Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Immunocytochemical studies of the vestibular nuclei (VN) were done in the squirrel monkey and cat using polyclonal antisera. Brain stem sections were processed using the Avidin-Biotin peroxidase complex with diaminobenzidine as the chromagen. Choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity (ChAT-IR) was most prevalent in the caudal medial (MVN), inferior (IVN) and peripheral superior (SVN) VN. Nearly all cells of groups x and z were ChAT-positive. None of the giant cells of the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) was ChAT-IR. Glutamate immunoreactivity (GLU-IR) was abundant in all VN and in cells of the vestibular ganglion (VG). Gamma-aminobutyric acid immunoreactivity (GABA-IR), was found in cells of rostral MVN, cell group y and in granules about giant cells in dorsal LVN. Substance P immunoreactive (SP-IR) was present in a small cells in MVN, IVN and the VG and in granules surrounding all large cells in LVN in both monkey and cat; SP-IR granules were most intense in ventral LVN in the monkey. Some cells in the dorsal parts of the fastigial nucleus (FN) were outlined by SP-IR granules in both species. Leucine-enkephalin immunoreactivity (ENK-IR) was identified only in granules surrounding cells of group x in the monkey. GLU was the only immunoreactive substance found in the giant cells of LVN. The disposition of ChAT-IR in the VN suggested participation in commissural systems, as well as projections to spinal cord and/or cerebellum. Small GABA-IR neurons in MVN probably represented both commissural and projection neurons; GABA-IR granules about cells in dorsal LVN and some cells in MVN and SVN appeared to represent Purkinje cell (PC) terminals. SP-IR granules surrounding cells in ventral LVN appeared to represent terminals of small SP-positive VG cells. The source of SP-IR granules around cells in dorsal LVN and some cells in FN and SVN remains unknown, but these fibers may originate from portions of the reticular formation known to contain large numbers of SP-positive neurons.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical features of the vestibular nuclei in the monkey and cat. 170 74

The methods presented in this paper grew out of the current need for a more quantitative approach to immunocytochemistry. The problem was approached by exploiting the high affinity of biotin for avidin in the design of radioimmunocytochemical methods using [3H]biotin. [3H]Biotin and avidin D form a radioactive complex which can be linked onto a primary antibody by means of a biotinylated anti-rabbit IgG or biotinylated protein A link. With both approaches it was possible to localize a number of antigens such as somatostatin, substance P, avian pancreatic polypeptide, tyrosine hydroxylase, and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in various regions of the rat and human brain. By using tritium-sensitive film, large regions of the brain could be studied and analyzed semiquantitatively using computerized microdensitometry. The technique was also taken to the electron microscopic level, and in the case of substance P immunoreactivity within the rat substantia nigra silver grains were found to be highly localized over axons and axon terminals. It was also possible to demonstrate co-existence or lack of co-existence of a number of different antigens within neurones. The first primary antibody was localized with biotinylated protein A followed by avidin-peroxidase, while the second primary antibody was linked to the [3H]biotin again with biotinylated protein A. As an example of the potential of these methods for semiquantification, the distribution of substance P within postmortem human spinal cord was examined 24 months after amputation. A 49% loss of peptide was found in the corresponding dorsal horn. In summary these methods using [3H]biotin have proved successful in quantification, electron microscopy and double labelling studies.
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PMID:Radioimmunocytochemistry with [3H]biotin. 636 44

Nerve elements containing neuropeptides were observed by using different antisera and Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase technique and the distribution of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d), a marker for nitric oxide (NO) synthase were studied in the ampulla hepatopancreatica (sphincter of Oddi) in the cat. A large amount of NPY, VIP, Substance P, somatostatin immunoreactive nerve fibers were found in all layers. Some immunoreactive nerve cell bodies (NPY, VIP, SP), were also observed in the wall. The NADPH-d stained cell bodies could be distinguished according to their size and the number of processes into two neuronal subtypes: large neurons with many dendrites and smaller, round cells with one or two processes. 99% of the cell bodies showed pozitive reactions for NADPH-d. The nerve fibers with NADPH-d activity were found in all layers, chiefly in the muscle layers. According to the distribution of the nerve fibers and the relationship to the effector cells, it is suggested, that these neuropeptides might have an important role in the function, and the NO containing nerve fibers are responsible for the nonadrenergic and noncholinergic inhibitory function.
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PMID:[Distribution, structure and transmitter content of nerve elements affecting the function of Oddi's sphincter]. 753 14

Two neuromedin C (NC) analogues were constructed by Fmoc synthesis and in situ coupling of 4(5)-carboxyfluorescein or biotin to the N-terminus. Both displayed full agonism in an amylase release assay and cross-reacted fully with a NC-specific antiserum. Biotin NC functioned in a streptavidin-capture ELISA. Carboxyfluorescein NC was used to probe receptor localization in rat stomach. Specific NC binding sites, which did not interact with substance P, angiotensin I, or neurokinin A, were labeled in the antrum. Identity of NC binding sites was confirmed by microautoradiography. The specifically labeled cells were all found in the lamina propria and at least some of cells were identified as eosinophils.
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PMID:Carboxyfluorescein and biotin neuromedin C analogues: synthesis and applications. 754 Feb 92

With the use of different antisera and Avidin-Biotin-Peroxidase technique, several immunopositive nerve fibers were observed in the wall of the gallbladder of the cat. A large amount of neuropeptide Y, substance P, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive nerve fibers were found in all layers. The most numerous of neuropeptide was the neuropeptide Y. Some immunoreactive nerve cell bodies (neuropeptide Y, substance P, somatostatin) were also observed in the muscle layers. Only a few calcitonin gene-related peptide positive were found in the wall. Cholecystokinin immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed very rarely and were located only in the muscle layers. Enkephalin positive nerve fibers were not found. Under the electron-microscope these immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed in a very close situation to the epithelial lining, to the smooth muscle cells. There were some immunoreactive nerve fibers around the smooth muscle cells of the arterioles and arteries. The distribution and the situation on the effector cells it is supposed that these neuropeptides might have important role in the motility, in the changes of the absorption and secretion of the gallbladder.
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PMID:[Neuropeptide-containing nerve fibers in the gallbladder]. 767

An immunohistochemical study was carried out on specimens of testis, excurrent duct including the male accessory glands and urethra in its various tracts in the horse and the donkey, in order to localize nine regulatory peptides. Immunoreactivities were tested by means of Labelled Strept Avidin-Biotin (LSAB) method. The study has shown that Equine male genitalia are supplied by many peptide immunoreactive nerves containing NPY-, VIP-, leu- and met-Enkephalin-, Substance P-, CGRP- and Bombesin/GRP-like peptides, each of them having a characteristic distribution pattern. These neurotransmitters were localized in nerve fibers running in the connective tissue or in contact with the smooth muscle cells, as well as in sub- and intraepithelial nerve terminals, and in perivascular nerve fibers. In addition, leu- and met-Enkephalin-like-immunoreactive endocrine cells were shown in the bulbourethral gland of the horse. In both species it was evident that an extensive utilization of NPY and VIP exists. A contingent of NPY- and VIP-ir nerve fibers may have an intrinsic origin. The other regulatory peptides tested show a characteristic distribution pattern, limited to some organs and peculiar to each of the two species of Equidae. Differences observed comparing E. caballus and E. asinus might be related to the species-specific balance of the accessory neurotransmitters which in turn accompany adrenergic innervation. In both species it is noteworthy the complete absence of any regulatory peptide in the testis, with the exception of the perivascular localization of NPY-ir nerve fibers.
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PMID:Localization of regulatory peptides in the male urogenital apparatus of domestic equidae: a comparative immunohistochemical study in Equus caballus and Equus asinus. 915 Nov 18

Results from basic research implicate a role for bioactive peptides in controlling the mammalian lower urinary tract. Although various peptides are assumed to be involved in the potentiaton or inhibition of cholinergic or purinergic activity in the urinary bladder, there is still much controversy regarding the mode of action and functional significance of such peptides in detrusor smooth muscle. Thus, we evaluated the functional effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), endothelin 1 (ET-1), substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on isolated strip preparations of human detrusor smooth muscle and determined the presence of those peptides in the human detrusor by means of immunohistochemistry. The effects of peptides on isometric tension of isolated detrusor strip preparations and on tissue levels of cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP were compared to those of adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin (F), nitric oxide donor Na(+)-nitroprusside (SNP) and non-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor papaverine (P). The effects of the compounds on isometric tension of isolated human detrusor smooth muscle were examined using the organ bath technique. To determine time- and dose-dependent effects on cyclic nucleotide levels, bladder strips were exposed to increasing doses of F, SNP, P, ANP, CGRP and VIP, then rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen and homogenised in the frozen state. cAMP and cGMP were extracted and assayed using specific radioimmunoassays. The presence of peptides was investigated by light microscopy using the Avidin-Biotin-Complex (ABC) method. F, P and VIP most effectively reversed the carbachol-induced tension of isolated human detrusor strips. Relaxing effects of ANP, CGRP and SNP were negligible. In contrast, ET-1 and SP elicited dose-dependent contractions of the tissue. The relaxing effects of F, P and VIP were accompanied by an increase in cAMP and cGMP levels, respectively. Light microscopy revealed positive immunostaining for CGRP, ET 1, VIP and SP in sections of the detrusor muscle coat. Our results suggest a possible importance of ET 1, SP and VIP in regulating detrusor smooth muscle contraction and relaxation. Even if a peptide is not synthesised, stored or released in a smooth muscle tissue and is, therefore, unable to reach its target cells under physiologic conditions, a functional effect on the tissue might be mediated by peptide-binding to specific cell surface receptors.
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PMID:Possible role of bioactive peptides in the regulation of human detrusor smooth muscle - functional effects in vitro and immunohistochemical presence. 1221 55