Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The immunogold-silver staining technique is shown to be of great value in the detection of regulatory peptide-containing nerves and endocrine cells in routinely fixed, paraffin-wax-embedded tissues. The method appears to be better for this system than peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP) which can yield poor or variable results. Antibodies to regulatory peptides, including calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P, neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), glucagon, pancratic polypeptide, and somatostatin 14 and 28, as well as to neurofilaments, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100, were used on sections of a variety of tissues from rat and pig including respiratory tract, skin, gut, pancreas, vagina, uterus, fallopian tube and kidney. In all cases, stronger immunostaining of nerves was obtained with the immunogold-silver technique than with PAP. The inherent density of the staining was also found to improve the visibility of endocrine cells in the section, and to permit the use of routine histological stains for counterstaining. As immunogold-silver staining is sensitive, rapid, cheap and avoids hazardous reagents, we feel it has great potential for the immunostaining of nerves and endocrine cells that contain regulatory peptides in routinely fixed and embedded tissues and may prove useful in pathology.
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PMID:The potential of the immunogold-silver staining method for paraffin sections. 608 58

The effects of substance P (SP) on intestinal myoelectric activity were examined in conscious dogs with implanted silver electrodes on the small doses (0.25-1.0 nmol . kg-1 . h-1) raised the frequency of interdigestive myoelectric complexes and also increased preburst activity, mostly in the upper small bowel. The ileum was relatively less sensitive to the stimulatory action of sp. At higher doses (2.04.0 nmol . kg-1 . h-1) SP caused a fedlike motility pattern. In the doses used SP did not change the foodinduced motility pattern. The effects of SP on myoelectric activity were blocked by atropine or pirenzepine. We conclude that SP was participate in neurally mediated changes in intestinal motility.
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PMID:Influence of substance P on myoelectric activity of the small bowel. 618 79

The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism by which distal esophageal acidification increases lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure in the anesthetized cat. Intraluminal pressures and myoelectric activity were recorded using fixed, localized manometric catheters and serosal bipolar silver-silver chloride electrodes. The increase in LES pressure (27.1 +/- 4.9 mmHg) and spike activity (133.8 +/- 22.6 spikes/min) following distal esophageal acidification were greater than after saline (P less than 0.001). These responses were abolished by either tetrodotoxin (intravenously) or intraluminal ethyl aminobenzoate. The responses were not antagonized by bilateral cervical vagotomy or by atropine, hexamethonium, phentolamine, propranolol, diphenhydramine, cimetidine, cinanserin, naloxone, haloperidol, or proglumide. Tachyphylaxis to substance P abolished the LES pressure and spike responses to exogenous substance P and to distal esophageal acidification but had no effect on the LES responses to phenylephrine (25.0 micrograms/kg iv) or pentagastrin (0.5 microgram/kg iv). The putative substance P antagonist [D-Pro2,D-Trp7,9]substance P was a partial antagonist and a weak agonist on the LES. Large doses of [D-Pro2,D-TRP7,9]substance P (200.0 micrograms/kg iv) gave a 61.3 +/- 19.3% inhibition of the LES pressure response to acid (P less than 0.05). Intravenous tetrodotoxin partially antagonized the LES response to substance P (10.0 micrograms/kg iv). These studies suggest that the increases in LES pressure and spike activity following distal esophageal acidification occur through a spike-associated enteric neural reflex that involves substance P as a neurotransmitter.
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PMID:A lower esophageal sphincter reflex involving substance P. 620 52

Human colonic mucosa was immunostained with antibodies against substance P to identify the endocrine cells containing this peptide in the mucosal glands. Dual immunohistochemical and histochemical studies were also carried out to determine whether these cells are enterochromaffin cells and contain serotonin as claimed in the literature. The results obtained indicate that the normal human colonic substance P-producing cells are not argentaffin cells, nor do they contain serotonin. In addition, they are also negative both for several silver and for other techniques commonly used to identify digestive endocrine cells. They are positive, however, with the argyrophilic technique of Churukian-Schenk. It is concluded, therefore, that the substance P-producing cells of the human colonic mucosa are not a subpopulation of the enterochromaffin cells, but constitute a distinct and independent cell type.
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PMID:Human colonic substance P-producing cells are a separate population from the serotonin-producing enterochromaffin cells. 620 21

A detailed ultrastructural description was made of the rat iris with special emphasis on nerve fibre populations and their supportive glial cells. The location and identity of different autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and sensory nerves was further studied by monoamine histofluorescence, acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, immunohistochemistry for substance P and neurofilament, and Linder's silver staining. Schwann cells were defined with immunohistochemical techniques using antiserum to glial fibrillary acidic protein. By correlation of these morphological techniques, the relative proportion of different neuronal inputs and their glial constituents in various parts of the rat iris could be determined. The sympathetic and parasympathetic unmyelinated fibres showed the well-known preferential localization in the posterior part, approaching the smooth muscle cells and chromatophores in the dilator muscle. Larger arterioles in the anterior loose stroma of the iris were in close proximity to sympathetic fibres as indicated by monoamine histofluorescence. Sensory trigeminal nerves were visualized both with Linder's silver staining and neurofilament immunohistochemistry. Large myelinated axon bundles in the anterior part of the iris were clearly seen, and thin unmyelinated fibres were scattered throughout the anterior and posterior parts. Unmyelinated substance P-containing fibres were scattered preferentially in the anterior part of the iris, without close association with blood vessels. Distribution of supportive cells, indicated by means of immunofluorescence with antiserum against glial fibrillary acidic protein, appeared largely similar to that of neurofilament-positive nerve fibres. In the sphincter muscle, cholinesterase-positive nerve fibres were densely packed and adrenergic fibres as well as sensory, neurofilament- and substance P-containing fibres were sparse but distributed throughout the muscle. Accompanying glial cells positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein were also found.
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PMID:Ultrastructural and histochemical studies of the rat iris: identified neuronal inputs and supportive glia. 621 Mar 48

The methods presented in this paper grew out of the current need for a more quantitative approach to immunocytochemistry. The problem was approached by exploiting the high affinity of biotin for avidin in the design of radioimmunocytochemical methods using [3H]biotin. [3H]Biotin and avidin D form a radioactive complex which can be linked onto a primary antibody by means of a biotinylated anti-rabbit IgG or biotinylated protein A link. With both approaches it was possible to localize a number of antigens such as somatostatin, substance P, avian pancreatic polypeptide, tyrosine hydroxylase, and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in various regions of the rat and human brain. By using tritium-sensitive film, large regions of the brain could be studied and analyzed semiquantitatively using computerized microdensitometry. The technique was also taken to the electron microscopic level, and in the case of substance P immunoreactivity within the rat substantia nigra silver grains were found to be highly localized over axons and axon terminals. It was also possible to demonstrate co-existence or lack of co-existence of a number of different antigens within neurones. The first primary antibody was localized with biotinylated protein A followed by avidin-peroxidase, while the second primary antibody was linked to the [3H]biotin again with biotinylated protein A. As an example of the potential of these methods for semiquantification, the distribution of substance P within postmortem human spinal cord was examined 24 months after amputation. A 49% loss of peptide was found in the corresponding dorsal horn. In summary these methods using [3H]biotin have proved successful in quantification, electron microscopy and double labelling studies.
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PMID:Radioimmunocytochemistry with [3H]biotin. 636 44

The magnocellular and paravocellular regions of the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were examined in several hundred brains. Converging qualitative and quantitative anatomical methods, including Golgi impregnations, Nissl stains, silver stains, and immunocytochemistry were used to study the intrinsic organization of the PVN with light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. A computer-assisted quantitative analysis of dendritic branching patterns was used to examine total dendritic length, center of mass, orientation of dendritic tree, and several other parameters of dendritic organization and revealed statistically significant differences between cells in the lateral and posterolateral magnocellular and medial parvocellular areas of PVN. Electron microscopy, Golgi impregnation, and neurophysin immunohistochemistry showed that dendrites of posterolateral cells were generally oriented perpendicular to the third ventricle; dendrites of cells in the lateral PVN usually projected medially from the perikaryon. Cells in the medial zone of PVN had dendritic trees which often paralleled the third ventricle. Large numbers of axons entered and left PVN ventrally near the midline and laterally in the area of the posterolateral PVN; axons generally were oriented parallel to the mean major axis of dendritic trees in these areas. Ultrastructural examination of serial thin sections showed a peculiar astroglia multiple lamellar isolation of axodendritic synaptic contacts. Intrinsic axons commonly arose from parvocellular but not from magnocellular neurons and contacted dendrites of both medial parvocellular and more lateral magnocellular neurons. Synapses were found on shafts and spines of dendrites, on perikarya and somatic appendages, and invaginated into the soma. Both dendrites axons with large neurosecretory vesicles and immunostained with neurophysin antiserum were found postsynaptic to other axons. Presynaptic neurosecretory axons were not found within the PVN. A semiquantitative analysis of catecholamine axons identified with the glyoxylic acid method and fibers immunoreactive with ACTH and Substance P antisera indicated that the parvocellular region of PVN received ggreater innervation than the lateral magnocellular area; similarly, a reater density of stained fibers was found in the medial parvocellular PVN region with Golgi impregnations and silver stains. With a stereological analysis of 1-micrometer plastic sections, the parvocellular area had a significantly greater neuropil to cell volume ration, with cells accounting for 48 +/- 9% in the lateral magnocellular zone, but only for 26 +/- 7% in the parvocellular area. A quantitative analysis of vasculature from thin sections showed that the PVN had 3.3 times more blood vessels, and 3.6 times more lumen perimeter than a control area ventrolateral to PVN; an interesting finding here was that the medial parvocellular PVN had a high degree of vascularity, not significantly different from the lateral magnocellular zone...
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PMID:The magnocellular and parvocellular paraventricular nucleus of rat: intrinsic organization. 709 31

Histological, cytochemical and immunocytochemical methods were used in light and electron microscopical studies to demonstrate the presence of a neuroendocrine system in the gut of the urodele, Salamandra salamandra. Cytochemical stains capable of detecting peptide-producing endocrine cells demonstrate cells reacting with Masson's silver (argentaffin) method, Grimelius' argyrophil silver method, masked metachromasia method and the lead haematoxylin stain. Using antisera raised to a variety of mammalian gut peptides, cells containing bombesin-, gastrin-, somatostatin-, substance P- and glucagon-like immunoreactivity were indentified; vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and substance P-like immunoreactivities were found in nerve fibres in the submucous and myenteric plexus. No immunoreactivity was detected from motilin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, cholecystokinin or secretin. The ultrastructure of the immunoreactive cells and nerves was revealed by the semithin/thin method. All the cells indentified contained numerous electrondense secretory granules, which varied in their characteristic morphological structure from one cell type to another. The evidence collected in this study indicates that a complex neuroendocrine system regulating gut function is present in this amphibian and may have developed prior to the emergence of the phylum.
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PMID:Gut hormones in Salamandra salamandra. An immunocytochemical and electron microscopic investigation. 741 89

Substance P (SP) immunocytochemistry and receptor autoradiography were used to define the innervation of the equine synovial membrane of joints equivalent to the wrist and knuckle of man. SP-immunoreactive fibers were mainly concentrated around blood vessels in the subsynovial layer, although not exclusively, while in the more distal joint, SP fibers were more frequently seen in the synovial surface layer. Iodinated SP receptor autoradiography studies revealed silver grain concentrations in the advential layer of blood vessels associated with the vasa vasorum, on the vascular endothelium and in the synovial surface. These findings suggest that SP has various sites of action within the synovial membrane, each of which may contribute both a sensory function and a different component of the inflammatory process to the joint.
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PMID:Substance P innervation of equine synovial membranes: joint differences and neural and nonneural receptor localizations. 751 50

The ultrastructural distribution and subcellular localization of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunoreactivity and its possible colocalization with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and substance P in the muscularis externa in canine ileum and colon were studied by using polyclonal antisera raised against VIP, substance P, and cerebellar NOS. Immunogold staining, with or without silver enhancement, was carried out directly on ultrathin sections using single and two-faced double immunogold methods. NOS immunoreactivity was observed in nerve profiles in myenteric plexus and circular muscle layer. Immunoreactivity was occasionally detected in smooth muscle cells and interstitial cells of Cajal. The double immunostaining revealed NOS and VIP in the same nerve varicosities but never in the same organelles. NOS was localized in electron-dense material of undetermined nature, whereas VIP was associated with large granular vesicles. Substance P and NOS were never found in the same nerves. These results indicate that NOS is present in the enteric nerves containing VIP but in different organelles and that nitric oxide release probably does not occur by an exocytotic mechanism.
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PMID:Ultrastructural localization of nitric oxide synthase in canine small intestine and colon. 751 56


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