Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The magnocellular and paravocellular regions of the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) were examined in several hundred brains. Converging qualitative and quantitative anatomical methods, including Golgi impregnations, Nissl stains, silver stains, and immunocytochemistry were used to study the intrinsic organization of the PVN with light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. A computer-assisted quantitative analysis of dendritic branching patterns was used to examine total dendritic length, center of mass, orientation of dendritic tree, and several other parameters of dendritic organization and revealed statistically significant differences between cells in the lateral and posterolateral magnocellular and medial parvocellular areas of PVN. Electron microscopy, Golgi impregnation, and neurophysin immunohistochemistry showed that dendrites of posterolateral cells were generally oriented perpendicular to the third ventricle; dendrites of cells in the lateral PVN usually projected medially from the perikaryon. Cells in the medial zone of PVN had dendritic trees which often paralleled the third ventricle. Large numbers of axons entered and left PVN ventrally near the midline and laterally in the area of the posterolateral PVN; axons generally were oriented parallel to the mean major axis of dendritic trees in these areas. Ultrastructural examination of serial thin sections showed a peculiar astroglia multiple lamellar isolation of axodendritic synaptic contacts. Intrinsic axons commonly arose from parvocellular but not from magnocellular neurons and contacted dendrites of both medial parvocellular and more lateral magnocellular neurons. Synapses were found on shafts and spines of dendrites, on perikarya and somatic appendages, and invaginated into the soma. Both dendrites axons with large neurosecretory vesicles and immunostained with neurophysin antiserum were found postsynaptic to other axons. Presynaptic neurosecretory axons were not found within the PVN. A semiquantitative analysis of catecholamine axons identified with the glyoxylic acid method and fibers immunoreactive with ACTH and Substance P antisera indicated that the parvocellular region of PVN received ggreater innervation than the lateral magnocellular area; similarly, a reater density of stained fibers was found in the medial parvocellular PVN region with Golgi impregnations and silver stains. With a stereological analysis of 1-micrometer plastic sections, the parvocellular area had a significantly greater neuropil to cell volume ration, with cells accounting for 48 +/- 9% in the lateral magnocellular zone, but only for 26 +/- 7% in the parvocellular area. A quantitative analysis of vasculature from thin sections showed that the PVN had 3.3 times more blood vessels, and 3.6 times more lumen perimeter than a control area ventrolateral to PVN; an interesting finding here was that the medial parvocellular PVN had a high degree of vascularity, not significantly different from the lateral magnocellular zone...
 ...
PMID:The magnocellular and parvocellular paraventricular nucleus of rat: intrinsic organization. 709 31

An autopsied patient with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and ectopic ACTH syndrome is reported. A microadenoma of pancreatic islet coexisted in this case, which is assumed to be of D cell origin. Immunohistochemical study revealed decreased number of pituitary ACTH cells. Some of them showed Crooke's degeneration. Hormone assay study of tumor tissue and plasma disclosed abnormal ACTH, beta-MSH as well as calcitonin. Somatostatin and Substance P were also demonstrated in tissue. Histologically the tumor showed solid alveolar pattern with a minor part consisting of small cell variant and this histologic variation is discussed.
 ...
PMID:Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with ectopic ACTH syndrome. 713 94

Selective catheterization of hepatic, intestinal and adrenal veins with blood sampling for serotonin and catecholamine determination was evaluated regarding its use in the diagnosis, location and characterization of carcinoids and pheochromocytomas. Catheterization of intestinal veins via the transhepatic route and of the adrenal veins via the femoral and caval veins was performed in 49 patients without major complications. High pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection was used to quantitate norepinephrine and epinephrine in plasma and serotonin in plasma and whole blood. Serotonin in plasma was also determined by an enzymatic procedure. In 30 patients with suspected or verified carcinoid tumors concentration of serotonin in tumor-draining veins was clearly elevated in all patients but one. In this patient, who previously had been treated with temporary liver dearterialization, the serotonin concentration in the hepatic vein was within the normal range in spite of the existence of liver metastases. Hyperserotoninemia was registered in one patient without detectable carcinoid tumor cells. In three patients determination of norepinephrine and epinephrine in adrenal venous blood diagnosed a hyperplasia and tumors in the adrenal medulla. In these cases angiography and computed tomography were negative. Microscopic analyses revealed serotonin in all carcinoids and substance P-like immunoreactivity in a large percentage of these tumors. PP-like and glucagon-like immunoreactivity were observed in two endocrine pancreatic tumors. In normal adrenal medulla and in adrenal medullary tumor tissue catecholamine fluorescence and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity were demonstrated. In the two pheochromocytomas ACTH-like, somatostatin-like and calcitonin-like immunoreactivities were identified. The technique with determinations of plasma serotonin and catecholamines in combination with selective catheterization is a useful investigation for the diagnosis, location and follow-up of patients with carcinoids and pheochromocytomas.
 ...
PMID:Localization of carcinoids and pheochromocytomas with vein catheterization and amine determination. 717 48

We have investigated the effects of a chronic inflammatory stress on substance P (SP) levels in the hypothalami of rats given adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA). Fourteen days after injection of Mycobacterium butyricum, substance P concentrations in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and median eminence/arcuate nucleus were significantly increased. In AA rats injected intraperitoneally with the specific neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist RP67580, plasma ACTH and corticosterone concentrations were significantly elevated, and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA in the PVN was increased compared to the AA group which received saline alone. The increases in hypothalamic SP in AA, together with the data demonstrating that HPA axis activity is enhanced in AA following injection of a SP antagonist, are consistent with the hypothesis that SP is acting as an inhibitor of CRH expression in this model of chronic inflammatory stress.
 ...
PMID:Endogenous substance P inhibits the expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone during a chronic inflammatory stress. 747 53

In order to test possible changes in the stimulating effect of intravenously-infused substance P (SP) on ACTH/cortisol and GH secretion in Parkinson's disease, 10 male parkinsonian patients and 10 age-matched normal controls were infused intravenously for 60 min with SP (1.0 or 1.5 pmol/kg-1/min-1 SP) or normal saline. The circulating levels of ACTH, cortisol and GH were measured during and for 20 min after SP or saline infusion. No untoward side effects or changes in blood pressure were observed during SP infusion in any subjects. In basal conditions and during saline infusion, plasma ACTH and cortisol levels were similar in normal and parkinsonian patients. During SP infusions, ACTH/cortisol concentrations in normal controls rose significantly vs baseline and saline test in a dose-dependent fashion. In contrast, at both SP infused amounts, parkinsonian patients showed ACTH/cortisol levels similar to those observed in the saline test. All subjects showed similar basal concentrations of GH. GH levels rose significantly in the normal controls when the higher dose of SP was infused, but they were not modified by the infusion of the lower dose of SP or saline. At both tested amounts of SP and during saline infusion, GH levels remained unchanged in the parkinsonian subjects. In agreement with previous observations in the literature showing SP abnormalities in the parkinsonian brain, these data fail to show significant effects of plasma SP on the ACTH/cortisol and GH secretory systems in Parkinson's disease.
 ...
PMID:Lack of ACTH/cortisol and GH responses to intravenously-infused substance P in Parkinson's disease. 750 7

Substance P (SP) which is synthesized and secreted by anterior pituitary cells has been suggested to alter pituitary functions as a local modulator. We determined which cell type(s) of rat anterior pituitary gland secretes SP. A new technique, named the sandwich cell immunoblot assay (CIBA), was developed to identify two protein substances that are secreted simultaneously from the same cells. Monodispersed anterior pituitary cells were sandwiched with pairs of transfer membranes and incubated to absorb secretory substances on the membranes. Small reference points for identifying the location of cell blots were simultaneously put on the pairs of transfer membranes after the incubation. The validity of the sandwich CIBA was revealed by the following: (1) cell blots were detected at the same locations on the pairs of transfer membranes that were immunostained with the same antisera against the anterior pituitary hormones, and (2) the areas of these cell blots detected at the same locations on different membranes correlated well. When one of the pair of transfer membranes was immunostained for SP and the remaining immunostained for one of the anterior pituitary hormones, it was found that 78 and 27% of SP-immunoreactive cell blots showed also GH and TSH immunoreactivity, respectively. None of the SP-immunoreactive cell blots showed immunoreactivity for PRL, ACTH, LH or FSH. These results suggest that the sandwich CIBA is useful to identify two substances cosecreted from a cell and that a subpopulation of rat somatotropes or thyrotropes cosecretes SP.
 ...
PMID:Somatotropes and thyrotropes in the rat anterior pituitary gland cosecrete substance P: analysis by the sandwich cell immunoblot assay. 753 88

Neuropeptide K (NPK), a member of the kassinin-like tachykinin family, is contained in the rat hypothalamus and is known to stimulate pituitary ACTH release. The intraperitoneal bolus administration of NPK dose-dependently enhanced corticosterone blood level not only in intact rats, but also in hypophysectomized/ACTH replaced animals. NPK did not affect corticosterone secretion of dispersed rat adrenocortical cells; however, it concentration-dependently raised basal corticosterone production by decapsulated adrenal quarters (including both cortical and medullary tissues). Minimal and maximal effective concentrations were 10(-9) and 10(-8) M, respectively. 10(-8) M NPK potentiated corticosterone response of adrenal quarters elicited by 10(-12) M ACTH, but not that evoked by higher concentrations of ACTH. The direct corticosterone secretagogue effect of 10(-8) M NPK is annulled by 10(-6) M alpha-helical-CRH or corticotropin-inhibiting peptide, competitive inhibitors of CRH and ACTH, respectively. In light of these findings, the hypothesis is advanced that NPK exerts a direct stimulatory action on adrenocortical secretion and that the mechanism underlying this effect of NPK may involve the activation of the intra-medullary CRH/ACTH system.
 ...
PMID:Neuropeptide K enhances glucocorticoid release by acting directly on the rat adrenal gland: the possible involvement of zona medullaris. 783 90

Studies on neuroendocrine hormone receptor have been hampered by low numbers and concentrations of receptors found within and outside the neuroendocrine system. The complementary peptide approach is particularly useful for dealing with this problem and has been used to characterize lymphoid receptors for arginine vasopressin (AVP), corticotropin (ACTH), substance P, and opioid peptides. A nonapeptide derived by reading of the complementary DNA strand of the bovine AVP gene in the 3' to 5' direction specifically blocks the AVP helper signal for interferon-gamma production by mouse T lymphocytes. Antibodies to 3'-5' AVP-binding peptide bound to cells, and the binding was inhibited by excess AVP. Thus, binding of anti-3'-5'AVP-binding peptide antibodies to the AVP receptor was specific. The complementary peptide approach has also been used to produce antibodies specific for the ACTH receptor complex. Complementary peptides to ACTH derived by reading in either the 5' to 3' or 3' to 5' direction were able to bind to ACTH. Monospecific antibodies to the ACTH (1-24) complementary peptide caused an ACTH-like steroidogenic response of cultured mouse adrenal cells, presumably by binding to the ACTH receptor, and binding was specifically inhibited by ACTH. The ACTH receptor complex from solubilized adrenal cells was shown to consist of four subunits with M(r) 83,000, 64,000, 52,000, and 22,000. The 83,000 and 52,000 M(r) subunits are disulfide linked and noncovalently associated with the other subunits, with binding of labeled ACTH localized to the 83,000 M(r) subunit. Similarly, a complementary peptide was shown to bind directly to substance P in a saturable and dose-dependent manner.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Complementary peptides as probes to explore neuropeptide receptors on lymphocytes. 787 40

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid peptide with a wide range of biological activities. Recent data suggest that functional VIP receptors are expressed on various tumor cells. Somatostatin (SST) and its long-acting analogue octreotide (OCT) are potent inhibitors of tumor cell growth and secretion. In the present study, the interactions between VIP and SST/OCT on primary tumors (insulinomas, n = 3; VIPomas, n = 2; intestinal adenocarcinomas, n = 5; neuroblastomas, n = 5; papillary thyroid cancers, n = 7; carcinoids, n = 5; ductal breast cancers, n = 8; small cell lung cancers, n = 3; ACTH-producing hypophyseal adenomas, n = 5; pheochromocytomas, n = 5) as well as on tumor cell lines (A431, HT29, PANC1, COLO320, HMC1, and KU812 cells) were analyzed by use of 123I-labeled VIP and 123I-labeled Tyr-3-OCT. Cross-competition between VIP and SST/OCT for binding to tumor cells was observed. The rank-order of potency for displacement of 123I-labeled VIP binding to intact A431 cells was VIP [concentration causing half-maximal inhibition (IC50) = 2.9 +/- 1.9 (SD) nM] > OCT (IC50 = 9.3 +/- 1.7 nM) = SST > substance P = secretin (IC50 = 1 microM). Binding of 123I-labeled Tyr-3-OCT to A431 cells, in turn, was inhibited by OCT = Tyr-3-OCT (IC50 = 1.5 +/- 0.3 nM) = SST > VIP (IC50 = 4.9 +/- 1.1 nM). This rank-order of potency was also obtained for primary tumors and tumor cell lines. Furthermore, SST and OCT inhibited VIP-induced [3H]thymidine incorporation, cyclic AMP formation, and tyrosine kinase activity with IC50 values < 10 nM. Together, these data provide evidence for functional interactions between SST and VIP on various tumor cells. These interactions may involve peptide cross-competition at cellular binding sites and may have implications for the biology and pathophysiology of respective cells and disease states.
 ...
PMID:Cross-competition between vasoactive intestinal peptide and somatostatin for binding to tumor cell membrane receptors. 790 85

Two opioid neuropeptides, methionine enkephalin (ME) and beta-endorphin (BE), and one tachykinin neuropeptide, substance P (SP), were quantified in 10 prolactin (PRL)-secreting human pituitary adenomas and in 10 control human pituitaries. Immunohistochemical techniques provided appropriate staining for PRL. Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used to purify these three neuropeptides before their analysis, radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used for the quantification of SP-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI), and liquid secondary-ion mass spectrometry (LSIMS) was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of ME and a tryptic peptide of BE. This study shows that, for 90% of the cases studied here (excluding one hypothyroidism case), the tachykinin A neuropeptide SP-LI level is decreased, the POMC peptide BE level is not altered, and the proenkephalin A neuropeptide ME level is increased in these PRL-secreting tumors.
 ...
PMID:Opioid and tachykinin neuropeptides in prolactin-secreting human pituitary adenomas. 853 94


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>