Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of single and repeated electroconvulsive treatments (ECTs) on brain regional distribution of substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), neurotensin (NT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and galanin (GAL) were studied in the rat. Rats were divided into four groups receiving one of the following treatments: one ECT, one sham ECT, six ECTs, or six sham ECTs. After sacrifice by focused microwave irradiation, brains were dissected into frontal cortex, striatum, occipital cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and pituitary sections. Peptides were extracted by boiling the tissues in 1 mol/l acetic acid and measured in extract aliquots by specific radioimmunoassays. Marked regional differences (P = .0005) were found for each of the peptides measured. The highest concentrations of SP and NKA were found in the hypothalamus and, in descending order, in striatum, pituitary, frontal cortex, occipital cortex, and hippocampus. For NT, the highest level was found in the hypothalamus and, in descending order, in pituitary, striatum, hippocampus, frontal cortex, and occipital cortex. The highest VIP concentrations were measured in frontal and occipital cortex, followed by pituitary, hypothalamus, striatum, and hippocampus. The highest NPY and GAL concentrations were found in the hypothalamus and the pituitary; in frontal and occipital cortex, as well as in the striatum and hippocampus, the peptides levels were rather evenly distributed. Repeated handling (stress?) decreased both NT and GAL in frontal (P = .05 and .04) and occipital cortex (P = .09 and .07). ECT, one or six treatments, had no effect on SP, NKA, NT, VIP, or GAL concentrations in different brain regions. However, an increase in NPY concentrations in hippocampus (six sham ECTs vs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effect of repeated electroconvulsive treatment on regional concentrations of tachykinins, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y, and galanin in rat brain. 248 Apr 56

The regional distribution of various forms of tachykinin-like immunoreactivity (TKLI) was studied in rat brain using radioimmunoassay. TKLI was measured with two different tachykinin-antisera (K12 and E7), which react with neurokinin A (NKA) and neurokinin B (NKB) but not with substance P (SP) and with a specific SP-antiserum. TKLI-K12 and TKLI-E7 were found to have similar regional distributions which were, however, significantly different from that of the substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI). Thus, the ratio of the tissue concentrations of TKLI-K12 or TKLI-E7 to that of SPLI was higher in frontal cortex and hippocampus and lower in pons/medulla oblongata than in the other regions studied. Cation-exchange chromatography of neutral water extracts of brain tissue revealed two major immunoreactive components of TKLI-K12 and TKLI-E7, one of which co-eluted with synthetic NKB while the other appeared in the same region as synthetic NKA. The relative quantities of these components varied depending on the brain region studied. No TKLI-K12 or TKLI-E7 co-eluted with synthetic SP. Almost all of the SPLI in acetic acid or water extracts of brain tissue eluted as a single chromatographic component in the same position as synthetic SP. Potassium-stimulated in vivo release of TKLI-K12, TKLI-E7 and SPLI in striatum of rat brain could be demonstrated using intracerebral dialysis. The present results imply that tachykinins, which may serve as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators, are present in different proportions in different regions of rat brain.
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PMID:Regional distribution and in vivo release of tachykinin-like immunoreactivities in rat brain: evidence for regional differences in relative proportions of tachykinins. 258 Dec 87

The enteric nervous system is a major division of the autonomic nervous system and is responsible for the regulation of gastrointestinal function. The objective of the present study was to develop a simple and effective technique for isolating and culturing neurons of the enteric nervous system that would permit characterization of their development and regulatory peptide content. This was accomplished using a dispersed intestinal cell preparation cultured under conditions designed to support the growth and differentiation of neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Newborn hamster intestine was digested in 0.1% collagenase, mechanically dispersed, and cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 2.5% serum and other additives. Phase and bright-field microscopy demonstrated neuronal cells and fibers after the second day in culture. This was confirmed by immunohistochemistry using antibodies directed against neurofilament and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Acetic acid extracts of the culture indicated that during the first 4 days of the culture the content of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide increased, whereas the content of substance P, mammalian bombesin, and neurotensin declined. High-performance liquid chromatography and fast protein liquid chromatography confirmed that the immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide coeluted with synthetic and iodinated forms of the peptide. This study describes a technique for primary culture of intestinal tissue that supports the survival of enteric neurons and permits analysis of the development and synthetic and secretory characteristics of the enteric nervous system.
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PMID:Primary culture of the enteric nervous system from neonatal hamster intestine. Selection of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing neurons. 341 Feb 13

The gastric autonomic innervation of the dogfish was examined for regulatory peptides and serotonin by immunochemical techniques. Bouin's-fixed, paraffin-embedded or benzoquinone-fixed frozen sections were used for light microscopical immunocytochemistry and glutaraldehyde-fixed resin-embedded sections for electron microscopical immunocytochemistry. Bombesin-, somatostatin-, gastrin/cholecystokinin-, substance P-, peptide histidine isoleucine-, vasoactive intestinal peptide- and serotonin-immunoreactive nerves were found in all layers of the stomach wall. Bombesin and vasoactive intestinal peptide-containing nerves were identified at ultrastructural level. Radioimmunoassay of acetic acid extracts of tissue confirmed the presence of immunoreactivity for bombesin, somatostatin, substance P, peptide histidine isoleucine and vasoactive intestinal peptide. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography indicated that the peptides identified were broadly similar to their mammalian counterparts.
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PMID:Neuropeptides and 5-HT immunoreactivity in the gastric nerves of the dogfish (Scyliorhinus stellaris). 391 13

1. An enzyme which can be extracted from brain inactivates nerveside in the optimum pH range 5.8-7.0.2. The polybasic acids trypan blue and its analogue trypan red, bromphenol blue and its analogue bromthymol blue at concentrations of 0.22 mM and ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) at a concentration of 1 mM are strong inhibitors of the enzyme.3. Penicillin which is a monobasic carboxylic acid also inhibits the enzyme but only if concentrations as high as 3.6 mM are used. The antibiotic streptomycin which is a basic substance does not inhibit the enzyme.4. Caffeine at a concentration of 7.2 mM only weakly inhibits the enzyme.5. Chymotrypsin and wheat germ acid phosphatase also inactivate nerveside at pH 5.9 and are inhibited by the acidic dyes and penicillin. EDTA inhibits wheat germ phosphatase but activates chymotrypsin.6. Inactivation of nerveside by the brain enzyme and by wheat germ phosphatase is different from the action of chymotrypsin. Nerveside solutions incubated with chymotrypsin completely lose all biological activity whereas if incubation is carried out with either the brain enzyme or wheat germ acid phosphatase a residual biological activity remains even when the concentration of these two enzymes is increased. This residual biological activity is due to a peptide as it is destroyed by chymotrypsin.7. The manner in which nerveside is inactivated by the brain enzyme is uncertain as the preparation of the latter contained phosphodiesterase and protease activities which were similarly inhibited by the acid dyes, penicillin and EDTA.8. Pentylenetetrazole, picrotoxin, strychnine and tetanus toxin do not inhibit the brain enzyme.9. The nerveside-inactivating enzyme is not identical with the Substance P-inactivating enzyme in brain as the former is inhibited by EDTA while the latter is not.
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PMID:The inhibitory effect of convulsant agents on the enzyme in brain which inactivates nerveside. 439 Mar 85

A radioassay for nonoxidized methionine in peptides is described; it has advantages over other methods currently used because of its simplicity, sensitivity, accuracy, and applicability to individual peptide components in mixtures and to many samples at a time. Methionyl residues were S-carboxymethylated with iodo[2-14C]acetic acid; iodo[2-3H]acetic acid did not provide a stable radioactive tracer. The labeled peptide was isolated by carboxymethylcellulose chromatography or by isoelectric focusing (IEF) or electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, and its radioactivity measured. The assay was applied to corticotropins, alpha-melanotropin, bombesin, glucagon, substance P, parathormone, and calcitonin. Twenty-four to thirty samples were conveniently analyzed at a time with a lower detection limit of less than 1 nmol of methionine per sample. The accuracy of the assay, assessed also by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, is a consequence of its precision, the specificity of the reaction with iodoacetic acid, and the use of an appropriate standard of the peptide being assayed. Methionine was identified, and could be estimated, in individual peptide components of a mixture by using IEF to separate simultaneously the labeled peptide from iodo[2-14C]acetic acid and from other peptide and protein components. This was facilitated by a convenient method for detecting and quantifying these peptides after IEF. The assay is particularly useful for several peptide hormones whose biological activity depends on their sole methionine residue being in a nonoxidized state. It can be used for monitoring their isolation or synthesis and their stability during processing and storage, as well as for evaluating differences in biological potency between preparations and analogues.
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PMID:A radioassay for nonoxidized methionine in peptides. A method for identifying (after isoelectric focusing) and for estimating biologically active forms of corticotropin and other hormones. 609 26

The role of various bioactive peptides in the control of secretion of hypothalamic somatostatin into the hypophysial portal blood was examined in anesthetized rats. Hypophysial portal blood was withdrawn at a rate of 5.0 microliter/min into a chilled tube through a cannula placed over the stump of the pituitary stalk and segmented every 20 min by air bubbles. Immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) in the plasma was extracted with acetic acid and acetone and quantified by RIA. Basal levels (mean +/- SE) of plasma IRS in the hypophysial portal blood were 646 +/- 36 and 317 +/- 44 pg/ml in urethane- and pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, respectively. Under urethane anesthesia, injection of synthetic neurotensin into the lateral ventricle at various doses in the range of 0.016--2 microgram/rat caused a significant and dose-related increase of plasma IRS levels in the hypophysial portal blood, and this effect of neurotensin was significantly (P less than 0.05) suppressed by pretreatment with diphenhydramine (1 mg/100 g BW, iv), a histamine receptor blocker. Enhancement of IRS release by neurotensin was also observed in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Intraventricular injection of substance P (10 microgram/rat), beta-endorphin (1 and 5 microgram/rat), or [Met5]enkephalin had no effect on the level of somatostatin in the hypophysial portal blood of urethane-anesthetized rats. These results suggest a release of hypothalamic somatostatin into the hypophysial portal blood in response to intraventricular administration of neurotensin, probably by a histaminergic mechanism.
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PMID:Effect of intraventricular injection of neurotensin and other various bioactive peptides on plasma immunoreactive somatostatin levels in rat hypophysial portal blood. 616 24

Neuropeptide contents of rat brain samples were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) after fractionation of tissue extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Solvent systems were composed of acetic acid, acetonitrile and short-chain (5--8 carbons) alkylsulfonic acids. Separate solvent systems were developed for thyrotropin-releasing hormone, substance P. arginine vasopressin and biologic analogs, and the enkephalins. All separation systems tested gave 80--90% recovery of picogram quantities of peptides. When lyophilized, the HPLC solvents did not interfere significantly with the RIAs, allowing quantitation of tissue concentrations of isolated neuropeptides using the lyophilized eluent from the HPLC. The combination of liquid chromatography with RIA should allow for very accurate identification and quantification of peptides in biologic samples containing large numbers of potentially cross-reacting species of molecules.
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PMID:Characterization of neuropeptides by reversed-phase, ion-pair liquid chromatography with post-column detection by radioimmunoassay. Application to thyrotropin-releasing hormone, substance P, and vasopressin. 616 86

The objective of our study was to determine whether the pure synthetic substance P(SP) is algesiogenic or analgesic when administered centrally or peripherally. The relationships between SP-induced analgesia and the content of morphine-like factor (MLF) in the brain were also studied. Intracarotid arterial administration of SP (20-200 microgram) produced no pseudoaffective responses to pain in six out of nine rats, but in the remaining three, there was an exhibition of these responses. Chlorpheniramine pretreatment antagonized these responses. On cantharidin blister base experiments in humans, SP (10(-3) g/ml) produced slight pain and an itchy sensation. SP given intracerebroventricularly produced an analgesia in mice in a dose of 5 ng/mouse, as determined by the acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate methods. These SP-induced analgesia were antagonized by naloxone pretreatment. SP did not alter the content of MLF in the mouse whole brain. However, SP5-11 not only produced an analgesia but also increased the content of MLF. These results suggest that SP has a slight algesiogenic activity which might be mediated by histamine and a slight analgesic activity which might be mediated by MLF.
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PMID:Algesiogenic and analgesic activities of synthetic substance P. 617 65

Incorporation of [35S]methionine into substance P in the striatum of the rat and the subsequent transport of the labelled peptide to the substantia nigra has been demonstrated in vivo. After a 4-h infusion of [35S]methionine into the corpus striatum and an additional interval of 4 h radiolabelled substance P was found in the striatum and the substantia nigra of the animals. The criteria for concluding that the labelled product was substance P were: (a) gel chromatography and subsequent ion exchange chromatography of an acetic acid extract of the infused striatum of the ipsilateral substantia nigra yielded a peak of radioactivity co-eluting with endogenous immunoreactive substance P or a sample of synthetic substance P; (b) the radioactive material from this peak also co-chromatographed with synthetic substance P on high-voltage paper electrophoresis or high-pressure liquid chromatography; and (c) bound specifically to the substance antibody. Intracisternal injection of colchicine (70 microgram, i.c.) completely suppressed the appearance of radiolabelled substance P immunoreactive material in the substantia nigra. The data indicate that synthesis of substance P occurs in nerve cell bodies located in the corpus striatum and that substance P is transported to the substantia nigra by a colchicine sensitive mechanism.
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PMID:In vivo synthesis of substance P in the corpus striatum of the rat and its transport to the substantia nigra. 617 79


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