Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Galanin affects gastrointestinal functions by activating different G protein-coupled receptors. Here, we identified the sites of expression of the galanin receptor 1 (GAL-R1) subtype in the rat stomach and small intestine by using immunohistochemistry with an antibody raised to the third intracellular loop of rat GAL-R1 (GAL-R1(Y225-238)) and confocal microscopy. Antibody specificity was confirmed by (1) the detection of a band at approximately 70 kDa in Western blot of membranes from GAL-R1 transfected cells, (2) the cell surface staining of GAL-R1 transfected cells, which was not detected in control cells, and (3) the abolition of Western signal and tissue immunostaining by preadsorbing the antibody with the peptide used for immunization. GAL-R1 immunoreactivity was localized to the cell surface of enterochromaffin-like cells, and of myenteric and submucous neurons, and to fibers distributed to the plexuses, interconnecting strands, muscle layers, vasculature, and mucosa. A dense network of GAL-R1 immunoreactivity was observed in the deep muscular plexus in very close association with interstitial cells of Cajal visualized by c-kit immunostaining. In the ileum, 81.6% of GAL-R1 myenteric neurons and 70.7% of GAL-R1 submucosal neurons were substance P immunoreactive. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity was found in 48.3% of GAL-R1 submucosal neurons, but not in GAL-R1 myenteric neurons. These findings support the hypothesis that GAL-R1 mediates galanin actions on gastrointestinal motility and secretion by modulating the release of other neurotransmitters and contributes to galanin-induced inhibition of gastric acid secretion by means of the suppression of endogenous histamine release.
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PMID:Distribution of galanin receptor 1 immunoreactivity in the rat stomach and small intestine. 1220 57

We report upon the distribution of galanin-immunoreactive (GAL-IR) cells in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of the rat, and upon the distribution of GAL-IR cells, which also contain calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, substance P (SP)- and somatostatin (SOM)-immunoreactivity. Neuropeptide-immunoreactive lumbar DRG cells were 55.8% for CGRP, 12.7% for SP, and 6.5% for GAL in lumbar DRG cells. There was no significant difference between the right and left DRGs (L1-L6) for any neuropeptide-immunoreactive cell (P < 0.01). In terms of size distribution, CGRP-immunoreactive cells were identified below 1500 microm2, and SP-, and GAL-IR cells below 600 microm2. Neuropeptide immunoreactive cells showed various immunoreactivities in the cytoplasm according to each neuropeptide. CGRP and SP immunoreactive cells were colocalized with GAL immunoreactive cells in the serial sections about 83.3 and 60% respectively, but SOM colocalizing with GAL-IR cells were not in evidence. The current results confirm and extend previous results, and show that neuropeptides can coexist in single sensory neurones of the rat DRG. In addition, our results demonstrate that the normal distribution of some neurotransmitters modulating sensory action in Wistar Kyoto rat, make this model more prone to develop neuropathic pain than Sprague-Dawley rat.
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PMID:Galanin-immunoreactive cells and their relation to calcitonin gene-related peptide-, substance P- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells in rat lumbar dorsal root ganglia. 1279 33

Galanin exerts tonic inhibition of nociceptive input to the central nervous system. Recently, this peptide was demonstrated in several neuronal and non-neuronal structures in bones and joints. In this study, the time of appearance and topographic localization of galanin-containing nerve fibres in bone were studied in rats from gestational day 16 (GD16) to postnatal day 21 (PD21). The tibia was chosen as a model of developing long bone and indirect immunofluorescence combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to identify galanin-immunoreactive (GAL-IR) nerve fibres. The earliest, sparse GAL-IR fibres were observed on GD21 in the perichondrium of both epiphyses and in the periosteum of the diaphysis. From PD1 onwards, GAL-IR fibres were also seen in the bone marrow cavity and in the region of the inter-condylar eminence of the knee joint. Intramedullary GAL-IR fibres in proximal and distal metaphyses appeared around PD1. Some of them accompanied blood vessels, although free fibres were also seen. GAL-IR fibres located in the cartilage canals of both epiphyses were observed from PD7, in the secondary ossification centres from PD10 and in the bone marrow of both epiphyses from PD14. The time course and localization of galanin-containing nerve fibres resemble the development of substance P- and CGRP-expressing nerve fibres, thus suggesting their sensory origin.
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PMID:Development of galanin-containing nerve fibres in rat tibia. 1900 57

Conantokin G (CTG), isolated from the venom of the marine cone snail Conus geographus, is an antagonist of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), the activation of which, especially those located on the central afferent terminals and dorsal horn neurons, leads to hypersensitivity and pain. Thus, CTG blocking of NMDARs, has an antinociceptive effect, particularly in the case of neurogenic pain treatment. As many urinary bladder disorders are caused by hyperactivity of sensory bladder innervation, it seems useful to estimate the influence of CTG on the plasticity of sensory neurons supplying the organ. Retrograde tracer Fast Blue (FB) was injected into the urinary bladder wall of six juvenile female pigs. Three weeks later, intramural bladder injections of CTG (120 microg per animal) were carried out in all animals. After a week, dorsal root ganglia of interest were harvested from all animals and neurochemical characterization of FB+ neurons was performed using a routine double-immunofluorescence labeling technique on 10-microm-thick cryostat sections. CTG injections led to a significant decrease in the number of FB+ neurons containing substance P (SP), pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), somatostatin (SOM), calbindin (CB) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) when compared with healthy animals (20% vs. 45%, 13% vs. 26%, 1.3% vs. 3%, 1.2 vs. 4% and 0.9% vs. 6% respectively) and to an increase in the number of cells immunolabelled for galanin (GAL, 39% vs. 6.5%). These data demonstrated that CTG changed the chemical coding of bladder sensory neurons, thus indicating that CTG could eventually be used in the therapy of selected neurogenic bladder illnesses.
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PMID:Conantokin G-induced changes in the chemical coding of dorsal root ganglion neurons supplying the porcine urinary bladder. 2270 64

Histological and histochemical investigations revealed that the pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG) in the chinchilla is a structure closely connected with the maxillary nerve. Macro-morphological observations disclosed two different forms of the ganglion: an elongated stripe representing single agglomeration of nerve cells, and a ganglionated plexus comprising smaller aggregations of neurocytes connected with nerve fibres. Immunohistochemistry revealed that nearly 80% of neuronal cell bodies in PPG stained for acetylcholine transferase (CHAT) but only about 50% contained immunoreactivity to vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VACHT). Many neurons (40%) were vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-positive. Double-staining demonstrated that approximately 20% of the VIP-immunoreactive neurons were VACHT-negative. Some neurons (10%) in PPG were simultaneously VACHT/nitric oxide synthase (NOS)- or Met-enkephaline (Met-ENK)/CHAT-positive, respectively. A small number of the perikarya stained for somatostatin (SOM) and solitary nerve cell bodies expressed Leu-ENK- and galanin-immunoreactivity. Interestingly about 5-8% of PPG neurons exhibited immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Intraganglionic nerve fibres containing immunoreactivity to VACHT-, VIP- and Met-ENK- were numerous, those stained for calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP)- and substance P (SP)- were scarce, and single nerve terminals were TH-, GAL-, VIP- and NOS-positive.
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PMID:Morphology and immunohistochemical characteristics of the pterygopalatine ganglion in the chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger, Molina). 2397 Dec 5


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