscles. 137 25

Changes in the innervation of the heart (right atrium), mesenteric blood vessels, vas deferens and superior cervical ganglia have been examined following long-term sympathectomy of the mature rat. Patterns of innervation were investigated by histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques, while levels of noradrenaline and neuropeptides were measured by neurochemical assays. Large doses of guanethidine (80 mg/kg) were given daily for four weeks to 12-14 week-old male rats which were killed at 18-20 weeks of age. Catecholamine-containing nerves were severely depleted or absent in all tissues, together with a reduction in noradrenaline content. Neuropeptide Y levels were depleted by 97% in vas deferens, 78% in mesenteric vein and 50% in right atrium and superior cervical ganglion. Increases in levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide were seen in the mesenteric vein (up seven-fold), superior cervical ganglia (up 11-fold) and vas deferens (prostatic portion up three-fold), which were also evident by assessment of immunolabelling of nerve fibres. Calcitonin gene-related peptide levels were not increased in the right atrium. In addition, an increase in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerve fibre density was seen in the mesenteric artery and vas deferens, although no significant differences were observed in assays of vasoactive intestinal peptide levels in any tissue. No changes were seen in the innervation of any of the tissues by substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibres either by immunohistochemical or immunochemical assay assessment. This study indicates that there are selective changes in the mature nervous system in response to the loss of sympathetic nerves. Differences between these changes and the response of the developing nervous system to long-term sympathectomy are discussed.
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PMID:Guanethidine sympathectomy of mature rats leads to increases in calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing nerves. 137 54

The presence of immunologic markers for neurofilaments, neuropeptides of sensory nerve fibers (Calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P), for noradrenergic innervation (neuropeptide Y and Tyrosine hydroxylase), and Neuron-specific protein 9.5 was evaluated in frozen tissue sections from normal skin (n = 34) and from skin biopsies manifesting urticaria (n = 6), leukocytoclastic vasculitis (n = 4), systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 23), and atopic dermatitis (n = 40, of which 16 were from lesions induced by epicutaneous atopic allergen patch tests). In some normal skin specimens immunoreactive nerve fibers expressing Neuron-specific protein 9.5 were observed in the epidermis, dermis, and around blood vessels. For the other markers, immunolabeling was mainly observed in the dermis around blood vessels. Neurofilaments, which are scarce in normal skin epidermis, were present in higher density in the epidermis of affected skin in all disease conditions. Biopsies from urticaria and systemic lupus erythematosus showed a decrease in density of fibers immunolabeled for neuropeptides substance P and Calcitonin gene-related peptide and for Neuropeptide Y. In biopsies from skin with atopic dermatitis, an increased density of fibers was observed for all markers except Neuropeptide Y and Tyrosine hydroxylase. In this group, biopsies from positive atopic allergen patch tests showed an enhanced density of fibers labeled by antibody to Neuron-specific protein 9.5 and a lower density in labeling for Tyrosine hydroxylase. The data indicate a potential role of innervation and neuropeptides in dermatoses like atopic dermatitis.
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PMID:Increased number of immunoreactive nerve fibers in atopic dermatitis. 138 6

1. The temporal and quantitative effects of inflammatory mediators on plasma extravasation in the rat knee were investigated by use of a perfusion technique. 2. Intra-articular perfusion of substance P (SP), bradykinin or histamine over a 5 min test period produced rapid-onset and prolonged plasma extravasation in a dose-dependent fashion. The rank order of potency was bradykinin greater than SP greater than histamine. 3. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) did not induce plasma extravasation but enhanced substance P-induced plasma extravasation in a dose-dependent fashion. A 5 min co-perfusion of the two agents produced short-term enhancement lasting 10 min while continuous co-perfusion produced enhancement for the duration of the perfusion. 4. A 5 min perfusion of CGRP enhanced plasma extravasation when co-perfused with bradykinin but not histamine. However, when CGRP and histamine were continuously co-perfused over a 20 min test period, an enhanced response was apparent. 5. The results indicate that intra-articular perfusion of CGRP enhances synovial plasma extravasation induced by agents that increase vascular permeability, but suggest that the response is not uniform and is critically dependent on the duration of perfusion within the joint.
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PMID:The effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on formation of intra-articular oedema by inflammatory mediators. 138 4

To further address the hypothesis that cholecystokinin (CCK) in the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) arises from intrinsic or higher-order neurons, CCK-8-specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunohistochemical (IHC) experiments were carried out in adult rats after trigeminal tractotomy. RIA of punches from deafferented superficial layers of the MDH revealed no significant change in CCK levels vs. the control right side. In this same area, IHC revealed modest reductions in CCK, gastrin, and substance P staining. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) staining was reduced substantially. Gastrin immunoreactive cell bodies, present normally in inner lamina II, were reduced in number. RIA and IHC methods were also used to assess MDH CCK concentrations in adult rats subjected to left infraorbital nerve section at birth. The left medulla contained significantly higher levels of CCK than the control right medulla (1.27 +/- 0.19 vs. 0.97 +/- 0.11 ng/mg protein). IHC revealed a dense band of CCK-like staining in laminae I and II ipsi- and contralateral to the lesion. Thus, neonatal deafferentation elevates medullary CCK. To determine if the neonatal lesion-induced increase in medullary CCK is due to primary afferent or higher-order reorganization, RIA and IHC experiments were run after infraorbital nerve section at birth and trigeminal tractotomy in adulthood. RIA revealed no significant change in CCK levels caudal to the tractotomy, although they were higher than control levels in 9 of 12 cases. IHC revealed modest reductions in CCK, substance P, and gastrin staining that resembled the reductions observed in tractotomy-alone cases. These data suggest that 1) most MDH CCK is of non-primary afferent origin, 2) gastrin immunoreactivity in layer II probably originates in CCK-containing cells intrinsic to layer II, the expression of which is dependent upon trigeminal primary afferent input, 3) neonatal V deafferentation induces increased CCK in the superficial MDH, reflecting reorganized intrinsic or higher-order inputs, and 4) higher-order substance P in the MDH is robust.
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PMID:Cholecystokinin concentrations and peptide immunoreactivity in the intact and deafferented medullary dorsal horn of the rat. 147 68


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