Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present study was undertaken to quantify selected neuropeptides (thyrotropin releasing hormone, substance P, methionine and leucine enkephalin) in the cervical spinal cord and other regions of the central nervous system of Wobbler mice by radioimmunoassays during several stages of the motoneuron disease compared with age- and sex-matched normal phenotype littermates. In Wobbler spinal cord, thyrotropin releasing hormone is higher early in the disease, whereas in the brainstem it is higher at a later stage. Substance P in spinal cord is also higher late in the disease. Leucine enkephalin levels are greater at all stages in diseased spinal cord and brainstem, but methionine enkephalin increases only late in the disease. Highly significant increases of the peptides (except thyrotropin releasing hormone) appear in hypothalamus and midbrain only late in the motoneuron disease. Regression analyses show that thyrotropin releasing hormone in spinal cord and brainstem decreases normally with age in the control mice and at a faster rate related to the extent of motor impairment in Wobbler mice. Thyrotropin releasing hormone and methionine enkephalin in the Wobbler brainstem correlate (P less than 0.05) with the progress of the motoneuron disease. Methionine enkephalin increases faster in Wobbler brainstem and decreases faster in control spinal cord with age. The increase of leucine enkephalin in the Wobbler spinal cord correlates significantly with age and with the progress of the disease, but leucine enkephalin declines slightly with age in the controls. The changes of substance P in spinal cord and brainstem do not correlate significantly with the progress of the disease. In the hypothalamus, increasing values for substance P in control specimens and enkephalins in Wobbler specimens are significantly correlated with age. However, in the midbrain, higher methionine and leucine enkephalin levels are significantly associated with age only in the control mice. Alterations of neuropeptides in the Wobbler mouse spinal cord and brainstem may result from the degeneration of bulbospinal raphe neurons projecting to the ventral spinal cord, or from primary afferent or interneuronal nerve terminals. The data imply that the neuronal degeneration process in the Wobbler motoneuron disease is not limited to motoneurons. In the spinal cord, the data support our previous hypothesis that neuronal sprouting presynaptic to the motoneurons may account for increased neuropeptide concentrations. Alternatively, synthesis and/or degradation of these peptides may be altered. In addition, it is proposed that enkephalinergic neurons may develop abnormally in Wobbler mice. The early increase of leucine enkephalin in the Wobbler spinal cord possibly indicates its importance in the etiology of the motoneuron disease.
 ...
PMID:Alteration in the levels of thyrotropin releasing hormone, substance P and enkephalins in the spinal cord, brainstem, hypothalamus and midbrain of the Wobbler mouse at different stages of the motoneuron disease. 138 70

The hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tract is known to contain the classical neurohypophyseal hormones vasopressin and oxytocin. Additionally, dynorphin, methionine- and leucine-enkephalin, cholecystokinin (CCK), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and galanin are co-stored with vasopressin and/or oxytocin. Recent immunohistochemical studies have revealed the existence of a low to moderate number of substance P-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, neuropeptide Y (NPY)- and somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve fibers within the rat neurohypophysis. VIP-, substance P- and NPY-immunoreactive fibers were distributed throughout the organ, whereas somatostatin-immunoreactive fibers were present in the proximal part of the organ. The positive nerve endings were either large in size resembling classical nerve terminals related to perivascular spaces, or smaller similar to peptidergic fibers as described in the CNS. These results indicate that these neuropeptides may be either co-stored with the classical neurohypophyseal hormones or contained in another system of afferents to the organ. The probably distinct functional roles of these neuropeptides in the physiology of the neurohypophysis are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Non-vasopressinergic, non-oxytocinergic neuropeptides in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tract: experimental immunohistochemical studies. 138 83

These three neuropeptides were measured at daily baseline values by radioimmunoassay. Stimulated parotid saliva was collected from 31 subjects using a modified Carlson-Crittenden device affixed over Stenson's duct. Methionine enkephalin-like immunoreactivity ranged from 6.6 to 11.7 fmol/ml, with a mean of 9.3 fmol/ml. Substance P-like immunoreactivity ranged from 6.1 to 12.6 fmol/ml, with a mean of 9.3 fmol/ml. beta-Endorphin-like immunoreactivity ranged from 1.2 to 3.6 fmol/ml, with a mean of 2.6 fmol/ml. This is believed to be the first documentation of methionine enkephalin- and substance P-like activities in human parotid saliva and the first demonstration of beta-endorphin-like activity in any type of human saliva. Substance P-like activity was significantly higher in morning than evening samples; beta-endorphin-like activity also tended to be higher in the morning samples. Substance P and beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivities covaried in a significant positive manner, suggesting either common control mechanisms or similar responses to physiological variables.
 ...
PMID:Methionine enkephalin-like, substance P-like, and beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in human parotid saliva. 138 60

Immunohistochemical reactions for 12 putative neuromessengers combined with retrograde labeling of phrenic motoneurons identified seven neuromessengers (5-hydroxytryptamine, substance P, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, methionine enkephalin, cholecystokinin, galanin, neuropeptide Y) located within terminal varicosities in the phrenic nucleus. The degree of terminal labeling in the phrenic nucleus varied depending on the peptide. Substance P, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and methionine enkephalin were each tested for colocalization with 5-hydroxytryptamine within terminal varicosities in the phrenic nucleus, and the coincidence of double-labeling varied for each peptide. These results indicate that phrenic motoneurons are subject to modulation by many peptide neuromessengers that may alter their responsiveness to primary excitatory and inhibitory inputs.
 ...
PMID:Multiple putative neuromessenger inputs to the phrenic nucleus in rat. 138 55

1. In many species, both NK1 and NK2 tachykinin receptors appear to be important in mediating the contraction of airway smooth muscle. We have examined the distribution and characterization of receptors for tachykinins in rabbit airways using functional length tension studies, autoradiography and radioligand binding studies. 2. Contractile responses to tachykinins were elicited in four different areas of the respiratory tree--trachea, and three progressively more distal areas of the right bronchus. The NK2 receptor-preferring agonists, neurokinin A (NKA), neuropeptide gamma (NP gamma) and the NK2-selective [Lys5 MeLeu9, Nle10]-NKA(4-10) [NKA (4-10) analogue] produced similar contraction in all four areas. Substance P (SP) and the NK1-selective [Sar9,Met(O2)11]-SP (Sar-SP) exhibited a marked location-dependence in the magnitude of contraction, producing minimal contraction in the trachea and more proximal bronchi with contractions becoming progressively larger in the more distal airways. Senktide (which is selective for the NK3 receptor) produced negligible contraction in all areas. 3. The NK2-selective antagonist, MDL29,913, was a weak antagonist of NKA and NKA(4-10) analogue. At a concentration of 2 microM, it produced a small but significant shift in the response curve to NKA and a greater shift (8 fold) in the curve to NKA(4-10) analogue, but it had no effect on responses to Sar-SP. The non peptide NK1 receptor antagonist, CP-96,345, was also unexpectedly weak in this preparation. The pD2 value for Sar-SP was decreased 27 fold by CP-96,345 at a concentration of 1 microM, without alteration in the maximum response.4. Autoradiographic binding sites to ['251I]-NKA were sparse over smooth muscle in proximal airway preparations and markedly increased in density in the more distal airways. There was negligible binding over vascular smooth muscle and epithelium.5. Radioligand binding studies revealed binding to ['251I]-NKA which was 82% specific. The order of potency for inhibition of ['251I]-NKA binding was SP> = Sar-SP> NKA = NPy>CP-96,345> NKA(4-10) analogue >NKB>>>MEN 10207 (the NK2 subtype selective antagonist) >MDL 29,913> senktide. This profile indicates binding predominantly to NK, receptors.6. These results suggest that there are at least two types of tachykinin receptors in rabbit airways, a population of NK, receptors, the density of which is greatest in the periphery and, in addition, NK2 receptors which are uniformly distributed throughout the airways. These receptors have unusual characteristics in that the NK, antagonist, CP-96,345 and the NK2 antagonist, MDL 29,913 respectively exhibited only weak potency.
 ...
PMID:Tachykinin receptors in rabbit airways--characterization by functional, autoradiographic and binding studies. 138 14

Fetal rat spinal cord transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye of an adult rat was immunohistochemically stained using antisera to substance P (SP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), methionine-enkephalin (ENK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and distributional changes of peptide- and enzyme-containing neurons 1, 2 and 4 weeks after transplantation were investigated. To examine the effect of colchicine on immunoreactivity, unilateral eyes of these adult host rats received intraocular colchicine treatment. Without colchicine treatment, numerous SP- and CGRP-immunoreactive (IR) neurons were observed in the graft 1 week after transplantation, and their immunoreactivity gradually decreased up to 4 weeks after transplantation. NPY-, ENK-and VIP-IR neurons first appeared in the graft 2 weeks after transplantation. Four weeks after transplantation, the immunoreactivity of NPY and ENK decreased significantly, whereas VIP-IR neurons showed the same intensity as that observed at 2 weeks after transplantation. TH-IR neurons, on the other hand, were seen at every stage, but their immunoreactivity was constant all the time. After colchicine treatment, the number of SP-, NPY-, ENK- and CGRP-IR neurons appeared to increase, while that of VIP- and TH-IR neurons did not change significantly. The distribution patterns of the peptide- and enzyme-containing fibers differed from each other. In the analysis of serial sections stained with 5 peptides (SP, NPY, ENK, VIP, CGRP), fibers containing these peptides were found to be densely accumulated in specific areas of the transplanted spinal cord. The present findings demonstrated that most of the peptide- and enzyme-containing neuron systems in the transplanted spinal cord showed similar distribution patterns and development to those in the normal spinal cord, but that some displayed different distribution.
 ...
PMID:Development of peptide- and tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons in the fetal spinal cord transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye of adult rats. 138 13

Substance P and selective neurokinin receptor agonists have been tested for their ability to induce shape change in rabbit platelets. Substance P and the NK1 receptor agonist Ac [Arg6,Sar9,Met(O2)11]-substance P (6-11) induced shape change (EC50 = 3 and 6 nM, respectively), whereas the selective NK2 agonist [Nle10]-Neurokinin A (4-10) and the selective NK3 agonist [MePhe7]-Neurokinin B did not show any effect. Moreover, the specific NK1 receptor antagonist CP-96,345 selectively and dose-dependently counteracted the effect of substance P or of the NK1 receptor agonist (IC50 = 2 and 0.8 nM, respectively), whereas the selective NK2 receptor antagonist, SR 48968, had no effect. Unlike for serotonin or low doses of ADP, epinephrine did not allow substance P or the NK1 receptor agonist to become a proaggregating substance. These data therefore show that the NK1 receptor is solely involved in the neurokinin-induced shape change of rabbit platelets.
 ...
PMID:The NK1 receptor is involved in the neurokinin-induced shape change of rabbit platelets. 138 16

The mitogenic actions of epidermal growth factor (EGF) were examined in low-density, dissociated cultures of embryonic day 14 mouse striatal primordia, under serum-free defined conditions. EGF induced the proliferation of single progenitor cells that began to divide between 5 and 7 d in vitro, and after 13 d in vitro had formed a cluster of undifferentiated cells that expressed nestin, an intermediate filament present in neuroepithelial stem cells. In the continued presence of EGF, cells migrated from the proliferating core and differentiated into neurons and astrocytes. The actions of EGF were mimicked by the homolog transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), but not by NGF, basic fibroblast growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, or TGF beta. In EGF-generated cultures, cells with neuronal morphology contained immunoreactivity for GABA, substance P, and methionine-enkephalin, three neurotransmitters of the adult striatum. Amplification of embryonic day 14 striatal mRNA by using reverse transcription/PCR revealed mRNAs for EGF, TGF alpha, and the EGF receptor. These findings suggest that EGF and/or TGF alpha may act on a multipotent progenitor cell in the striatum to generate both neurons and astrocytes.
 ...
PMID:A multipotent EGF-responsive striatal embryonic progenitor cell produces neurons and astrocytes. 143 10

Carotid bodies from 15 human fetuses of gestational ages 13-19 weeks were examined by light and electron microscopy. They were also labeled with antisera to methionine- and leucine-enkephalins, substance P, and bombesin. At 13 weeks of gestation most fetal glomic cells formed a homogeneous population but a few could be distinguished by light microscopy as rounded, pale fetal chief cells or elongated, darker fetal sustentacular cells, a distinction that became more certain with increasing gestational age. Electron microscopy confirmed this distinction, in which fetal chief cells contained dense-core vesicles and were partially enfolded by cytoplasmic extensions of fetal sustentacular cells. Immunoreactivity to methionine- and leucine-enkephalins was found at all gestational ages and was confined largely to fetal chief cells. Immunoreactivity to substance P was less specific, and there was no reaction for bombesin. Thus, by as early as the 13th week of gestation the two principal types of cell of the mature human carotid body begin to become recognizable on paraffin-embedded sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Furthermore, fetal chief cells can synthesize the peptides found in the adult.
 ...
PMID:Glomic cells and their peptides in the carotid body of the human fetus. 144 90

Authors have often experienced that psychological stress influences rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition, recent reports show a modulatory role for neuropeptide such as substance P in arthritis. These findings prompted us to study endogenous opioid peptides in RA, which are found mainly in the brain and have an effect on the central nervous system. We examined methionine-enkephalin (Met-enk), leucine-enkephalin (Leu-enk) and beta-endorphin (beta-end) in opioid peptides. We measured these peptides in plasma and synovial fluid samples obtained from 28 knees of 24 RA patients and the quantity in the synovial tissue of 13 knees. We also measured plasma and synovial fluid samples from patients with osteoarthritis of the knee and plasma samples from healthy candidates. Leu-enk and beta-end levels in synovial fluid were significantly higher than plasma levels only in RA. Larger quantity of Leu-end and beta-end were contained apparently in the synovial tissue than Met-enk. The synovial tissue with proliferative change tends to contain larger quantity of opioid peptides. These results indicate that the synovial tissue produces or secretes Leu-enk and beta-end and that opioid peptides are related to the degree of inflammation in RA.
 ...
PMID:[A study of opioid peptides in synovial fluid and synovial tissue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. 152 70


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>