Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The synthesis of six hexapeptide analogues of C-terminal Substance P fragment containing alpha, beta-dehydrophenylalanine (delta Phe) in the position 7 or 8 is described. The effect of the structural changes on the hypotensive activity and antigenic properties of analogues was compared. It was found that substitution of delta Phe in various analogues of C-terminal hexapeptide of Substance P resulted in different effects on the hypotensive activity. The analogues [Glp6, delta Phe7]SP6-11 and [Glp6, delta Phe8]SP6-11 retained 70% and 45% of hypotensive activity of the C-terminal hexapeptide of Substance P, respectively but they showed a completely destroyed antigenic determinant. The analogues containing additionally Sar or His in the position 9 showed a complete lack of both: hypotensive activity and expression of the antigenic determinant of Substance P.
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PMID:Synthesis and biological activity of substance P C-terminal hexapeptide analogues: structure-activity studies. 243 86

Neurons containing enkephalin, substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), galanin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) or gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) are known to occur in the human intestinal tract. The knowledge of the ontogeny of these neurones is, however, limited. Intestinal specimens from 24 human foetuses with gestational ages varying between 8 and 40 weeks were examined by immunocytochemistry. No peptide-containing neurones could be detected before the 14th week of gestation after which a rapid development was seen. Generally, peptide immunoreactivity was first noted in the myenteric ganglia and somewhat later in the other layers of the intestinal wall. There was no major difference between the peptides studied or between different parts of the intestinal tract with respect to time of appearance.
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PMID:Ontogeny of peptide-containing neurons in human gut--an immunocytochemical study. 244 78

The quantitative distribution and localisation of seven regulatory peptides (vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine methionine (PHM), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), galanin, substance P, neuropeptide tyrosine (Y), and bombesin like peptides) were determined by radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry in six different regions of the respiratory tract of the cynomolgus monkey, Macaca fascicularis. In general, peptide concentrations were higher in the airways than in lung tissue itself. VIP and PHM were found in greatest abundance and in equimolar concentrations. Concentrations of substance P, neuropeptide Y, and bombesin were substantially lower. Immunocytochemistry localised all the peptides to nerve fibres, whose density generally paralleled the tissue concentrations by radioimmunoassay except in the case of bombesin, which was not detected. VIP, PHM, and galanin were mostly associated with glands of trachea and bronchus and with blood vessels and smooth muscle; CGRP and substance P were found principally beneath airway epithelium and around smooth muscle fibres and blood vessels; neuropeptide Y was found around blood vessels and seromucous glands only. The pattern of peptide distribution in the Macaca fascicularis respiratory tract is similar to that previously reported in human postmortem material, suggesting that the cynomolgus monkey may be a useful model for examining the pathophysiological role of peptides in human respiratory disease.
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PMID:Regulatory peptides in the respiratory tract of Macaca fascicularis. 244 94

Nerve fibers containing neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine, substance P/neurokinin A (NKA), calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP), and galanin are numerous in the respiratory tract. The fibers derive from several different ganglia such as the superior cervical and stellate ganglia, the jugular-nodose ganglionic complex, small ganglia along the vagus nerve, local ganglionic formations in the tracheal wall, and dorsal root ganglia at the cervical and thoracic level. The fibers surround vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle and seromucous glands and can be seen beneath the surface epithelium. In addition, nerve fibers containing substance P/NKA and CGRP penetrate into the surface epithelium. In some instances, neuropeptides are colocalized with "classic" neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and acetylcholine; in other cases, several peptides coexist. Many of the neuropeptides affect blood flow, smooth muscle tone, and/or seromucous secretion. Some of them may take part in reflex-mediated responses. However, the lack of specific antagonists makes it difficult to define their functional role in the respiratory tract.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in the airways: a review. 244 38

Several neuropeptides have now been localized to nerves in human airways and have marked effects on airway smooth muscle tone, bronchial blood flow, microvascular leakage, and airway secretions. There is mounting evidence that they may act as neurotransmitters of nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nerves and may be co-transmitters of classic autonomic nerves. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and the related peptide histidine methionine are potent relaxants of human airways in vitro, yet their effects in vivo are disappointing because of problems in delivery. Sensory neuropeptides such as substance P, neurokinins A and B, and calcitonin gene-related peptide may be involved in neurogenic inflammatory reactions in asthma. Although there have been no clinical benefits from these discoveries, in the future the development of agents that interfere with or mimic neuropeptide effects may offer novel therapeutic approaches to airway diseases such as asthma.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in human airways: function and clinical implications. 244 45

To investigate the reported association between idiopathic chronic constipation and morphologic abnormalities of enteric nerves, we measured the concentrations of six neuropeptides, vasoactive intestinal peptide, peptide histidine-methionine, substance P, methionine5-enkephalin, neuropeptide Y, and the bombesinlike intestinal peptides, in descending colon from 4 patients with idiopathic chronic constipation. Decreased concentrations of vasoactive intestinal peptide (707 +/- 112 ng/g wet tissue) and peptide histidine-methionine (543 +/- 58 ng/g) were found in the muscularis externa obtained from constipated patients compared with normal concentrations (40 patients) of vasoactive intestinal peptide (1199 +/- 47 ng/g) and peptide histidine-methionine (815 +/- 45 ng/g). Vasoactive intestinal peptide was identified by immunocytochemistry in nerve fibers within the circular smooth muscle layer of descending colon obtained from 6 control patients, but not in nerve fibers within the circular smooth muscle of descending colon obtained from 3 patients with idiopathic chronic constipation. By contrast, the distribution of immunoreactive met5-enkephalin was similar in normal descending colon and in descending colon obtained from patients with idiopathic chronic constipation. Decreased colonic concentrations of vasoactive intestinal peptide (a candidate nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory neurotransmitter) may be associated with diminution of inhibitory innervation of colonic circular smooth muscle in some patients with idiopathic chronic constipation.
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PMID:Idiopathic chronic constipation is associated with decreased colonic vasoactive intestinal peptide. 244 45

Using antisera specific for NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal regions of substance P and for the COOH-terminal region of neurokinin A, peptides with tachykinin-like immunoreactivity were isolated from extracts of chicken small intestine. The peptide Arg-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 differs from human substance P by substitution of the lysyl residue by an arginyl residue at position 3. Synthetic [Arg3]substance P showed identical chromatographic and immunochemical properties to chicken substance P and was equipotent with substance P in contracting the guinea pig ileum. A second peptide His-Lys-Thr-Asp-Ser-Phe-Val-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 isolated from the extracts is identical to human neurokinin A. A third peptide was immunoreactive towards the COOH-terminally directed anti-serum to substance P only but was not characterized structurally in this study.
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PMID:[Arg3]substance P and neurokinin A from chicken small intestine. 245 61

The distribution of peptide-immunoreactive neurons in the human retina was investigated. Neurons displaying immunoreactivity towards substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and peptide histidine-isoleucine (PHI) were found in amacrine cells with cell bodies situated in the innermost part of the inner nuclear layer and nerve fibers ramifying in the inner plexiform layer in a manner differing according to the peptide investigated. Two other cell types were found. In the middle of the inner plexiform layer cell bodies showing immunoreactivity towards substance P, VIP and PHI were found. In the ganglion cell layer there were cell bodies showing immunoreactivity towards substance P, somatostatin, VIP and NPY. Substance P immunoreactive, somatostatin and NPY immunoreactive fibers situated at the border between the inner nuclear and outer plexiform layers and traversing the inner nuclear layer were also found.
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PMID:Peptide immunoreactive neurons in the human retina. 245 1

A computer-assisted method is introduced for the morphometric analysis of immunoreactive markers of the innervation of the heart, such as synaptophysin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), neurotensin (NT), substance P (SP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Video images of stained sections were digitalized and the area density (AD) of the immunoreactive structures was measured by discrimination for grey levels within the myocardium of the right atrium, the perivascular region of epicardial arteries, and the trunk of the bundle of His. Synaptophysin immunoreactivity (IR), which served as a marker for presynaptic vesicles, indicated a dense innervation of the conductive system (AD 1.5241). Marked differences in the pattern of distribution were found between the neuropeptides. The AD of NPY-IR (0.5073) and SP-IR (0.1352) was highest in the perivascular tissue, while NT-IR (0.1628) and CGRP-IR (0.5161) exhibited maximal values in the bundle of His. The computer-assisted morphometric measurement of the AD of immunoreactive markers is suggested to be a suitable method for quantitative studies of the innervation of the heart under normal and experimental conditions.
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PMID:Computer-assisted morphometric study of the innervation of the guinea pig heart. 245 12

Levels of substance P (sP), peptide-histidine-isoleucine (PHI), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), cholecystokinin (CCK), neurotensin (NT), bombesin (BOM) and methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk) like immunoreactivity were measured in cat, dog, primate and sloth cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral dorsal and ventral horns and dorsal root ganglia. The levels of peptides in the cat sacral cord and the principal peaks of immunoreactivity on a 10-60% acetonitrile gradient on a C18 reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were sP (sP1-11: 369 ng/g), PHI (PHI: 271 ng/g), VIP (VIP1-28: 210 ng/g), Met-Enk (Met1-5 and extended forms: 257 ng/g), BOM (BOM1-10 and GRP1-27: 20 ng/g), CCK (CCK-8: 15 ng/g) and NT (NT1-13: 10 ng/g). Consideration of the rostrocaudal levels revealed an approximately even distribution with the exception of VIP and PHI which showed sacral/cervical ratios of 79 and 63. For sP, Met-Enk and BOM dorsal/ventral ratios were greater than 1 at all spinal levels. For VIP, PHI and CCK these ratios were greater than 1 only in the sacral cord. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) levels of sP, VIP, PHI were readily measurable in single ganglia and covaried with the respective levels in the dorsal cord. Pooled samples of spinal ganglia and the trigeminal ganglia revealed that the relative levels of peptide immunoreactivity were: sP (25 ng/g); VIP (26 ng/g); PHI (28 ng/g); Met-Enk (6 ng/g); CCK (2 ng/g); NT (1 ng/g); and BOM (1 ng/g).
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PMID:Survey of distribution of substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, Met-enkephalin, bombesin and PHI in the spinal cord of cat, dog, sloth and monkey. 245 58


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