Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The sturgeons (order Acipenseriformes) are extant representatives of a group of ancient Actinopterygian (ray-finned) fish. Galanin and scyliorhinin I (a tachykinin with limited structural similarity to mammalian substance P) have been isolated from an extract of the gastrointestinal tract of a sturgeon (an F1 hybrid between the shovelnose sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus platorynchus, and the pallid sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus). The primary structure of sturgeon galanin (Gly-Trp-Thr-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ala-Gly-Tyr-Leu10-Leu-Gly-Pro-His-Ala-Val -As p-Gly-His-Arg20-Ser-Leu-Ser-Asp-Lys-His-Gly-Leu-Pro.NH2) contains only two amino acid substitutions (Ser23 --> Asn and Pro29 --> Ala) compared with galanin from the bowfin, Amia calva (Amiiformes), but five amino acid substitutions compared with galanin from the trout (Teleostei). Similarly, the sturgeon tachykinin (Ser-Lys-Tyr-His-Gln-Phe-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Met.NH2) contains only one amino acid substitution (Tyr3 --> Ser) compared with scyliorhinin I previously isolated from bowfin stomach but five amino acid substitutions compared with trout substance P. The data support the hypothesis that the Acipenseriformes and the basal Neopterygians (gars and bowfin) share a close phylogenetic relationship.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of galanin and scyliorhinin I from the hybrid sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus platorynchus x Scaphirhynchus albus (Acipenseriformes). 988 42

Substance P receptor (SPR), which plays a key role in pain transmission, is known to undergo rapid agonist-dependent desensitization and internalization. The present study shows that human SPR undergoes agonist-dependent phosphorylation in intact cells. Immunoprecipitation of SPR from 32Pi-labeled Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing human SPR (CHO-hSPR) indicates that substance P (SP) causes a rapid (T1/2 < 1 min), dose-dependent (EC50 = 2 nM), and pronounced (5-fold over basal) phosphorylation of SPR. Because SPR in CHO-hSPR couples to Galphaq, Galphas, and Galphao (), we examined the involvement of various second messenger-activated protein kinases in SPR phosphorylation. Although increases in intracellular cyclic AMP or treatment with the calcium ionophore A23187 do not cause SPR phosphorylation, treatment with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) causes a 2.5-fold increase in SPR phosphorylation with a T1/2 of <1 min. However, PKC inhibitor GF109203X has no effect on SP-dependent SPR phosphorylation. Furthermore, although SP treatment phosphorylates SPR on both serine and threonine residues equally, PMA treatment phosphorylates the receptor predominantly on serine residues. Two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping data indicate that SP-dependent and PMA-dependent phosphorylations of SPR have some unique differences. Taken together, these data suggest that although activation of PKC by PMA can lead to SPR phosphorylation, PKC does not mediate SP-dependent phosphorylation of SPR. In conclusion, the present study represents the first demonstration and characterization of agonist-dependent and PMA-mediated phosphorylation of SPR in intact cells.
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PMID:Characterization of differences between rapid agonist-dependent phosphorylation and phorbol ester-mediated phosphorylation of human substance P receptor in intact cells. 1022 May 64

A peptide with substance P-like immunoreactivity was isolated from extracts of the brains of the pallid sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus and the North American paddlefish, Polyodon spathula. The primary structure of the peptide (Lys-Pro-Lys-Pro-His-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met.NH(2)) is the same in both species and contains 2 amino acid substitutions (Arg(1) --> Lys and Gln(5) --> His) compared with human substance P and 1 substitution (Arg(3) --> Lys) compared with substance P from the trout (Teleostei). Scyliorhinin I, a tachykinin previously isolated from an extract of sturgeon intestine, was not detected in either brain extract. A peptide with neurokinin A-like immunoreactivity (Ser-Ser-Ala-Asn-Arg-Gln-Ile-Thr-Gly-Lys(10)Arg-Gln-Lys-Ile-Asn-Ser-P he-Val-Gly-Leu(20)Met.NH(2)) was isolated from sturgeon brain and contains 10 amino acid substitutions compared with human neuropeptide gamma (a specific product of the posttranslational processing of gamma-preprotachykinin A) but only 4 substitutions compared with trout neuropeptide gamma. It was not possible to obtain the paddlefish neurokinin A-related peptide in pure form. The structural similarity between the sturgeon and the trout tachykinins supports the hypothesis that the Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefish) represent the sister group of the Neopterygii (gars, bowfin, and teleosts).
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PMID:Tachykinins (substance P and neuropeptide gamma) from the brains of the pallid sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus and the paddlefish, Polyodon spathula (Acipenseriformes). 1052 58

The covalent attachment site of a substance P (SP) analogue containing the photoreactive amino acid p-benzoyl-l-phenylalanine (Bpa) in position 8 of the C-terminal portion of the peptide was identified previously as Met-181 on the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor. In this study, a second photoreactive SP analogue, Bpa(4)-SP, in which the Bpa residue is located in the N-terminal portion of the peptide, was used to define further the peptide-receptor interface. The NK-1 receptor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells was specifically and efficiently photolabeled with a radioiodinated derivative of Bpa(4)-SP. Fragmentation analysis of the photolabeled receptor restricted the site of photoincorporation of Bpa(4)-SP to an amino acid within the sequence Thr-173 to Arg-177 located on the N-terminal side of the E2 loop. To identify the specific amino acid in this sequence that serves as the covalent attachment site for Bpa(4)-SP, a small photolabeled receptor fragment was generated by chemical cleavage with cyanogen bromide. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometric analysis of the purified fragment identified a single protonated molecular ion with a molecular mass of 1801.3 +/- 1.8, indicating that upon irradiation, the bound photoligand covalently attaches to the terminal methyl group of a methionine residue. This result, taken together with the results of the peptide mapping studies, establishes that the site of Bpa(4)-SP covalent attachment to the NK-1 receptor is Met-174.
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PMID:Further definition of the substance P (SP)/neurokinin-1 receptor complex. MET-174 is the site of photoinsertion p-benzoylphenylalanine4 SP. 1111 40

An understanding of the mechanisms that regulate signaling by the substance P (SP) or neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1-R) is of interest because of their role in inflammation and pain. By using activators and inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) and NK1-R mutations of potential PKC phosphorylation sites, we determined the role of PKC in desensitization of responses to SP. Activation of PKC abolished SP-induced Ca(2+) mobilization in cells that express wild-type NK1-R. This did not occur in cells expressing a COOH-terminally truncated NK1-R (NK1-Rdelta324), which may correspond to a naturally occurring variant, or a point mutant lacking eight potential PKC phosphorylation sites within the COOH tail (NK1-R Ser-338, Thr-339, Ser-352, Ser-387, Ser-388, Ser-390, Ser-392, Ser-394/Ala, NK1-RKC4). Compared with wild-type NK1-R, the t(1/2) of SP-induced Ca(2+) mobilization was seven- and twofold greater in cells expressing NK1-Rdelta324 and NK1-RKC4, respectively. In cells expressing wild-type NK1-R, inhibition of PKC caused a 35% increase in the t(1/2) of SP-induced Ca(2+) mobilization. Neither inhibition of PKC nor receptor mutation affected desensitization of Ca(2+) mobilization to repeated challenge with SP or SP-induced endocytosis of the NK1-R. Thus PKC regulates SP-induced Ca(2+) mobilization by full-length NK1-R and does not regulate a naturally occurring truncated variant. PKC does not mediate desensitization to repeated stimulation or endocytosis of the NK1-R.
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PMID:Protein kinase C-mediated desensitization of the neurokinin 1 receptor. 1128 22

Protein kinase C (PKC) delta becomes tyrosine phosphorylated in rat parotid acinar cells exposed to muscarinic and substance P receptor agonists, which initiate fluid secretion in this salivary cell. Here we examine the signaling components of PKCdelta tyrosine phosphorylation and effects of phosphorylation on PKCdelta activity. Carbachol- and substance P-promoted increases in PKCdelta tyrosine phosphorylation were blocked by inhibiting phospholipase C (PLC) but not by blocking intracellular Ca2+ concentration elevation, suggesting that diacylglycerol, rather than D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production, positively modulated this phosphorylation. Stimuli-dependent increases in PKCdelta activity in parotid and PC-12 cells were blocked in vivo by inhibitors of Src tyrosine kinases. Dephosphorylation of tyrosine residues by PTP1B, a protein tyrosine phosphatase, reduced the enhanced PKCdelta activity. Lipid cofactors modified the tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent PKCdelta activation. Two PKCdelta regulatory sites (Thr-505 and Ser-662) were constitutively phosphorylated in unstimulated parotid cells, and these phosphorylations were not altered by stimuli that increased PKCdelta tyrosine phosphorylation. These results demonstrate that PKCdelta activity is positively modulated by tyrosine phosphorylation in parotid and PC-12 cells and suggest that PLC-dependent effects of secretagogues on salivary cells involve Src-related kinases.
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PMID:Modulation of PKCdelta tyrosine phosphorylation and activity in salivary and PC-12 cells by Src kinases. 1135 Jul 45

The putative anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activity of the heptapeptide somatostatin analogue TT-232 ( D-Phe-Cys-Tyr- D-Thr-Lys-Cys-Thr-NH(2)) was investigated in the rat and mouse, as well as its effect on neuropathic hyperalgesia, gastric ulceration and the release of sensory neuropeptides. In the rat, carrageenin-induced paw oedema was inhibited dose dependently by TT-232 (3x2.5-20 microg/kg i.v.). Evans blue accumulation induced by intraarticular bradykinin injection (0.5 nmol in 0.1 ml) was slightly, but significantly inhibited by a single TT-232 dose (5-20 microg/kg). Cutaneous neutrophil accumulation over a 3-h period after intradermal (i.d.) injection of carrageenin (1 mg/site) or interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta, 3 pmol/site) was inhibited significantly by TT-232 (3x80 microg/kg i.v.), while diclofenac (3x10 mg/kg i.v.) elicited significant inhibition only in the IL-1beta test. In the mouse, TT-232 potently decreased oedema formation induced by 2.5% capsaicin applied topically to the ear. Mechano-nociception in the rat hind-paw during neuropathic pain induced by partial sciatic nerve injury (model of Seltzer) was measured using the Randall-Selitto test. TT-232 (5-20 microg/kg i.p. on the 7th day after the operation) dose-dependently inhibited the mechano-nociceptive hyperalgesia. In vitro release of substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and somatostatin from the isolated rat trachea in response to electrical field stimulation (40 V, 0.1 ms, 10 Hz, 120 s) of its nervous elements was inhibited significantly by 500 nM TT-232. The role of G protein-coupled receptors in the effect of TT-232 was indicated by the prevention of its inhibitory action on the release of sensory neuropeptides by incubation the tissue for 1 or 6 h with pertussis toxin (100 ng/ml). The release of sensory neuropeptides to in response to electrical nerve stimulation was not inhibited by a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein (50 microM). TT-232 (up to 5 mg/kg i.p.) did not induce mucosal lesions in either the stomach or the duodenum. These data suggest that TT-232, a somatostatin analogue devoid of endocrine effects, is a promising lead molecule in the search for novel, broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents.
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PMID:Pharmacological characterisation of the somatostatin analogue TT-232: effects on neurogenic and non-neurogenic inflammation and neuropathic hyperalgesia. 1212 1

By combining real time measurements of agonist binding, by fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and of subsequent responses, we proposed previously that the neurokinin NK2 receptor preexists in equilibrium between three states: inactive, calcium-triggering, and cAMP-producing. Thr(24) and Phe(26) of the NK2 receptor extracellular domain are considered to interact with neuropeptide agonists based on the reduction of affinity when they are substituted by alanine. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer, we now quantify the binding kinetics of two Texas Red-modified neurokinin A agonists to the fluorescent wild-type (Y-NK2wt) and the mutant (Y-NK2mut) receptor carrying Thr(24) --> Ala and Phe(26) --> Ala mutations. TR1-neurokinin A binds with a fast component and a slow component to the Y-NK2wt receptor and triggers both a calcium and a cAMP response. In contrast, on the mutant receptor, it binds in a single fast step with a lower apparent affinity and activates only the calcium response. Another agonist, TRC4-neurokinin A, binds to both wild-type and mutant receptors in a single fast step, with similar affinities and kinetics and promotes only calcium signaling. Kinetic modeling of ligand binding and receptor interconversions is carried out to analyze phenotypic changes in terms of binding alterations or changes in the transitions between conformational states. We show that the binding and response properties of the Y-NK2mut receptor are best described according to a phenotype where a reduction of the transition between the inactive and the active states occurs.
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PMID:Mutations in the extracellular amino-terminal domain of the NK2 neurokinin receptor abolish cAMP signaling but preserve intracellular calcium responses. 1218 75

In this report, we demonstrated that peripheral application of very low dose (amol ranges) of morphine induced flexor response through a substance P (SP) release at the nociceptor endings in mice. The intraplantar (i.pl.) application of morphine produced flexor response in a dose-dependent manner from 0.1 to 1000amol. The mu-opioid receptor (MOP-R) agonist [D-Ala(2),N-Me-Phe(4),Gly(5)-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) also produced dose-dependent flexor response in same dose ranges. Morphine-induced flexor responses were markedly inhibited by naloxone and D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr amide (CTOP) both MOP-R antagonists and by intrathecal injection of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) for MOP-R which is expected to reduce the receptor expression in sensory nerve endings. Prior incubation with capsaicin, a depletor of SP from polymodal C fibers and [(+)-(2S,3S)-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine] (CP-99994), a tachykinin 1 receptor antagonist, also blocked the morphine-induced flexor responses. Moreover, pertussis toxin (PTX) which inactivates G(alpha)(i/o); [(1-[6-([(17b)-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl]amino)hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione)] (U-73122), an inhibitor of phospholipase C (PLC); ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), a Ca(2+) chelating agent; xestospongin C, a membrane-permeable inositol trisphosphate (InsP(3)) receptor antagonist inhibited the morphine-flexor responses. However, thapsigargin, a depletor of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration and diphenhydramine, a histamine (His) H1 receptor antagonist, were unable to block the morphine-induced flexor responses. These results suggest that extremely low doses of morphine can stimulate sensory nerve endings through activation of peripheral MOP-R and its downstream mechanisms include activation of PLC through a SP release from polymodal C fibers.
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PMID:Stimulation of peripheral nociceptor endings by low dose morphine and its signaling mechanism. 1221 27

Two peptides with limited structural similarity to mammalian substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA) have been isolated from extracts of the intestine of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The primary structure of an SP-like peptide was established as: Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Asp-Gln-Phe-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Met.NH(2), which is identical to the previously characterized peptide, bufokinin isolated from the toad Bufo marinus. The primary structure of an NKA-related peptide was established as Thr-Leu-Thr-Thr-Gly-Lys-Asp-Phe-Val-Gly-Leu-Met.NH(2). Only the five amino acids at the C-terminal region of the peptide are identical to mammalian NKA whereas the N-terminal region shows no structural similarity to previously characterized tachykinins. Immunohistochemical investigations of the gut wall revealed a dense network of nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies containing SP/NKA-like substances. The myotropic effects of the Xenopus tachykinins were compared with the contractile effect of mammalian SP and NKA on isolated strips of circular smooth muscle from Xenopus stomach. No significant differences in potencies (-log EC(50)) or in intrinsic activities were observed between the Xenopus and mammalian peptides. The potencies for the Xenopus SP-like (8.49+/-0.15) and the NKA-like peptide (8.12+/-0.06) were similar suggesting that the amino acid sequence at the N-terminal region of the tachykinins is not important in activating the tachykinin receptors in Xenopus gastric smooth muscle. The maximum response to Xenopus SP (alpha=0.59+/-0.06) was significantly lower than to the NKA-like peptide (alpha=1.0) suggesting a more effective interaction of the NKA-like peptide with the tachykinin receptor(s) in Xenopus stomach.
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PMID:The primary structures and myotropic activities of two tachykinins isolated from the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. 1222 Jul 34


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