UNIPROT:P20366 - FACTA Search

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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Voiding dysfunction in diabetics has been attributed to a variety of causes including an axonopathy in autonomic pathways to the urinary bladder. The present study was undertaken to determine whether changes occurred in afferent and efferent neurons supplying bladders of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Nine weeks after STZ treatment, the mean cross-sectional area for retrogradely labeled (Fluoro-Gold) bladder neurons in the major pelvic ganglion (MPG) was greater in diabetics (364 microns 2) than controls (300 microns 2). The number of labeled neurons was similar in these groups. In contrast, mean cross-sectional areas of bladder afferent neurons labeled with WGA-HRP in the L6 and S1 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were smaller (393 microns 2) in diabetics than in normal rats (528 microns 2). In addition, very few DRG neurons were labeled in STZ-treated rats and transganglionic labeling of bladder afferent projections in the L6 and S1 spinal cord with WGA-HRP was sparse. Radioimmunoassay studies revealed that substance P was reduced by 70% in the MPG and by 40% in L6 DRG, yet this peptide was unchanged in the bladders of diabetic rats. The amounts of VIP in the MPG and DRG of diabetics and controls were similar, while VIP in the bladder was increased in diabetics. These observations indicate that both afferent and efferent neurons innervating the urinary bladder are altered in the STZ-induced diabetic rat. In addition, axonal transport in visceral afferent pathways may be disrupted.
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PMID:Alterations in neural pathways to the urinary bladder of the rat in response to streptozotocin-induced diabetes. 751 23

Many neurons within the ventrolateral hypothalamus in guinea pigs contain estrogen-induced progestin receptors as well as substance P. Retrograde tracing combined with immunocytochemistry was used to determine the specific projections of this subset of steroid-sensitive cells. Unilateral Fluoro-Gold injections into the dorsal midbrain, including the central gray, labeled a large proportion of the ventrolateral hypothalamic neurons immunoreactive for both progestin receptors and substance P (approximately 30%); substantially fewer of these neurons were labeled by unilateral Fluoro-Gold injections into the preoptic area (approximately 6%), medial amygdala (approximately 10%), or the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (approximately 11%). The projections of progestin receptor-immunoreactive neurons in the ventrolateral hypothalamus were similar to those of progestin receptor/substance P double-labeled neurons, while a slightly lower percentage of the ventrolateral hypothalamic, substance P-immunoreactive neurons tended to project to each of these areas. These pathways may prove to be components of the neural circuitry underlying a variety of functions influenced by gonadal steroid hormones and substance P, such as female sexual behavior, salt intake, nociception and aggression.
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PMID:Projections from ventrolateral hypothalamic neurons containing progestin receptor- and substance P-immunoreactivity to specific forebrain and midbrain areas in female guinea pigs. 751 13

Inoculation of the scarified cornea with herpes simplex virus (type 1) leads to herpetic infection of trigeminal ganglion cells. A recent study of the susceptibility of ganglion cells revealed that there may be at least four populations of trigeminal ganglion cells that are infectable by herpes. Two classes were identified by their neuropeptide content: Substance P or calcitonin gene-related peptide. One class was identified by its affinity for a monoclonal antibody, SSEA-3. The fourth class was recognized by its common affinity for both the monoclonal antibody LD2 and for the lectin Bandeiraea simplicifolia isolectin. However, there has been no direct evidence of which types are infected directly as a result of retrograde transport from the corneal site and which may be infected by cell-to-cell spread. The aim of this study was to determine which classes of neurons, which are known to become infected with HSV after ocular inoculation, supply corneal innervation. We have identified four classes of trigeminal ganglion neurons that supply axons to the central cornea of the mouse, on the basis of their ability to transport Fluoro-Gold retrograde from axons in the central corneal epithelium and stroma. About 40% of the neurons that innervate the cornea contain Substance P or calcitonin gene-related peptide; about 60% of the neurons that innervate the cornea react with the monoclonal antibody SSEA-3. About 36% of all neurons in the whole ophthalmic division react with the LD2 or Bandeiraea simplicifolia isolectin, and Fluoro-Gold labels only 2% of them.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Immunohistochemical identification of trigeminal ganglion neurons that innervate the mouse cornea: relevance to intercellular spread of herpes simplex virus. 767 19

The phenotypic characteristics of identified graft neurons in intrastriatal striatal transplants which give rise to efferent projections innervating the host brain were examined using a combination of in situ hybridization histochemistry and fluorescent retrograde tracing. Cell suspension grafts of embryonic day 14-15 rat striatal primordia (including both the medial and lateral ganglionic eminences) were implanted into the previously excitotoxically lesioned striatum of adult rats, and after longer than one year the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold was injected bilaterally into either the globus pallidus or the substantia nigra. Injections into the globus pallidus resulted in significant retrograde labelling of graft neurons within most of the experimental animals, whereas very few graft cells were labelled after the nigral injections. The vast majority of the neurons retrogradely labelled from the globus pallidus occurred in clusters or patches in the caudal half of the transplants, which corresponded well with DARPP-32 messenger RNA expressing (i.e. striatal) regions of the grafts. Indeed, within these Fluoro-Gold-labelled graft patches, the proportion of retrogradely labelled cells found to contain DARPP-32 messenger RNA was identical to that observed in the intact striatum after similar pallidal injections (93%). In addition, some Fluoro-Gold-labelled cells were found scattered outside the DARPP-32-positive cell clusters; these cells were overall larger and rarely (c. 9%) DARPP-32 messenger RNA-positive. Messenger RNA encoding for glutamate decarboxylase (which was found in 95% of Fluoro-Gold-labelled neurons in the intact striatum) was detected in almost all retrogradely labelled graft neurons located in both the DARPP-32-positive patches of retrograde labelling (93%) and in the DARPP-32-negative regions (82%). In the intact striatum, neurons labelled after pallidal injections of Fluoro-Gold were observed to express preproenkephalin messenger RNA to a greater extent than preprotachykinin messenger RNA (81% vs 21%). Conversely, within the grafts, retrogradely labelled neurons in the patches of Fluoro-Gold-labelled cells were more often found to contain preprotachykinin messenger RNA (50%) than preproenkephalin messenger RNA (21%). The Fluoro-Gold-labelled cells scattered outside the patches of retrograde labelling rarely expressed either preproenkephalin or preprotachykinin messenger RNA. Fluoro-Gold injections into the host substantia nigra resulted in very few retrogradely labelled graft neurons; however, many (85%) of these cells were observed to express glutamate decarboxylase messenger RNA, while only rarely were they observed to contain either DARPP-32, preproenkephalin or preprotachykinin messenger RNAs (c. 10%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Neurotransmitter-related gene expression in intrastriatal striatal transplants--II. Characterization of efferent projecting graft neurons. 770 12

The presence and coexistence of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and galanin (GAL) were studied in the petrosal and jugular neurons innervating the carotid body and carotid sinus of the rat. The retrograde labeling of the carotid sinus nerve with Fluoro-gold (FG) demonstrated that most (94.5%) FG-labeled ganglionic neurons were observed in the petrosal ganglion. Fewer (5.2%) FG-labeled neurons were seen in the jugular ganglion and very few (0.3%) were observed in the nodose ganglion. Immunohistochemistry revealed that subpopulations of TH-, VIP-, CGRP-, SP- and GAL-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons in the petrosal ganglion projected to the carotid sinus nerve. Approximately 4% of FG-labeled neurons contained TH-ir and were predominantly found in the caudal portion of the petrosal ganglion. Nearly 90% of total TH-ir neurons in the petrosal ganglion were labeled with FG. Less than 1% of FG-labeled neurons were immunoreactive for VIP in this ganglion. In the petrosal ganglion, 25% of FG-labeled neurons contained CGRP-ir, and 16.7% of FG-labeled neurons contained SP-ir. 30% of CGRP-ir or SP-ir neurons in the petrosal ganglion were labeled with FG. In the jugular ganglion, no TH- or VIP-ir neurons projected to the carotid sinus nerve and only small populations of CGRP- or SP-ir neurons projected to the carotid sinus nerve. Many FG-labeled and GAL-ir neurons were observed in the petrosal and jugular ganglia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Presence and coexistence of putative neurotransmitters in carotid sinus baro- and chemoreceptor afferent neurons. 810 Jan 77

Trigeminal primary neuronal cell bodies were labeled by retrograde transport of Fluoro-gold (FG) from the nasal mucosa of rats. The trigeminal ganglion containing the labeled cell bodies were processed for double stain for calretinin- and tachykinin-immunoreactivities (CR- and TK-irs). Except for a few contralateral cells, all the cells that innervated the nasal mucosa (NM cells) were confined to the ophthalmo-maxillary division of the trigeminal ganglion ipsilateral to the FG application. In the dorsal two-thirds of the ganglion, NM cells formed a cluster in the rostromedial part of ophthalmo-maxillary division (the rostromedial cluster). In the ventral third, the number of cells in the rostromedial cluster markedly decreased. Instead, numerous NM cells were found in the caudolateral part of the ophthalmo-maxillary division (the caudoventrolateral cluster). CR- and TK-irs were detected in 18% and 54% of overall population of NM cells, respectively. Virtually all of CR-immunoreactive (-ir) NM cells coexpressed TK. Although the proportion of TK-ir cells, irrespective of CR-ir, was similar for both clusters, CR-ir cells were more frequent in the caudoventrolateral cluster than in the rostromedial cluster. In the dorsal 1/3 of the ganglion where all the NM cells belonged to the rostromedial cluster, only 8.4% exhibited CR-ir. On the other hand, as much as 30.1% of NM cells expressed CR-ir in the ventral 1/3 where most NM cells were found in the caudoventrolateral cluster. Trigeminal cell bodies innervating the cornea and conjunctivum were located in the rostromedial part of the ophthalmo-maxillary division.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Calretinin-immunoreactivity in trigeminal neurons innervating the nasal mucosa of the rat. 811 27

The ventral pallidum of the basal forebrain contains a high concentration of substance P and receives a massive projection from the nucleus accumbens. The present study was designed to determine whether the accumbens serves as a source for substance P-containing fibers in the ventral pallidum and characterize the function of this tachykinin peptide within the ventral pallidum. By combining in situ hybridization for messenger RNA of the substance P prohormone, beta-preprotachykinin, with Fluoro-Gold retrograde labeling from iontophoretic deposits in the ventral pallidum, a population of substance P-containing neurons was demonstrated in the shell and core components of the nucleus accumbens and the ventromedial striatum. The function of substance P within the ventral pallidum was characterized at the level of the single neuron, and the behaving animal. Electrophysiological assessment revealed that approximately 40% of the 97 ventral pallidal neurons tested were readily excited by microiontophoretic applications of substance P or a metabolically stable agonist analog, DiMeC7 [(pGlu5, MePhe8, MeGly9)-substance P5-11]. Response characteristics were distinguished from glutamate-induced excitations by a slower onset and longer duration of action. Recording sites of tachykinin-sensitive neurons were demonstrated to be located throughout the ventral pallidum and within high densities of fibers exhibiting substance P-like immunoreactivity. When behaving rats received microinjections of DiMeC7 into this same region, the animals displayed an increase in motor activity, with a response threshold of 0.1nmol per hemisphere. These results verify the existence of a substantial substance P-containing projection from the nucleus accumbens to the ventral pallidum. The projection likely serves to excite ventral pallidal neurons for these neurons readily increased firing following local exposure to tachykinins. Furthermore, an increase in motor behavior appears to be a consequence of this neuronal response.
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PMID:Substance P in the ventral pallidum: projection from the ventral striatum, and electrophysiological and behavioral consequences of pallidal substance P. 863 33

The medial amygdala is known to powerfully suppress predatory attack behavior in the cat, but the mechanisms underlying such modulation remain unknown. The present study tested the hypothesis that medial amygdaloid suppression of predatory attack is mediated, in part, by a pathway from the medial amygdala to the medial hypothalamus which utilizes substance P as a neurotransmitter. Stimulating electrodes were implanted into the medial amygdala and cannula electrodes were implanted into both the medial and lateral hypothalamus. Predatory attack behavior was elicited by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. In the first phase of the study, paired trials compared attack latencies of single stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus with those following dual stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus and medial amygdala. Attack latencies were significantly elevated following dual stimulation of the medial amygdala and lateral hypothalamus. In the second phase of the study, dose and time dependent decreases in response suppression were noted following the infusion of the substance P (NK1) receptor antagonist, CP96.345 (in doses of 0.05, 0.5 and 2.5 nmol) into the medial hypothalamus. In third phase of the study, the effects of microinjections of the substance P receptor agonist, [Sar9.Met(O2)11]-substance P (in doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 nmol), directly into the medial hypothalamus upon lateral hypothalamically elicited predatory attack behavior were determined. Microinfusion of this drug elevated attack response latencies in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, pretreatment with CP96,345 into the medial hypothalamus blocked the suppressive effects of subsequent delivery of [Sar9,Met(O2)11]-substance P into the same medial hypothalamic site. Other parts of the study demonstrated the presence of: (1) high densities of substance P receptors in the ventromedial hypothalamus, and (2) neurons that are positively labeled for substance P that project from the medial amygdala to the ventromedial hypothalamus as demonstrated by retrograde labeling with Fluoro-Gold. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that medial amygdaloid suppression of lateral hypothalamically elicited predatory attack behavior includes a substance P pathway from the medial amygdala to the medial hypothalamus. The findings further suggest that stimulation of the medial amygdala activates substance P receptors in the medial hypothalamus, thus triggering an inhibitory mechanism from the medial to the lateral hypothalamus, resulting in suppression of predatory attack behavior.
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PMID:Medial amygdaloid suppression of predatory attack behavior in the cat: I Role of a substance P pathway from the medial amygdala to the medial hypothalamus. 873 21

The medial amygdala is known to powerfully suppress predatory attack behavior elicited by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus of the cat. In the preceding paper, it was shown that the initial limb of a pathway subserving suppression of predatory attack from the medial amygdala to the lateral hypothalamus projects to the ventromedial hypothalamus and its functions are mediated by substance P. The present study tested the hypothesis that the second limb of the pathway subserving medial amygdaloid suppression of predatory attack behavior projects from the medial to lateral hypothalamus and its functions are mediated by GABA. Cannula electrodes were implanted into the lateral hypothalamus for elicitation of predatory attack behavior as well as for the microinfusion of GABA compounds. Monopolar stimulating electrodes were implanted into sites within the medial amygdala from which subseizure levels of stimulation could suppress predatory attack behavior. Initially, the effects of dual stimulation of the medial amygdala and lateral hypothalamus upon response latencies for predatory attack were compared with single stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus alone. Dual stimulation was shown to significantly suppress predatory attack elicited from the lateral hypothalamus. Then, the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline, was microinjected into sites within the lateral hypothalamus from which predatory attack was elicited in doses of 0.015, 0.075 and 0.15 nmol and paired trials of single and dual stimulation were again repeated in a manner identical to that applied prior to drug administration. Drug infusion produced a blockade of medial amygdaloid suppression of predatory attack in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Conversely, microinfusions of the GABAA receptor agonist, muscimol (10, 25 and 50 pmol), into the same lateral hypothalamic 'attack' site in the absence of medial amygdaloid stimulation suppressed predatory attack, thus simulating the effects of medial amygdaloid stimulation. Furthermore, pretreatment with bicuculline microinjected into the lateral hypothalamus blocked the suppressive effects of substance P, that was infused into the ventromedial hypothalamus, upon predatory attack. Receptor autoradiography demonstrated the presence of high affinity binding for GABAA receptors in the lateral hypothalamus. A combination of immunocytochemical and retrograde axonal tract tracing procedures, in which Fluoro-Gold was microinjected into the lateral hypothalamic attack sites, revealed the presence of populations of neurons labeled for both Fluoro-Gold and GABA in the ventromedial hypothalamus. These findings provide new evidence for the existence of a pathway from the medial to lateral hypothalamus whose functions are mediated by GABA. Thus, the overall findings provide support for the view that the pathway from the medial amygdala to the lateral hypothalamus underlying suppression of predatory attack behavior involves a two-neuronal arc: the first neuron projects from the medial amygdala to the medial hypothalamus and its functions are mediated by substance P: the second neuron involves a GABAergic pathway originating in the ventromedial hypothalamus and which projects to the lateral hypothalamus.
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PMID:Medial amygdaloid suppression of predatory attack behavior in the cat: II. Role of a GABAergic pathway from the medial to the lateral hypothalamus. 873 22

After trigeminal rhizotomy, some substance P-like immunoreactive (SP-LI) fibers and terminals in the spinal trigeminal caudal subnucleus (Vc), specially in its superficial laminae (laminae I and II), still remained in the rat. Employing a combination of Fluoro-Gold retrograde tracing and immunofluorescence histochemical staining for SP, we found that the main central origins of these SP-LI fibers and terminals were midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) and other raphe nuclei, and nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha; all of them are important structures of the endogenous pain control system. The present results provided morphological evidence for PAG or NRM stimulation could inhibit neuronal activities in the Vc evoked by orofacial nociceptive stimulation and also suggested that SP might be an important neurotransmitter or neuromodulator for endogenous pain control system.
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PMID:Central origins of substance P-like immunoreactive fibers and terminals in the spinal trigeminal caudal subnucleus in the rat. 878 85

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