Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neuropeptides play an important role in the regional regulation of blood flow and hormone secretion. Few studies report the presence of peptides in the human placenta. Our experiment evaluates neuropeptides in the human placenta using immunocytochemical techniques. Representative tissue sections from full-term placentae were fixed immediately after delivery and processed into paraffin sections or frozen. They were treated with multiple immunofluorescence, streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex and immunogold-silver staining techniques in combination with well-established monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, using appropriate absorption controls to ensure the validity of the staining. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), galanin, somatostatin, met-enkephaline, helodermin and substance P-like immunoreactivities were demonstrated within decidual cells. Endothelin-1 was found in both trophoblasts and endothelial cells. Peptide immunoreactivities in the human placenta especially at the decidual interface between mother and fetus supports a role for the diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) in the regulation of placental blood flow critical for fetal growth and development.
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PMID:Localization and distribution of vasoactive neuropeptides in the human placenta. 889 70

The medullary raphe nuclei, wherein serotonin (5-HT) coexists with substance P (SP) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), innervate lower motor neurons in the spinal cord ventral horn by means of the ventral raphe-spinal pathway. Destruction of the ventral raphe-spinal pathway is associated with deficient recovery of denervated muscle, indicating that it may exert a trophic effect upon lower motor neurons. To determine whether SP could be a trophic factor for lower motor neurons within the ventral raphe-spinal pathway, the effect of muscle denervation with botulinum toxin type A on SP-encoding beta-preprotachykinin mRNA in the rat medullary raphe was examined by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Silver grain density over hybridized medullary raphe neurons was increased by up to 11%, although the number of hybridized neurons did not change in denervated as compared to control rats. Increased SP gene expression in the medullary raphe in response to motor unit lesioning suggests that raphe-spinal SP may be trophic to lower motor neurons.
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PMID:Effect of muscle denervation on the expression of substance P in the ventral raphe-spinal pathway of the rat. 891 97

The subacromial bursa is the major component of the subacromial gliding mechanism. The neural elements of the subacromial bursa obtained from specimens that underwent autopsy and surgery were investigated by the silver impregnation and immunohistochemical methods with antisera to substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide; which are considered to be involved in nociceptive transmission, and protein gene product 9.5. Free nerve endings, Ruffini endings, Pacinian corpuscles, and two kinds of unclassified nerve endings were observed. Most of these receptors were observed of the roof side of the coracoacromial arch, which is exposed to stress because of the impingement. A delta and C fibers, thought to be nerve fibers of free nerve endings, were immunoreactive to substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. On the other hand, thick fibers thought to originate in encapsulated mechanoreceptors were not immunoreactive to substance P. The subacromial bursa receives nociceptive stimuli and proprioception and seems to regulate appropriate shoulder movement.
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PMID:Sensory nerve supply in the human subacromial bursa. 893 60

In the rat trachea, substance P causes rapid but transient plasma leakage. We sought to determine how closely the number, morphology, and size of endothelial gaps correspond to the time course of this leakage. Endothelial gaps were examined by scanning electron microscopy (EM), by transmission EM, or by light microscopy after silver nitrate staining. Substance P-induced leakage of the particulate tracer Monastral blue peaked at 1 min but decreased with a half-life of 0.3 min. The number of silver-stained gaps also peaked at 1 min then decreased significantly more slowly (half-life 1.9 min) than the leakage. Scanning EM revealed two types of endothelial gaps, designated vertical gaps and oblique slits. Vertical gaps predominated at peak leakage, whereas oblique slits became more common as the leakage diminished. Measurements of the mean diameter of vertical gaps made by light microscopy, scanning EM, and transmission EM were all in the range of 0.36-0.47 micron. Fingerlike endothelial cell processes that appeared during gap formation became shorter as the leakage diminished (mean length: 1.44 microns at 1 min compared with 1.06 microns at 3 min after substance P), suggesting a role in gap closure. We conclude that the plasma leakage occurring immediately after an inflammatory stimulus results from the rapid formation of endothelial gaps. Multiple factors, including alterations in gap morphology, gap closure, and changes in driving force, are likely to participate in the rapid decrease in the leakage.
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PMID:Endothelial gaps: time course of formation and closure in inflamed venules of rats. 903 15

In order to investigate the causes of abnormal peristalsis of the colon in intestinal neuronal dysplasia (IND), we studied the structure of the myenteric plexus of IND colon using silver-impregnation (Suzuki's method) as well as the innervation of both IND colons and normal colons using immunofluorescence technique with monoclonal antibodies to synaptic vesicles, and antisera to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk), and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP). The following results were obtained. 1) In the IND colon, the number of identifiable myenteric ganglia was decreased. In a few cases of IND, irreversible neuron degeneration can be involved in the pathogenesis of IND. 2) In the IND colon, the distribution and fluorescence intensity of synaptic vesicles coincided with those of peptidergic nerve fibers. In the normal colon, synaptic vesicles were much more numerous in the circular muscle layers than in the longitudinal muscle layers, and the fluorescence intensity of those in the circular muscle layers was stronger than that of those in the longitudinal muscle layers. On the other hand, in IND colon, there were fewer synaptic vesicles in the circular muscle layers, and their fluorescence intensity was weak, while there were many synaptic vesicles in the longitudinal muscle layers, and their fluorescence intensity was strong. 3) Morphological abnormalities may exist in synaptic vesicles in the circular muscle layers of the IND colon. 4) Regarding the peptidergic nerve fibers, in the IND colon, innervation of circular muscle layers by Met-Enk-, GRP- and SP-immunoreactive fibers was reduced, and longitudinal muscles were more strongly innervated by immunoreactive fibers than those in the normal colon. 5) Disturbed innervation of non-adrenergic non-cholinergic excitatory nerves may cause the disturbance of muscle contractions in the IND colon. In addition, an imbalance of peptidergic and synaptic vesicle's innervations in both muscle layers may be related to the abnormal peristalsis of IND colon. Also, morphological abnormalities of synaptic vesicles may be concerned with its abnormal peristalsis.
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PMID:Preliminary immunohistochemical new findings in the myenteric plexus of patients with intestinal neuronal dysplasia type B. 908 4

In order to examine the morphological substrates for neuronal connections between neuronal elements of the coeliac-mesenteric ganglion containing immunoreactivity (IR) for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and substance P (SP), a double-immunostaining was performed. The first antigen to SP was labelled with gold-substituted silver-intensified peroxidase, which results in a granular gold deposit of high electron and light opacity. The second antigen was the TH labelled with peroxidase and a diaminobenzidine chromogen without silver-gold particles. About of 85% of the neurons contained TH immunoreactivity in the coeliac-mesenteric ganglia. The SP IR nerve fibres were mostly found around the principal ganglion cells throughout the ganglion. In most cases they made direct synaptic contact with TH positive nerve cells and dendrites. These SP-IR boutons were also found in synaptic contact with other non-labelled postsynaptic terminals and with the soma. SP-IR nerve terminals establish both symmetrical and asymmetrical synaptic contacts with TH-IR nerve elements. Some of the nerve cells which ware TH positive, were also labelled for SP. TH positive boutons were also observed in synaptic contact with other TH-IR perikarya and dendrites. Our results suggest that SP may play an important role for the integrative activities of the ganglion with regard to gastrointestinal functions.
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PMID:Electron microscopic immunocytochemical evidence for the synaptic connections between tyrosine hydroxylase and substance P containing nerve elements in the coeliac ganglion of cat revealed by a double labelling technique. 912 85

The chemical phenotype of proneurotensin messenger RNA-expressing cells was determined in the acute haloperidol-treated rat striatum using a combination of (35S)-labelled and alkaline phosphatase-labelled oligonucleotides. Cellular sites of proneurotensin messenger RNA expression were visualized simultaneously on tissue sections processed to reveal cellular sites of preproenkephalin A messenger RNA or the dopamine and adenylate cyclase phosphoprotein-32, messenger RNA. The cellular co-expression of preproenkepahlin A (enkephalin) and preprotachykinin (substance P) messenger RNA was also examined within forebrain structures. Cellular sites of enkephalin (substance P) and dopamine and adenylate cyclase phosphoprotein-32 messenger RNAs were visualized using alkaline phosphatase-labelled oligonucleotides whilst sites of substance P and proneurotensin messenger RNA expression were detected using (35S)-labelled oligos. Cellular sites of enkephalin and dopamine and adenylate cyclase phosphoprotein-32 gene expression were identified microscopically by the concentration of purple alkaline phosphatase reaction product within the cell cytoplasm, whereas sites of substance P and proneurotensin gene expression were identified by the dense clustering of silver grains overlying cells. An intense hybridization signal was detected for all three neuropeptide messenger RNAs in the striatum, the nucleus accumbens and septum. Dopamine and adenylate cyclase phosphoprotein-32 messenger RNA was detected within the neostriatum but not within the septum. In all forebrain regions examined, with the exception of the islands of Calleja, the cellular expression of enkephalin messenger RNA and substance P messenger RNA was discordant; the two neuropeptide messenger RNAs were detected essentially in different cells, although in the striatum and nucleus accumbens occasional isolated cells were detected which contained both hybridization signals; dense clusters of silver grains overlay alkaline phosphatase-positive cells, demonstrating clearly that these dual-labelled cells expressed both messenger RNAs. By contrast, the hybridization signals for proneurotensin and enkephalin, and proneurotensin and dopamine and adenylate cyclase phosphoprotein-32 were generally coincident, at least within the neostriatum; most proneurotensin messenger RNA-positive cells expressed enkephalin messenger RNA and were also positive for dopamine and adenylate cyclase phosphoprotein-32 messenger RNA. However, occasional proneurotensin messenger RNA-positive striatal cells were identified that were single-labelled and did not express enkephalin messenger RNA. Within the septal nucleus, enkephalin messenger RNA and substance P messenger RNA were expressed essentially within segregated cell populations. These studies illustrate further the utility of co-expression techniques for investigating the chemical phenotype of cells within the CNS and demonstrate that the distribution of neuropeptide co-expressing cells is different within different brain regions. That several populations of proneurotensin messenger RNA-positive striatal cells may exist, of which one population is sensitive to haloperidol, co-expresses enkephalin messenger RNA and is positive for dopamine and adenylate cyclase phosphoprotein-32 messenger RNA may be of some significance in neuropsychiatric/neurological disorders given that the translated peptide, neurotensin, is known to influence and interact closely with the dopamine systems.
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PMID:Phenotypic characterization of neurotensin messenger RNA-expressing cells in the neuroleptic-treated rat striatum: a detailed cellular co-expression study. 913 49

It is well-known that central administration of tachykinins (Tks) inhibit salt intake in rats. Recent studies have shown that conditions that arouse salt appetite, such as adrenalectomy and sodium depletion, induce a decrease in preprotachykinin-A (PPT-A) mRNA in discrete regions of the rat brain, suggesting that reduced levels of PPT-A mRNA in the brain may have a permissive role on the expression of salt appetite. It has also been shown that spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) show higher avidity for salty solutions than their normotensive control Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. In this regard, the present study tested whether SHR and WKY rats differ in expression of the gene coding for PPT-A, the precursor for Tks peptides. Using semi-quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry, we examined the level of PPT-A mRNA in discrete rat brain regions of SHR and WKY rats under no treatment, after 1 or 3 days of Na+ depletion. Levels of PPT-A mRNA were analysed in the olfactory tubercle (Tu), in the lateral olfactory tubercle (LOT), in the dorsal and ventral caudate putamen (d/v CPu), in the medial preoptic area (mPOA), in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), in the habenula (Hb) and in the postero-dorsal part of the amygdala (MePD). Semi-quantitative analysis of silver grains revealed a 27.5% lower expression of the PPT-A mRNA levels in SHR opposite to WKY rats under no treatment in v-CPu, mPOA, BNST and Hb. 1 day of Na+ depletion reduced PPT-A mRNA levels when opposite to Na+-repleted animals in Tu and mPOA in both SHR and WKY rats. On the other hand, when comparing SHR and WKY rats after 1 day of Na+ depletion, a 26% lower level of PPT-A mRNA was detected in Tu and d-CPu of SHR opposite to WKY rats whereas a 14% and an 18% lower level was detected in v-CPu and Hb, respectively. A lower expression of PPT-A mRNA in SHR compared to WKY rats was also found in BNST and MePD, although no statistical significance was detected in these two brain areas. In the last experiment, 3 days of Na+ depletion reduced PPT-A mRNA levels in mPOA while negligibly increased mRNA levels in d-CPu and v-CPu, in BNST, Hb and MePD, both in SHR and WKY rats. Conversely, when making comparisons between the two strains, a 35% lower level of PPT-A mRNA in SHR with respect to WKY rats was found after 3 days of Na+ depletion in d-CPu, v-CPu and mPOA. A lower gene expression, even though not statistically significant, was found in Tu, LOT, MePD. These findings show a consistent difference of PPT-A mRNA levels in discrete regions of the SHR brain opposite to WKY rats and confirm that 1 day of Na+ depletion reduces PPT-A mRNA in discrete brain regions. Since SHR are notoriously more salt-avid than WKY rats and Tks are potent inhibitors of sodium intake, the down-regulation of PPT-A mRNA may contribute to the higher natriophilia and, therefore, to the etiology of the hypertensive disease.
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PMID:Regulation of preprotachykinin-A mRNA in genetic hypertensive and normotensive rats. 922 4

In order to determine if calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) coexist in peripheral spermatic nerve fibers, we carried out a double-staining immunofluorescence study using confocal microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. CGRP- and SP-like immunoreactivity (LI) coexisted in the spermatic nerve trunk and in the single fibers running along the surface of the testis. The great majority of the SP-containing fibers also held CGRP-LI, although some fibers contained CGRP-LI without SP-LI. These observations are consistent with previous observations on testicular dorsal root ganglion neurons. Additionally, we carried out an immunogold silver staining for CGRP and found CGRP-containing nerve bundles, single nerve fibers and their nerve terminals. Some CGRP-containing nerve terminals were located very superficially in the tunica albuginea (<5 microm from the surface).
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PMID:Calcitonin gene-related peptide- and substance P-like immunoreactive fibers in the spermatic nerve and testis of the dog. 940 82

The relationship between substance P-containing axons and sympathetic preganglionic neurons possessing the neurokinin-1 receptor was investigated in the lateral horn of the rat thoracic spinal cord. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons were labelled retrogradely with Fluorogold. Sections containing labelled cells were reacted with antibodies against choline acetyltransferase, substance P and the neurokinin-1 receptor and examined with three-colour confocal laser scanning microscopy. In all, 95 sympathetic preganglionic neurons were examined and 79% of these were immunoreactive for the neurokinin-1 receptor. Substance P-immunoreactive axons not only made contacts with preganglionic neurons which were immunoreactive for the receptor but also made contacts with cells which did not express the receptor. Dendrites, labelled with immunoreactivity for choline actyltransferase, also received contacts from substance P-immunoreactive varicosities but this was not related to the presence or the absence of receptor. An electron microscopic analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between substance P-containing boutons and dendrites possessing the neurokinin-1 receptor. Immunoreactivity for substance P was detected with peroxidase immunocytochemistry and immunoreactivity for the receptor was detected with the silver-intensified gold method. Substance P-containing boutons made synapses with dendrites which were positively and negatively labelled for the receptor. Receptor immunoreactivity was not usually present at synapses formed by substance P boutons with neurokinin-1-immunoreactive dendrites. It is concluded that substance P may modulate much of the activity of sympathetic preganglionic neurons through an indirect non-synaptic mechanism.
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PMID:An immunocytochemical investigation of the relationship between substance P and the neurokinin-1 receptor in the lateral horn of the rat thoracic spinal cord. 944 9


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