Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several methods for removing interfering nucleotides, adenosine-5'-monophosphate and adenosine 5'-triphosphate from brain extracts have been studied. An enzymic method, using adenylic acid deaminase, has been found suitable. This deaminates adenosine monophosphate to 5'-inosinic acid, an inactive compound which does not influence the estimations of substance P. Owing to the adenosine triphosphatase content of the enzyme extract, adenosine triphosphate was also inactivated. For the estimation of adenosine monophosphate-deaminase activity, a simple colorimetric method is described which measures the ammonia liberated from adenosine monophosphate. Substance P in mouse brain extracts was estimated after treatment of the animals with various drugs, and after the enzymic removal of interfering nucleotides from the brain extracts. The drugs had no effect on the substance P content of mouse brain. The effect of drugs on the contractions of the guinea-pig ileum induced by substance P was also investigated, and the effect of drugs on the estimations of substance P in brain extracts is discussed.
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PMID:REMOVAL OF INTERFERING NUCLEOTIDES FROM BRAIN EXTRACTS CONTAINING SUBSTANCE P. EFFECT OF DRUGS ON BRAIN CONCENTRATIONS OF SUBSTANCE P. 1406 36

The influence of several instrument-operating parameters on the product-ion resolution and mass accuracy in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) post-source decay (PSD) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments is reported. Voltages commonly applied to the reflectron for PSD and CID experiments were found to be non-ideal; optimization of these voltages resulted in better resolution across each segment of the measured PSD spectrum. Mass resolution, calculated as M/DeltaM (FWHM) for the product-ion peaks, was as high as 2500. Additionally, precursor-ion selection and segment mass range setup were each found to have dramatic influences on product-ion mass accuracy. An understanding of the influence of these variables aided in the interpretation of (a-NH3) and (b - NH3) ions observed in the PSD/CID spectra of a number of peptides. In addition, product ions resulting from coincidence peaks in the precursor-ion selection window were found to be a general problem. With the improvements to resolution and optimization of these mass accuracy variables, the mass accuracy of product ions from MALDI TOF PSD and CID experiments was tested with several reference materials, including the peptides Substance P, bradykinin, angiotensin I, and angiotensin II and the synthetic polymers poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene. The absolute error (Da) for each test material was, on average, below 0.1 Da, demonstrating a significant improvement in mass accuracy using the improved operational parameters and an extension of the use of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a mass calibrant for the PSD/CID spectra.
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PMID:Improved PSD and CID on a MALDI TOFMS. 1504 57

The effects of mineral fertilizer (NPK) and organic manure on the community structure of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was investigated in a long-term (16-year) fertilizer experiment. The experiment included seven treatments: organic manure, half organic manure N plus half fertilizer N, fertilizer NPK, fertilizer NP, fertilizer NK, fertilizer PK, and the control (without fertilization). N fertilization greatly increased soil nitrification potential, and mineral N fertilizer had a greater impact than organic manure, while N deficiency treatment (PK) had no significant effect. AOB community structure was analyzed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of the amoA gene, which encodes the alpha subunit of ammonia monooxygenase. DGGE profiles showed that the AOB community was more diverse in N-fertilized treatments than in the PK-fertilized treatment or the control, while one dominant band observed in the control could not be detected in any of the fertilized treatments. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the DGGE bands derived from N-fertilized treatments belonged to Nitrosospira cluster 3, indicating that N fertilization resulted in the dominance of Nitrosospira cluster 3 in soil. These results demonstrate that long-term application of N fertilizers could result in increased soil nitrification potential and the AOB community shifts in soil. Our results also showed the different effects of mineral fertilizer N versus organic manure N; the effects of P and K on the soil AOB community; and the importance of balanced fertilization with N, P, and K in promoting nitrification functions in arable soils.
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PMID:Community structure of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria under long-term application of mineral fertilizer and organic manure in a sandy loam soil. 1709 20

The upper airway occupies a sentinel position with respect to the physical and chemical qualities of the inspired atmosphere. Responses of the upper airway can be acute or chronic, as well as primary (sensory) or secondary (physiologic). Olfaction and sensory irritation are cofactors in the perception of air quality. Secondary reflex responses to airborne irritants may include blockage (airflow obstruction), secretion (with or without associated inflammation), and alterations in mucociliary clearance. Of the above end points, obstruction has been documented in response to a variety of agents, including acetic acid vapor, ammonia, Cl2, ETS, mixed VOCs, vapors from carbonless copy paper, and (variably) SO2. Alterations in mucociliary clearance have been variably observed with SO2 and ETS exposure. A neutrophilic inflammatory response has been documented after acute exposure to either ozone or VOCs, and metaplastic mucosal changes after prolonged exposures to photochemical mixed air pollutants. Augmented reactivity to irritants is a phenotypic characteristic of both nonallergic and allergic rhinitis; however, understanding of underlying mechanisms remains elusive (75-78). Differential physiologic responsiveness to environmental irritant stimuli has been documented by allergic rhinitis status for acetic acid and Cl2 (objectively) and for mixed VOCs (subjectively only). Differential responsiveness by nonallergic rhinitis status has, to our knowledge, been documented for paper dust only, although a somewhat wider array of pollutants (including ETS and carbonless copy paper) has been studied in groups differing by self-reported pollutant reactivity. Interestingly, although the congestive response to allergens and irritants is similar, the underlying mechanisms appear to differ, with neither mast cell degranulation nor cholinergic parasympathetic reflexes appearing critical to the response (Fig. 3). Although neuropeptide release does not accompany Cl2-induced nasal obstruction, in one model system (hypertonic saline challenge), substance P release accompanied augmented secretions (80,81). In yet another hypertonic model (dry mannitol powder challenge), arachidonic acid metabolites characteristic of epithelial cell activation accompanied nasal obstruction (82). The relevance of these model systems to environmentally realistic (airborne) irritants remains unclear at this time. Overall, nonallergic rhinitis has received considerably less attention than has allergic rhinitis in the context of descriptive, pathophysiologic, and intervention studies. This statement applies equally in the context of environmental nonallergic rhinitis. As is hopefully evident from the above discussion, many potential research questions in this area remain to be addressed.
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PMID:Environmental nonallergic rhinitis. 1715 18

The abundance and composition of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) were investigated by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, cloning and sequencing approaches based on amoA genes. The soil, classified as agri-udic ferrosols with pH (H(2)O) ranging from 3.7 to 6.0, was sampled in summer and winter from long-term field experimental plots which had received 16 years continuous fertilization treatments, including fallow (CK0), control without fertilizers (CK) and those with combinations of fertilizer nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K): N, NP, NK, PK, NPK and NPK plus organic manure (OM). Population sizes of AOB and AOA changed greatly in response to the different fertilization treatments. The NPK + OM treatment had the highest copy numbers of AOB and AOA amoA genes among the treatments that received mineral fertilizers, whereas the lowest copy numbers were recorded in the N treatment. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea were more abundant than AOB in all the corresponding treatments, with AOA to AOB ratios ranging from 1.02 to 12.36. Significant positive correlations were observed among the population sizes of AOB and AOA, soil pH and potential nitrification rates, indicating that both AOB and AOA played an important role in ammonia oxidation in the soil. Phylogenetic analyses of the amoA gene fragments showed that all AOB sequences from different treatments were affiliated with Nitrosospira or Nitrosospira-like species and grouped into cluster 3, and little difference in AOB community composition was recorded among different treatments. All AOA sequences fell within cluster S (soil origin) and cluster M (marine and sediment origin). Cluster M dominated exclusively in the N, NP, NK and PK treatments, indicating a pronounced difference in the community composition of AOA in response to the long-term fertilization treatments. These findings could be fundamental to improve our understanding of the importance of both AOB and AOA in the cycling of nitrogen and other nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems.
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PMID:Quantitative analyses of the abundance and composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea of a Chinese upland red soil under long-term fertilization practices. 1768 32

The abundance and composition of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) communities under different long-term (17 years) fertilization practices were investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). A sandy loam with pH (H(2)O) ranging from 8.3 to 8.7 was sampled in years 2006 and 2007, including seven fertilization treatments of control without fertilizers (CK), those with combinations of fertilizer nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K): NP, NK, PK and NPK, half chemical fertilizers NPK plus half organic manure (1/2OMN) and organic manure (OM). The highest bacterial amoA gene copy numbers were found in those treatments receiving N fertilizer. The archaeal amoA gene copy numbers ranging from 1.54 x 10(7) to 4.25 x 10(7) per gram of dry soil were significantly higher than those of bacterial amoA genes, ranging from 1.24 x 10(5) to 2.79 x 10(6) per gram of dry soil, which indicated a potential role of AOA in nitrification. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria abundance had significant correlations with soil pH and potential nitrification rates. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis patterns revealed that the fertilization resulted in an obvious change of the AOB community, while no significant change of the AOA community was observed among different treatments. Phylogenetic analysis showed a dominance of Nitrosospira-like sequences, while three bands were affiliated with the Nitrosomonas genus. All AOA sequences fell within cluster S (soil origin) and cluster M (marine and sediment origin). These results suggest that long-term fertilization had a significant impact on AOB abundance and composition, while minimal on AOA in the alkaline soil.
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PMID:Abundance and composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing archaea communities of an alkaline sandy loam. 1833 63

A static absorption method was used to study the influence of soluble carbon and nitrogen on ammonia volatilization from different thermal zone soils, such as black soil, red soil and cinnamon soil, performed in laboratory. Results showed that nitrogen application enhanced ammonia volatilization significantly. The amount of ammonia volatilization in cinnamon soil ranged from 14.3 to 7.37 mg x kg(-1), which in black soil from 1.52 to 1.11 mg x kg(-1) and from 0.998 to 0.402 mg x kg(-1) in red soil applied with only nitrogen or nitrogen amended with soluble carbon. Moreover, soluble carbon decreased ammonia volatilization caused by nitrogen, and amounts of decrease were 27.0%, 48.5%, 60.0% in black soil, cinnamon soil and red soil separately. The amount of ammonia volatilization from black soil and cinnamon soil applied only nitrogen was in an order of CK > NPK > NPKOM, while contrary order appeared if nitrogen was amended with soluble carbon. However, it was the same order for red soil applied with only nitrogen or nitrogen amended with soluble carbon. In addition, the variances of NH4+ -N and NO3- -N contents in cinnamon soil were larger than other soils, which suggested that cinnamon soil had high potential of nitrogen loss.
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PMID:[Influence of soluble carbon and nitrogen on ammonia volatilization from different thermal zones soil]. 2018 73

The effect of fertilization in the first growing season on early survival and growth of narrow-leaved ash (NLA) (Fraxinus angustifolia ssp. oxycarpa) was evaluated throughout the first 3 years of growth in Adapazari, Turkey. A randomized complete block design with four replications was established to investigate fertilization effects. Granular N urea [46%, (NH2)2CO, NH2-N] and NPK (15/15/15%; NH3-N, P2O5, K2O) fertilizers were applied in mid-May of the first growing season. Fertilization treatments per tree were control, 67 g NPK (equal to 10/10/10 g N/P2O5 /K2O tree(-1)), 133 g NPK (20/20/20 g N/P2O5 /K2O tree(-1)), 33 g urea N (15 g N tree(-1)) and 54 g urea N (25 g N tree(-1)). After three growing seasons under these fertilizer treatments, 98% of trees were still viable. Compared to the control treatment, fertilization had a large and positive effect on diameter and height growth during the first 3 years of growth. However, since there were no significant differences among the fertilized plots in terms of tree diameter and height growth, addition of P and K to the fertilizer regime was not beneficial. The results show that N fertilization in the first growing season has the potential to improve early field growth of narrow-leaved ash.
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PMID:Effect of N and NPK fertilizers on early field performance of narrow-leaved ash, Fraxinus angustifolia. 2064 20

The effects of long-term (16 years) fertilization on the diversity and community structure of soil ammonia-oxidizing gene (amoA) and hydroxylamine-oxidizing gene (hao) in paddy soil were evaluated using the methods of polymerase chain reaction, cloning and sequencing. The soil samples were collected from the treatments of NPK (CK) and NPK plus rice straw (SR) of the long-term field fertilization experiment in Taoyuan Agro-ecological Experimental Station. The Shannon Indices showed that the diversity of amoA and hao in SR treatment was lower than that in CK, and LUBSHUFF statistical analyses demonstrated that the sequence compositions of both amoA and huo libraries were significantly different between CK and SR. The phylogenetic trees indicated that some clusters appeared in SR treatment but were not detected in CK treatment. As to amoA, only Nitrosospira besides the uncultured amoA sequences were cloned from the two treatments, while no Nitrosomonas species were detected. As to hao, the strains from Silicibacter and Methylococcus were dominant in CK, while in SR the strains from Nitrosospira and Nitrosomonas were dominant. Sum up, the long-term rice straw application has caused a remarkable impact on the diversity and community structure on Nitrosobacteria.
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PMID:[Effects of rice straw on the diversity of nitrifying genes (amoA and hao) in paddy soil]. 2069 82

Mercury (Hg) contents in ten chemical fertilizers were determined, and the effect of calcium superphosphate (CSP) on the uptake and translocation of Hg in corn seedlings was investigated by pot experiments. CSP was applied at the levels of 0, 66.7, and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg to Hg-treated (2 mg/kg) and untreated soils. CSP had the highest Hg content (5.1 mg/kg), followed by the NPK compound fertilizer 15-5-5 (15% N, 5% P2O5, 5% K2O) (1.2 mg/kg), then by nitrogen fertilizers (except for ammonia sulfate) and potassium fertilizers. Application of CSP did not obviously influence the biomass of corn roots, but it significantly increased the biomass of corn shoots in Hg-treated soil. Application of CSP at the levels of 66.7 and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg did not obviously influence the uptake of Hg by corn seedlings on soils without Hg treatment, but it decreased the Hg uptake of corn seedlings significantly on Hg-treated soils. The transfer coefficient of Hg in corn seedlings improved slightly on soils without Hg treatment, but decreased slightly on Hg-treated soils with the application of CSP. These results implied that CSP could ameliorate Hg toxicity to corn seedlings by inhibiting the uptake and the translocation of Hg in plants on Hg-polluted soils.
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PMID:Mercury in some chemical fertilizers and the effect of calcium superphosphate on mercury uptake by corn seedlings (Zea mays L.). 2117 56


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