Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interactions between neuropeptide Y and perivascular vasodilator agents were studied in guinea pig cerebral, coronary, and uterine arteries. In all three types of arteries, vessel segments precontracted with prostaglandin F2 alpha or histamine relaxed concentration dependently upon application of acetylcholine (ACh), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Neuropeptide Y (NPY: 10(-8)-10(-7) M) caused inhibition of relaxations produced by ACh, SP, and VIP in all three types of segments; however, the effective concentration varied between vessel type. Thus, cerebral and uterine arteries were approximately 10 times more sensitive to NPY than the coronary artery. D-myo-inositol-1,2,6-triphosphate (PP56) was a potent inhibitor of the NPY effect in all three vessel types. Thus, NPY, which is colocalized not only with norepinephrine in sympathetic perivascular fibers but also with VIP and ACh in some parasympathetic neurons, can greatly reduce the vasodilatory effect of ACh and VIP, as well as of the sensory peptide SP. This further illustrates the complex interactions NPY has with perivascular neuroeffector mechanisms.
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PMID:Neuropeptide Y inhibits relaxation of guinea pig cerebral, coronary, and uterine arteries: blockade by D-myo-inositol-1,2,6-triphosphate. 127 94

Recently, we have demonstrated that guinea-pig epicardial coronary arteries are supplied by numerous nerve fibres containing neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity. However, examination of vasomotor responses revealed that NPY did not elicit a contractile response in these arteries. In contrast, acetylcholine (ACh), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) all relaxed precontracted arteries. In the present study, we have used histochemical, immunohistochemical and in vitro pharmacological techniques, in order to further investigate the possible role of NPY in guinea-pig epicardial coronary arteries. A double-immunofluorescence staining technique revealed that CGRP and substance P were co-localized in nerve fibres distinct from those displaying NPY immunoreactivity. Furthermore, using a method combining immunofluorescence and histochemical techniques, we observed that putative cholinergic nerve fibres (identified by their acetylcholinesterase content) and NPY-immunoreactive nerve fibres are two different nerve populations. An in vitro pharmacological method demonstrated that NPY markedly inhibited the relaxant responses mediated by ACh, VIP, substance P and isoprenaline but had no effect on CGRP. These results suggest that NPY-containing nerves associated with guinea-pig epicardial coronary arteries may be predominantly involved in modulating the action of vasodilator agents.
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PMID:Neuropeptide Y modulates the action of vasodilator agents in guinea-pig epicardial coronary arteries. 127 55

The production and secretion of multiple peptide hormones and tyrosine hydroxylase by the human neuroblastoma cell line NB-1 and the effects of dibutyryl cAMP (Bt2cAMP) and phorbol esters such as 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on them were investigated. The presence of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/peptide histidine methionine (PHM), preprotachykinin, and tyrosine hydroxylase was detectable in the cytoplasm of cultured NB-1 cells by in situ hybridization. Treatment with Bt2cAMP and TPA markedly increased the number of cells immunoreactive to VIP, PHM, neuropeptide Y, Met-enkephalin, substance P and tyrosine hydroxylase and also the contents of VIP and Met-enkephalin in the culture medium. Bt2cAMP and TPA induced morphological changes characteristic of endocrine differentiation, such as an increase in neuroendocrine granules and the development of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The results indicated that treatment with Bt2cAMP and TPA induces the expression of multiple genes of peptide hormone and tyrosine hydroxylase and increases hormone production and secretion through morphological changes into endocrine cells.
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PMID:Detection of multiple hormones and their mRNAs in human neuroblastoma cell line NB-1 using in situ hybridization, immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. 127 91

Postnatal developmental changes were investigated in afferent terminals immunoreactive to serotonin (5-HT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), Leu-Enkephalin (ENK) and substance P (SP) within the locus coeruleus from postnatal rat from day 1 (1 D) to 9 week (9 W) adult using immunohistochemical techniques. Quantitative study using a light microscopic image analyzing system revealed that the number of immunoreactive terminals increased after birth to reach a peak at 5 W, then decreased by 26% of this value and stabilized at 7 W; terminals immunoreactive to 5-HT or NPY increased gradually after birth, while those immunoreactive to ENK or SP increased suddenly at 3 W. Electron microscopic analysis revealed similar changes in the total terminal number during development. Synaptic terminals, on the other hand, increased sharply from 1 D to 3 W, then gradually until 5 W, and remained stable thereafter. These results suggest that surplus afferent terminals are eliminated prior to the establishment of afferent innervation and that 5 W postnatal is the critical time for maturation of the afferent system. Electron microscopy also demonstrated morphological characteristics of terminals immunoreactive to each peptide or 5-HT and developmental changes in their characteristics.
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PMID:Postnatal changes in development of serotonin-, neuropeptide Y-, Leu-enkephalin- and substance P- terminals in the rat locus coeruleus; a quantitative immunohistochemical study. 128 Feb 93

Deer antler is a unique mineralized tissue which can produce very high growth rates of > 1 cm/day in large species. On completion of antler growth, the dermal tissues which cover the antler are shed and the underlying calcified tissue dies. After several months the old antler is discarded and growth of a new one begins. It is known that deer antlers are sensitive to touch and are innervated. The major aims of this study were to identify and localize by immunohistochemical techniques the type of innervation present, and to find out whether nerve fibres could exhibit growth rates comparable to those of antler. We have taken tissue sections from the tip and shaft of growing Red deer (Cervus elaphus) antlers at three stages of development; shortly after the initiation of regrowth, the rapid growth phase, and near the end of growth. Incubation of tissue sections with antisera to protein gene product 9.5 (a neural cytoplasmic protein), neurofilament triplet proteins (a neural cytoskeletal protein), substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (both of which are present in and synthesized by sensory neurons) showed the presence of immunoreactive nerve fibres in dermal, deep connective and perichondrial/periosteal tissues at all stages of antler growth. The sparse distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity was found in dermal tissue only at the earliest stage of antler development. Nerve fibres immunoreactive to neuropeptide Y, C-flanking peptide of neuropeptide Y and tyrosine hydroxylase, all present in postganglionic sympathetic nerves, were not observed at any stage of antler growth. Nerves expressing immunoreactivity for any of the neural markers or peptides employed could not be found in cartilage, osteoid or bone. These results show that antlers are innervated mainly by sensory nerves and that nerves can attain the exceptionally high growth rates found in regenerating antler.
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PMID:Rapid neural growth: calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P-containing nerves attain exceptional growth rates in regenerating deer antler. 128 Mar 52

In order to investigate the toxic effects of long-term treatment with anthraquinone laxatives, rats were fed either chocolate alone, or chocolate adulterated with senna or danthron (1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone) for 5 months. Mesenteric blood vessels and the outer muscle layers of the caecum, together with the myenteric plexus, were examined using ultrastructural, histochemical, immunohistochemical and immunoassay techniques. There was no ultrastructural evidence of degeneration in either the mesenteric vessels or the caecum. In the mesenteric vessels, levels of neuropeptide Y were significantly reduced in the danthron-fed rats, but levels of substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were unaffected by all treatments. In the caecum, VIP-, SP- and CGRP-immunoreactivity and catecholamine-fluorescence were unchanged by the laxative treatments.
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PMID:Effects of long-term laxative treatment on neuropeptides in rat mesenteric vessels and caecum. 128 Jun 81

Changes in plasma levels of vasoactive peptides during hemodialysis have mainly been attributed to changes in plasma volume and osmolality. This study investigated the effect of the extracorporeal circulation on plasma levels of vasoactive peptides, noradrenaline, and renin. Eleven stable hemodialysis patients were studied during sham dialysis for 60 min using a Cuprophan dialyzer (Alwall GFE11, Gambro AB, Lund, Sweden). With regard to vasoconstrictors, there was an increase in noradrenaline (NA) (13%, p < 0.05) and renin (PRA) (32%, p < 0.05), while arginine vasopressin and neuropeptide Y remained unaltered. Concerning vasodilators, an increase in substance P (SP) (23%, p < 0.05) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (15%, p < 0.01) was observed, while a decrease in atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (17%, p < 0.05) and motilin (MOT) (24%, p < 0.01) occurred. Calcitonin gene related peptide and beta endorphin were unaltered. A decrease in blood pressure was observed, while heart rate remained unchanged. The authors conclude that the extracorporeal circulation, per se, affects plasma levels of vasoactive substances and influences vascular stability. The decrease in ANP and MOT might be due to adsorption to the dialysis membrane. The increase in some vasoconstrictors (NA, PRA) and vasodilators (SP, VIP) might be induced by the blood-artificial surface contact, or by other factors, e.g., heparin or cooling of the blood during the procedure.
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PMID:Effects of sham hemodialysis on plasma levels of vasoactive peptides in patients with uremia. 128 Oct 14

Biopsies of human cerebral cortex were fixed by immersion and immunostained for the detection of neuropeptides in neuronal cell bodies and axons. Four neuropeptides (neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, , substance P and cholecystokinin) were visualized in a series of adjacent sections. All populations of immunoreactive neurons had a morphology characteristic of interneurons, with variations in dendritic arborizations and laminar distribution. The cholecystokinin-immunoreactive neurons were most numerous in the supragranular layers, whereas neurons containing the other three peptides occurred mainly in infragranular layers, or even in neurons populating the subcortical white matter. Quantitatively, each population of neuropeptide-containing neurons accounted for 1.4-2.5% of the total neuronal population. The distribution of these neurons varied slightly between cytoarchitectonic divisions, with substance P- and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons dominating in the temporal lobe and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive neurons in the frontal lobe. Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons dominated in the gray matter of the frontal half of the hemisphere and in the subcortical white matter of the caudal half of the hemisphere. Furthermore, co-existence of neuropeptide Y or substance P immunoreactivity within somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons could be demonstrated using double labeling immunofluorescence techniques. The axonal plexuses immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, or substance P were distributed in all layers, with a strong predominance of horizontally oriented fibers in layer I, a moderate plexus of randomly oriented fibers in the supra- and infragranular layers, and a slightly weaker innervation of layer IV. Immunoreactive axons formed, in addition, complex terminal arbors, mostly in older subjects, suggesting that they resulted from an as yet undefined aging process. The present study underlines several aspects of the organization of the neuropeptide-containing neurons of the human cerebral cortex, which are of particular interest in the light of the involvement of these neurons in several neurodegenerative diseases.
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PMID:Morphology and distribution of neuropeptide-containing neurons in human cerebral cortex. 128 28

We studied the effects of modification of duration of seizures induced by electroconvulsive stimuli (ECS) on the changes in concentration of neuropeptide Y (NPY), neurokinin A (NKA), substance P (SP) and neurotensin (NT)-like immunoreactivity (-LI) in specific rat brain regions. Rats were divided into groups pretreated with saline, indomethacin, flurbiprofen or diazepam prior to either six sham ECSs or six ECSs. After sacrifice by focused microwave irradiation, brains were dissected into frontal cortex, occipital cortex, striatum, hippocampus, pituitary and hypothalamic sections. Peptides were extracted and measured in extract aliquots by specific radioimmunoassays. Repeated ECS increased NPY-LI and NKA-LI in the hippocampus and the occipital cortex. No effect on SP-LI or NT-LI was found. Indomethacin and flurbiprofen had no effect on the tonic seizure time following ECS, and they did not affect the ECS-induced alterations of the brain peptides. Diazepam pretreatment decreased the tonic seizure time following ECS in a dose-dependent manner. However, diazepam did not modify the ECS-induced increase in NPY-LI and NKA-LI concentrations. The results firmly establish that ECS leads to specific peptide increases in discrete rat brain regions and raise the possibility that such changes may not entirely be a consequence of seizures per se.
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PMID:Electroconvulsive stimuli and brain peptides: effect of modification of seizure duration on neuropeptide Y, neurokinin A, substance P and neurotensin. 128 45

We have used immunofluorescence to study the postnatal development of the sympathetic and sensory innervation to the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) ovary. Sympathetic nerves were identified as adrenergic by their content of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-like immunoreactivity and as peptidergic by the presence of neuropeptide Y (NPY). Fibers containing substance P (SP) or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-like immunoreactivity were considered as sensory, whereas vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-positive fibers were only defined as peptidergic because VIP may be present in both sympathetic and sensory nerves. Ovaries from neonatal (2-mo-old), juvenile (9-18-mo-old), peripubertal (3-3.5-yr-old), adult (9-14-yr-old), and senescent (20-27-yr-old) monkeys were studied. At all ages, with the exception of senescence, TH-, NPY-, and VIP-containing fibers were associated with follicles in different developmental stages. In peripubertal and adult animals, some primordial follicles were found to be selectively innervated by VIPergic fibers that almost completely encircled each follicle. Both sympathetic and VIP fibers were also detected in the interstitial tissue and associated with the ovarian vasculature at all ages. The number of sympathetic and VIP fibers increased significantly (p < 0.01) between 2 mo and 9-18 mo of age, and again increased (p < 0.01) around the age of puberty (approximately 3 yr of age). After this time, the number of NPY and TH fibers remained constant. Conversely, the number of VIP fibers decreased (p < 0.05) by 9-14 yr of age, but remained constant thereafter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Postnatal development of sympathetic and sensory innervation of the rhesus monkey ovary. 128 72


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