Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Dissociated cell cultures from embryonic rat medial amygdala were studied using sequential photography and immunocytochemical staining for cytoskeletal proteins and substance P (sP). Cultures were seeded with cells taken from fetuses grouped by sex; experimental cultures were raised in medium containing 17-beta-estradiol (E2). Forty-eight hours after plating a few neurons begin to define their morphological polarity by the differentiation of an axon-like process; at 5 days in vitro (DIV) almost all neurons had developed an axon. Tapering, daughter branch ratio and branch power coefficient coincided with identification of dendrites which could be confirmed by retrospective analysis of immunocytochemically stained cultures: at 5 DIV MAP-2 was restricted to dendrites whereas Tau immunoreactivity was differentially localized with a clear predominance in the axon. At 21 DIV neuronal shape parameters were strikingly like those of amygdaloid neurons in vivo. It was demonstrated in living neurons that E2 increased total dendritic length and that this is due to increased ramification of third or higher order dendritic segments whose individual lengths are not different from controls. Densitometric measurement of MAP-2 stained neurons showed a highly significant increase of immunoreactive material in cells grown in the presence of E2; readings for alpha-tubulin were not different between controls and E2 treated cultures. The effect of E2 on dendritic length was just as manifest in sP-positive as in sP-negative neurons. No sexual differences in morphological parameters, growth characteristics or effects of E2 were found in neurons taken from female fetuses versus neurons from male fetuses. The significance of these results for the generation of sexual differences in the amygdala in vivo is discussed and contrasted with reported results on the effects of E2 in cultures of different neural regions.
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PMID:Amygdala neurons in vitro: neurite growth and effects of estradiol. 146 45

Oligonucleotide probes complementary to alpha-tubulin, preprotachykinin A (PPT A), preprosomatostatin (PPSOM), and preproarginine-vasopressin (PPAVP) mRNA were hybridized to sections of rat and rabbit brain and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) at all spinal levels. Approximately 100% of the DRG neurons in the rat and rabbit express alpha-tubulin mRNA, 20-30% express PPT A mRNA and 5-17% express PPSOM mRNA. Whereas neurons which express PPSOM mRNA are of relative uniform size, the neurons which express PPT A mRNA segregate into two broad groups. One group is composed of smaller neurons (200-2,000 microns 2) which contain an extremely dense concentration of PPT A mRNA. The second group is composed of larger neurons (2,000-3,500 microns 2) which contain a moderate concentration of PPT A mRNA. PPAVP mRNA is present in very high concentrations in the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus of the rat hypothalamus but is not detected in any DRG neurons. In both the rat and the rabbit the density of PPT A and PPSOM mRNA is high in individual DRG neurons in comparison to PPT A and PPSOM mRNA levels contained in most forebrain neurons. These results suggest that although the level of neuropeptide present in DRG neurons is relatively low in comparison to other brain areas, the rate of sensory neuropeptide synthesis and turnover, as reflected by mRNA content, is extremely high.
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PMID:High levels of mRNA coding for substance P, somatostatin and alpha-tubulin are expressed by rat and rabbit dorsal root ganglia neurons. 248 65

In a previous study we described two distinct neuronal phenotypes in rat dorsal root ganglia based on immunocytochemical assays for the neuronal intermediate filament proteins, peripherin and low-molecular-weight neurofilaments [Goldstein M. E. et al. (1991) J. Neurosci. Res. 30, 92-104]. In this paper we have extended this classification by using in situ hybridization to localize and evaluate the levels of various cytoskeletal and neuropeptide messenger RNAs within the peripherin-immunoreactive and peripherin-immunoreactive-negative neurons found in embryonic day 15 and 20, postnatal day 2 and adult dorsal root ganglia. We found in postnatal and adult dorsal root ganglia in vivo that the large, peripherin-immunoreactive-negative neurons, which are intensely stained by low-molecular-weight neurofilament antibodies, also contain high levels of low, medium and high-molecular-weight neurofilament messenger RNAs, whereas the smaller peripherin-immunoreactive neurons do not. On the other hand, both cell types contained comparable levels of peripherin and alpha-tubulin messenger RNA. The presence of peripherin messenger RNA but no peripherin immunoreactivity in the large cells suggested either a translational or post-translational regulation of this polypeptide, or rapid clearance of this protein from the perikaryon into the axon. In adult dorsal root ganglia, more than 50% of the peripherin-immunoreactive neurons also contained high levels of substance P and/or calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNAs, while less than 20% of the large peripherin-immunoreactive-negative neurons did. The attainment of these phenotypic characteristics during development in vivo was studied by northern blot and in situ hybridization histochemistry. In early embryonic stages (embryonic days 15-16), virtually all neurons were peripherin-immunoreactive and were positive for peripherin, alpha-tubulin and low-molecular-weight neuro-filament messenger RNAs, suggesting a homogeneous population. By embryonic day 20, the two adult phenotypes became clearly evident, and were fully established by postnatal day 2. In cultures of embryonic day 15 dorsal root ganglion neurons grown in the presence of nerve growth factor, peripherin and low-molecular-weight neurofilament messenger RNAs were expressed in all neurons, even after nine days in vitro, similar to embryonic dorsal root ganglia in vivo. Nerve growth factor supplemented by skeletal and heart muscle extracts did up-regulate neurofilament gene expression, but not to the extent characteristic of the peripherin-immunoreactive-negative adult phenotype. These results suggest that development of the mature phenotype of dorsal root ganglion neurons occurs by postnatal day 2 in vivo and is dependent upon target contact and/or target-derived factors.
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PMID:Developmental regulation of two distinct neuronal phenotypes in rat dorsal root ganglia. 883 6

The development of metacercariae of Diplostomum pseudospathaceum Niewiadomska, 1984 is accompanied by profound morphological transformations often characterized as metamorphosis, which makes these metacercariae an interesting case for studying the morphogenesis of the digenean nervous system. Although the nervous system of D. pseudospathaceum is one of the most extensively studied among digeneans, there are still gaps in our knowledge regarding the distribution patterns of some neuroactive substances, most notably neuropeptides. The present study addresses these gaps by studying pre-infective metacercariae of D. pseudospathaceum using immunochemical staining and confocal microscopy to characterize the distribution patterns of serotonin (5-HT) and two major groups of flatworm neuropeptides, FMRFamide-related (FaRPs) and substance P-related (SP) peptides. The general morphology of the nervous system was examined with antibodies to alpha-tubulin. The nervous system of the metacercariae was shown to conform to the most common morphology of the nervous system in the hermaphroditic generation, with three pairs of posterior nerve cords and four pairs of anterior nerves. The patterns of FaRP- and 5-HT immunoreactivity (IR) were similar to those revealed in earlier studies by cholinesterase activity, which is in accordance with the known role of these neurotransmitters in controlling muscle activity in flatworms. The SP-IR nervous system was significantly different and consisted of mostly bipolar cells presumably acting as mechanoreceptors. The architecture of the nervous system in D. pseudospathaceum metacercariae is discussed in comparison to that in cercariae of D. pseudospathaceum and metacercariae of related digenean species.
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PMID:Architecture of the nervous system in metacercariae of Diplostomum pseudospathaceum Niewiadomska, 1984 (Digenea). 3072 79