Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Immunocytochemical techniques locating neurotransmitter-synthsizing enzymes are currently being employed to determine the nature of transmitters associated with individual neurons. The use of peroxidase-anti-peroxidase Fab (PAP Fab) complex modified from Sternberger's PAP method, among several other immunocytochemical methods is recommended for the visualization of antigens in cerebral tissues. The enzyme fixed in nervous tissues is reacted with anti-enzyme produced in rabbits followed by incubation with goat-anti-rabbit serum. Subsequent application of PAP Fab complex prepared separately results in a formation of a complex composed of enzyme: anti-enzyme: goat-anti-rabbits: PAP-Fab. The enzymes can be visualized under light and electron microscope by the deposition produced by the action of peroxidase on 3,3'-diaminobenzidine. Thus, the antibody to glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that synthesizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was employed to identify GABAergic neurons in central nervous system of rodents. Specific staining for GAD was highly localized in close association with synaptic vesicles in certain axon terminals including basket, Golgi and the Purkinje cell terminals in the cerebellum. The distribution of GAD observed in immunocytochemical preparations was consistent with indirect biochemical, physiological and morphological data dealing with the synaptic role of GABA neurons in the cerebellum. The correlation of the immunocytochemical distribution of GABA neurons in the spinal cord, substantia nigra, olfactory bulb, retina and Ammon's horn with physiological and biochemical results can also been obtained. The method has been successfully employed to visualize dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and substance P. DBH, as an indicative enzyme for noradrenergic (NA) neurons, was highly localized in the neuronal soma of the locus coeruleus and in synaptic varicosities in the stria terminalis associated with synaptic vesicles. Association of substance P in probable primary afferent terminals with large vesicles also supports the synaptic function of the compound in the spinal cord.
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PMID:[Immunocytochemical technique--Application for identifying GABA neurons (author's transl)]. 35 33

The indirect immunoperoxidase (PAP) method was used on chicken lung specimens from embryos ranging in age from 6 days to hatching, chicks and adult chickens of up to 6 months. The ontogenesis and distribution of neurons and paraneurons containing immunoreactivities for serotonin (5HT), bombesin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP) and galanin were investigated. Serotonin-immunoreactive paraneurons were first detected in the pulmonary mesenchyma of 8-day-old embryos, while in the 12-day-old embryos the following neurons and paraneurons were first detected in their respective locations: serotonin-immunoreactive paraneurons in the bronchial epithelium; VIP- and galanin-immunoreactive ganglionic cells and SP-immunoreactive nerve fibres in the intrapulmonary ganglia. At hatching, serotonin-immunoreactive paraneurons in the epithelium of the air capillaries and air sacs, and bombesin-immunoreactive paraneurons in the epithelium of the primary bronchus, VIP-, galanin- and SP-immunoreactive nerve fibres in the lamina propria of the primary and secondary bronchi and in the pulmonary septa could also be shown. Some serotonin-immunoreactive small paraneurons were also found in the intrapulmonary ganglia. In the adult specimens, VIP-, galanin- and SP-immunoreactive nerve fibre networks were observed throughout the primary bronchus wall and in the lung septa. In intrapulmonary ganglia, VIP- and galanin-immunoreactive neurons and serotonin-immunoreactive small paraneurons could be more numerously demonstrated. Moreover, bombesin paraneurons occurred in the epithelium of primary and secondary bronchi, and serotonin-immunoreactive paraneurons were found in the epithelia of the bronchi and air sacs and in some pluricellular bodies in the lamina propria of the air sac ostia.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study on neurons and paraneurons of the pre- and post-natal chicken lung. 137 25

Substance P (SP)- and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-containing presynaptic boutons in the cervical ventral horn were studied in chicken, hamster, rat and monkey spinal cords, using PAP and protein A-gold double-labeling techniques in conjunction with monoclonal antibodies. In the chicken, the PAP method demonstrated that SP-immunoreactive boutons contained large spherical dense-cored vesicles (DCVs) whereas 5-HT-immunoreactive boutons displayed both elongated and spherical DCVs. Using the protein A-gold double-labeling technique, 10-nm gold particles for SP were localized over the spherical DCV-containing boutons whereas 15-nm gold particles for 5-HT were localized on elongated DCV-containing boutons. On the other hand, in the other species investigated, both SP- and 5-HT-immunoreactive boutons had similar morphological features as shown by the PAP method; both contained elongated and spherical DCVs. The two different sized gold particles, each of which labeled either 5-HT or SP, were found together over DCVs in a single bouton. These results indicate that 5-HT and SP are contained in different presynaptic boutons in the chicken, although in the hamster, rat and Japanese macaque, the two neurotransmitters/modulators coexist in the same DCVs in a single bouton. Species differences have thus been demonstrated for the coexistence of 5-HT and SP in the spinal ventral horn.
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PMID:Species differences in the coexistence of 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P in presynaptic boutons in the cervical ventral horn. 171 39

The vast majority of striatonigral projection neurons in pigeons contain substance P (SP), and the vast majority of SP-containing fibers terminating in the substantia nigra arise from neurons in the striatum. To help clarify the role of striatonigral projection neurons, we conducted electron microscopic single- and double-label immunohistochemical studies of SP+ terminals and/or dopaminergic neurons (labeled with either anti-dopamine, DA, or anti-tyrosine hydroxylase, TH) in pigeons to determine: (1) the synaptic organization of SP+ terminals, (2) the synaptic organization of TH+ perikarya and/or dendrites, and (3) the synaptic relationship between SP+ terminals and TH+ neurons in the substantia nigra. Tissue single-labeled for SP revealed numerous SP+ terminals contacting thin unlabeled dendrites in the substantia nigra, but few SP+ terminals were observed contacting perikarya or large-diameter dendrites. SP+ terminals contained round, densely packed, clear vesicles, and often contained one or more dense-core vesicles. Synaptic junctions between SP+ terminals and their targets were more often symmetric (86%) than asymmetric. In tissue single-labeled for DA, we observed few terminals contacting DA+ perikarya, whereas terminals contacting DA+ dendrites were more abundant. Terminals contacting DA+ structures comprised at least four different morphologically distinct types based on the morphology of the clear synaptic vesicles and the type of synaptic junction. One type of terminal contained round clear vesicles and made symmetric synapses, and thus resembled the predominant type of SP+ terminal. The second type contained round clear vesicles and made asymmetric synapses, the third type contained medium-size pleomorphic clear vesicles and made symmetric synapses, and the fourth type contained small pleomorphic clear vesicles and made symmetric synapses. The presence of contacts between SP+ terminals and dopaminergic dendrites in the substantia nigra was directly demonstrated in tissue double-labeled for SP (by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase procedure, or PAP, with diaminobenzidine) and TH (by either the silver-intensified immunogold procedure or the PAP procedure with benzidine dihydrochloride). SP+ terminals commonly contacted thin TH+ dendrites in the substantia nigra, but few SP+ terminals contacted large-diameter TH+ dendrites or perikarya. Synapses between SP+ terminals and TH+ neurons were always symmetric. TH+ dendrites also were contacted by terminals not labeled for SP, which were more abundant than were SP+ terminals. Non-TH+ neurons were also contacted by both SP+ terminals and non-SP+ terminals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Ultrastructural single- and double-label immunohistochemical studies of substance P-containing terminals and dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in pigeons. 171 17

The localization of substance P (SP), enkephalin (ENK) and serotonin (5-HT) in the retinae of 12 human embryos/fetuses ranging in age from 6-30 weeks was determined immunohistochemically using the PAP method. At the 6 week stage [crown rump length (CRL) unknown due to incomplete specimen], the developing retina consisted of a single undifferentiated cell mass from which immunoreactive cells were absent. By 90 mm CRL (10th week of gestation), the retina was composed of an outer neuroblastic layer, an inner plexiform layer and an innermost layer of ganglion cells. At this stage, SP, ENK and 5-HT positive cells were detected solely in the outer neuroblastic layer. By 140 mm CRL (17 weeks), the retina consisted of cell layers similar in number and type to those of the adult retina. In specimens 140-216 mm CRL (gestation ages 17-24 weeks), SP, ENK and 5-HT neurons were present in the outer nuclear, inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers. In addition, 5-HT positive neurons and fibers were evident in the outer plexiform layer. By 285-295 mm CRL (26-30 weeks), neurons in the ganglion cell layer and the fovea were also SP and ENK positive. In earlier specimens, the cell bodies alone were immunopositive and not until 142 mm CRL (17 weeks) were positive processes observed. Finally, the presence of SP, ENK and 5-HT immunopositive structures occurred in a sequence from outer to inner layers of the developing human retina.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of substance P, enkephalin and serotonin in the developing human retina. 172 85

The distribution of the Substance P (SP) immunoreactive nerve fibres in the canine larynx and laryngeal nerves was studied by PAP immunohistochemistry. Many individual SP immunoreactive nerve fibres with varicosities were observed within the epithelial layer and in the connective tissue below the epithelium of the laryngeal mucosa. Small numbers of SP immunoreactive nerve fibres were also found in the submucosal gland region and some of them appeared to terminate in glandular cells. These findings are consistent with the view that SP might be involved in the laryngeal sensory innervation system and the laryngeal glandular secretion. No SP immunoreactive nerve fibres were found in any intrinsic laryngeal muscles. The recurrent laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal nerve contained SP immunoreactive nerve fibres and were considered to lie in the pathway of the SP nerve fibres to the larynx.
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PMID:Substance P nerve fibres in the canine larynx by PAP immunohistochemistry. 241 Nov

The peptidergic innervation of the human and guinea pig uterus was studied using immunohistochemical methods. Antibodies against several peptides were applied for the PAP-technique to stain peptidergic nerves specifically. These are located in the adventitia of large uterine vessels in the myometrium and smaller vessels of the myometrium and endometrium. A differential distribution of the individual peptides was observed for VIP-IR (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity), NPY-IR (neuropeptide Y), SP-IR (substance P), SOM-IR (somatostatin) and NT-IR (neurotensin) nerve fibers. Specific functional implications for these neuropeptides can be derived from their histochemical location.
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PMID:Peptidergic innervation of the human and guinea pig uterus. 242 49

The neuropeptides Substance P, beta-Endorphin, Prolactin, Cholecystokinin, and Glucagon were investigated by means of Sternbergers PAP technique in the neuroepithelium of the Maculae utriculi and sacculi of the labyrinth of newborn guinea pigs. This brief report will show the localization of some neuropeptides in the neuroepithelium of the Maculae utriculi and sacculi. We could not find information about similar studies on this topic in the literature. In connection with investigations of the sensory apparatus of the inner ear we have recently presented neuropeptides evidence for the presence of certain peptides in the Ggl. spirale and the hair cells of the organ of Corti. With this paper we continue to report on neuropeptides in the labyrinth of the juvenile guinea pig as revealed by immunohistochemistry (Nowak et al., in press).
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PMID:Neuropeptides in macula utriculi and macula sacculi of guinea pig labyrinth. An immunohistochemical study. 242 38

Nerve fibers and their axon terminals with substance P (SP)-like and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity in the nucleus tractus solitarii were ultrastructurally characterized by a combination of immunofluorescent double staining and the PAP method. The axon terminals formed asymmetrical synaptic contacts with other non-reactive neuronal elements (perikarya, dendritic shafts and dendritic spines). Some terminals received synaptic inputs from non-reactive axon terminals. This suggests that some, if not all, afferents containing SP and CGRP are affected presynaptically by other afferents.
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PMID:Ultrastructural observation of nerve fibers containing both substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the nucleus tractus solitarii of the rat: a combination of immunofluorescence and PAP methods. 242 60

Substance P (SP) immunoreactive nerve endings in the laryngeal mucosa were studied by PAP immunohistochemistry with light and electron microscopy. SP immunoreactive sensory endings were observed in the epithelium as intra-epithelial free nerve endings and taste bud-like structures. A small number of autonomic SP immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed running parallel to arterioles which were over 30 micron in diameter and terminated in glandular cells. Contrary to findings by silver impregnation, intraepithelial free nerve endings were more frequently observed on the lower surface of the vocal cord. The taste bud-like structures were classified into two different types: simple terminations and reticular terminations, according to the mode of the SP immunoreactive nerve fiber. Immature or degenerated taste bud-like structures in the larynx were assumed to be mechanical receptors because these receptors lacked outer taste pores and taste hairs.
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PMID:Substance P immunoreactive nerve fibers of the canine laryngeal mucosa. 244 39


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