Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) were studied in rat striatum. Using freeze-clamp, microwave, and water-suppressed proton chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging techniques, MPP+ resulted in marked increases in lactate and a depletion of ATP for up to 48 h after the injections. MPP+ produced dose-dependent depletions of dopamine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and substance P that were partially blocked at 1 week by prior decortication or completely blocked by MK-801 at 24 h. The lesions showed relative sparing of somatostatin-neuropeptide Y neurons, consistent with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) excitotoxicity. MPP+ produces impairment of oxidative phosphorylation in vivo, which may result in membrane depolarization with persistent activation of NMDA receptors and excitotoxic neuronal degeneration. An impairment of energy metabolism may therefore underlie slow excitotoxic neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases.
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PMID:1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium produces excitotoxic lesions in rat striatum as a result of impairment of oxidative metabolism. 156 Feb 46

The vascular smooth muscle contractile response to neuropeptide Y (NPY), potassium, noradrenaline, histamine and serotonin was studied in circular segments of isolated vessels in vitro from rabbits with alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus. The injection of alloxan resulted in a marked and maintained increase in serum glucose as early as 1 week after treatment. Four vessel types were examined: abdominal aorta, and renal, left anterior descending coronary and middle cerebral arteries. There was no difference in the contractile response to histamine or serotonin between control and diabetic vessels. However, in the cerebral artery the contractile response to noradrenaline was reduced in the diabetic group, while in the aorta and the renal artery no significant differences were seen. Noradrenaline failed to evoke any contractile response in the coronary arteries in either group. NPY induced strong, concentration-dependent contractions of coronary and cerebral arteries, but did not have any contractile effect per se in aorta or renal arteries, either in control or in alloxan-treated rabbits. The maximal contractile effect and the sensitivity to NPY was significantly less in diabetic coronary and cerebral vessels as compared to control. There was no difference in dilator effect of acetylcholine and substance P between the diabetic animals and the control group in any of the vessel types, indicating that the changed vascular responses to NPY and noradrenaline were not endothelium-dependent. In conclusion, the present study has shown that the postjunctional effects of NPY and noradrenaline in the peripheral sympathetic nervous system are selectively attenuated in this model of chronic diabetes.
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PMID:Diminished contractile responses to neuropeptide Y of arteries from diabetic rabbits. 158 98

The neuropeptidergic innervation of the normal and obstructed human pyeloureteral junction was investigated using immunohistochemical techniques. A dense innervation of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the intrinsic obstruction type was demonstrated. NPY and VIP formed networks in the muscular layer. NPY was also found in perivascular plexuses and VIP adjacent to the epithelium. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, galanin and substance P nerves were also seen in the muscular layer, although sparsely. It is proposed that NPY and VIP have a role in the pathophysiology of the intrinsic obstruction type of the human pyeloureteral junction. The innervation pattern of the junction with the external type of obstruction was similar to that of the normal pyeloureteral junction.
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PMID:Peptidergic innervation of the normal and obstructed human pyeloureteral junctions. 159 31

The existence, distribution and density of various neuropeptides in human submandibular and parotid glands were investigated using immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. Numerous nerve fibers containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide histidine methionine (PHM), or neuropeptide Y (NPY) and C-flanking peptide of NPY (CPON) immunoreactivities (ir) were found in close association to acini, ducts and blood vessels. Only few calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and substance P (SP)-ir nerve fibers could be demonstrated, mainly localized around blood vessels and ducts. Galanin and the newly discovered peptides helospectin and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) could not be detected in human salivary glands.
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PMID:Neuropeptides in human salivary (submandibular and parotid) glands. 160 4

The lymphatic vessels conduct lymph fluid, proteins, and potentially antigenic material from the interstitium back to the bloodstream via lymph nodes, where solids are removed by phagocytic cells and recirculating lymphocytes and immunoglobulins are added. Immunostaining for two general neuronal markers, protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), a cytoplasmic ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase, and synaptophysin, a calcium-binding four-span integral synaptic vesicle membrane glycoprotein, disclosed an abundant innervation of the large femoral lymphatic vessels in rats. This confirms and extends earlier findings based on nonspecific intravital methylene blue and silver impregnation staining methods. Nerves containing neuropeptide Y, C-flanking peptide of neuropeptide Y, and tyrosine hydroxylase, markers of noradrenergic postganglionic sympathetic fibers, were frequent whereas immunoreactivity to vasoactive intestinal peptide, a neuropeptide present in many cholinergic parasympathetic nerve fibers, was sparse suggesting possible sympathetic and parasympathetic influences. Furthermore, calcitonin gene-related peptide- and substance P-containing fibers were also present in the walls of lymphatic vessels suggesting a possible sensory influence in the coordinated myogenic responses. By comparison to normal light microscopy, confocal microscopy was found useful to trace the perihilar penetration of blood and afferent lymphatic vessels in lymph nodes. PGP 9.5-immunoreactive fibers were found in and around lymph nodes suggesting that there is a neural regulation of lymphoid node function. Because of their distribution, peptide-containing nerves may participate in regulating the capacity of the lymphatic pumping activity, and may possibly exert paracrine effects on lymphocytes.
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PMID:Peptide-containing innervation of rat femoral lymphatic vessels. 160 41

Cholinergic synaptosomes from rat cerebral cortex were isolated by a magnetic immunoaffinity technique, i.e. immunomagnetophoresis. This subpopulation was extracted and subjected to radioimmunoassay for 4 neuropeptides:neuropeptide Y (NPY); vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP); substance P (SP); and somatostatin (SRIF). Three of the 4 neuropeptides were enriched in the sorted fraction compared with the mother fraction with respect to the cytosolic marker lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The most enriched neuropeptide was NPY followed by SP and VIP. Somatostatin was not enriched in the cholinergic synaptosome subpopulation. The presence of NPY has not previously been reported in cortical cholinergic neurones.
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PMID:Neuropeptide content of purified rat brain cholinergic synaptosome subpopulations. 160 51

Neuropeptide-induced mobilization of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells were studied and their temporal relationship was compared. After RPE cells were loaded with fura-2/AM, [Ca2+]i was analyzed using a digital imaging microscopy system. Bombesin-related peptides which include bombesin, neuromedin B, and neuromedin C induced significant [Ca2+]i transients in RPE cells, whereas other neuropeptides, neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and substance P were not effective to produce [Ca2+]i transients. The percentage of reactive cells which showed positive [Ca2+]i transients induced by bombesin-related peptides was around 50%. Bombesin (1 microM) showed a peak concentration of 663 +/- 27.0 nM (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 61), neuromedin B (1 microM), 327 +/- 28.7 nM (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 38), and neuromedin C (1 microM), 357 +/- 22.7 nM (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 32). Ca2+ transients occurred within 30 s and lasted less than 5 min after the application of the neuropeptides. Chelation of the extracellular Ca2+ by EGTA significantly shortened the total time of [Ca2+]i transients induced by the above. The measurements of phosphoinositides in RPE cells revealed that neuropeptide-induced PI turnover was as quick as [Ca2+]i transients. Inositol biphosphate (IP2) and inositol triphosphate (IP3) in RPE cells showed transient increases at 15 s after the stimulation by bombesin-related peptides. These data show that changes in [Ca2+]i and PI turnover are directly linked and both are important in the signal transduction system of bombesin-related peptides in RPE cells. The data also suggest that bombesin-related peptides may play some possible roles in RPE cells.
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PMID:Neuropeptide-induced cytosolic Ca2+ transients and phosphatidylinositol turnover in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. 162 11

Chromaffin granules, the secretory organelles of the neuron-like adrenal medullary chromaffin cells, have previously been shown to store and liberate neurotrophic activities that support in vitro survival of several neuron populations including those innervating the adrenal medulla. Molecules resembling fibroblast growth factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor have been identified among these activities. Since chromaffin granules store a variety of neuropeptides and many neuropeptides can have pleiotropic effects on neuronal growth and maintenance we have tested 24 different neuropeptides for their capacities to promote survival of embryonic chick ciliary, dorsal root and sympathetic ganglionic neurons. Peptides tested included several derivatives of proenkephalin (Leu- and met-enkephalin, fragments BAM 22, B, F and E), somatostatin, substance P, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, VIP, bombesin, secretin, pancreastatin, dynorphin B, dynorphin 1-13, beta-endorphin, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-MSH. Control cultures received saturating concentrations of ciliary neurotrophic or nerve growth factor (CNTF; NGF), or no trophic supplements. At 1 x 10(-5) M leu- and met-enkephalin as well as somatostatin supported sympathetic neurons to the same extent as NGF. At the same concentrations, leu-enkephalin, the proenkephalin fragments BAM 22 and E, and somatostatin maintained about half of the dorsal root ganglionic neurons supported by NGF, but were not effective on ciliary neurons. VIP promoted the survival of approximately 50% of the ciliary and embryonic day 10 dorsal root ganglionic neurons as compared to saturating amounts of CNTF, but required the presence of non-neuronal cells in the cultures to be effective. Neurotensin (1 x 10(-5) M had a small effect on ciliary neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Screening of adrenal medullary neuropeptides for putative neurotrophic effects. 163 76

Neuropeptides in perivascular nerves of vasa nervorum supplying blood to rat optic, sciatic, vagus and sympathetic chain nerve trunks are differentially vulnerable to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Immunohistochemical analysis of epineurial/perineurial nerve sheaths showed that 8 weeks after induction of diabetes, the density of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-immunoreactive nerve fibres in optic nerve sheaths was increased, while it was decreased in sciatic, vagus and sympathetic nerve sheaths. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-immunoreactivity was increased in vasa and nervi nervorum of optic, sciatic, vagus and sympathetic chain nerve sheaths. Immunoassay of NPY confirmed increased levels in optic nerve sheaths and showed that substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide levels increased in sciatic but not optic nerve sheaths. Neuropeptide levels in the intrafascicular nerve fibres were unaffected. This provides further evidence for a disturbance in the autonomic control of blood flow to peripheral and cranial nerve trunks via vasa nervorum in STZ-induced diabetes, which may lead to ischaemic changes, alter local axon reflexes and contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.
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PMID:Differential vulnerability of neuropeptides in nerves of the vasa nervorum to streptozotocin-induced diabetes. 163 9

The distribution of nerve growth factor receptor (NGF receptor)-like immunoreactivity in pulps of developing primary and mature permanent cat canine teeth was examined, by use of a monoclonal antibody against NGF receptor detected by fluorescence immunohistochemistry and pre-embedding immunocytochemical light- and electron microscopy. Both primary and permanent pulps contained a vast number of NGF receptor-like immunoreactive nerves. Immunolabelling appeared to be localized both to axons and Schwann cells. In addition, many blood vessel walls in immature primary tooth pulps showed NGF receptor-like immunoreactivity, in contrast to permanent pulps where blood vessels rarely were NGF receptor-immunoreactive. Double-labelling immunofluorescence experiments revealed that in the permanent pulp a majority of the NGF receptor-positive nerves also showed calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity, and many showed substance P-like immunoreactivity. However, nerve fibers with neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity lacked NGF receptor-like immunoreactivity. In developing primary tooth pulps fewer NGF receptor-positive nerves were CGRP-like immunoreactive or substance P-like immunoreactive, as compared to the permanent pulp. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive nerve fibers were not detected in the primary tooth pulp. The results suggest a role for nerve growth factor in both developing and mature sensory nerves of the tooth pulp.
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PMID:Nerve growth factor receptor-like immunoreactivity in primary and permanent canine tooth pulps of the cat. 165 63


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