Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Indirect immunofluorescence histochemistry and receptor autoradiography were used to study the localization of transmitter-/peptide-containing neurons and peptide binding sites in the mediobasal hypothalamus in normal rats and in rats treated neonatally with repeated doses of the neurotoxin monosodium-glutamate (MSG). In the arcuate nucleus, the results showed a virtually complete loss of cell bodies containing immunoreactivity for growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF), galanin (GAL), dynorphin (DYN), enkephalin (ENK), corticotropin-like intermediate peptide (CLIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and neuropeptide K (NPK). Tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)-glutamic acid decarboxylase(GAD)-, neurotensin(NT)- and somatostatin(SOM)-immunoreactive (IR) cells were, however, always detected in the ventrally dislocated, dorsomedial division of the arcuate nucleus. In the median eminence, marked decreases in numbers of GAD-, NT-, GAL-, GRF-, DYN-, and ENK-IR fibers were observed. The numbers of TH-, SOM- and NPY-IR fibers were in contrast not or only affected to a very small extent, as revealed with the immunofluorescence technique. Biochemical analysis showed a tendency for MSG to reduce dopamine levels in the median eminence of female rats, whereas no effect was observed in male rats. Autoradiographic studies showed high to moderate NT binding sites, including strong binding over presumably dorsomedial dopamine cells. In MSG-treated rats, there was a marked reduction in GAL binding in the ventromedial nucleus. The findings implicate that most neurons in the ventrolateral and ventromedial arcuate nucleus are sensitive to the toxic effects of MSG, whereas a subpopulation of cells in the dorsomedial division of the arcuate nucleus, including dopamine neurons, are not susceptible to MSG-neurotoxicity. The results indicate, moreover that the very dense TH-IR fiber network in the median eminence predominantly arises from the dorsomedial TH-IR arcuate cells, whereas the GAD-, NT-, GAL-, GRF- and DYN-IR fibers in the median eminence to a large extent arise from the ventrolateral arcuate nucleus. Some ENK- and NPK-positive cells in the arcuate nucleus seem to project to the lateral palisade zone of the median eminence, but most of the ENK-IR fibers in the median eminence, located in the medial palisade zone, seem to primarily originate from an area(s) located outside the arcuate nucleus, presumably the paraventricular nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and binding sites in the rat mediobasal hypothalamus: effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) lesions. 256 86

Immunohistochemical techniques were used to survey the distribution of several conventional transmitters, receptors, and neuropeptides in the pigeon nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR), a component of the accessory optic system. Amongst the conventional neurotransmitters/modulators, the most intense labeling of fibers/terminals within the nBOR was obtained with antisera directed against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and serotonin (5-HT). Moderately dense fiber plexuses were seen to label with antibodies directed against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). GAD-like immunoreactivity (GAD-LI) was found in many small and medium-sized perikarya within the nBOR. Some of the medium-sized cells were occasionally positive for ChAT-LI. Cell body and dendritic staining was also commonly seen with the two tested antisera against receptors-anti-GABA-A receptor and anti-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The antisera directed against various neuropeptides produced only fiber labeling within the nBOR. The densest fiber plexus staining was observed with antiserum against neuropeptide Y (NPY-LI), while intermediate fiber densities were seen for substance P (SP-LI) and cholecystokinin (CCK-LI). A few varicose fibers were labeled with antisera against neurotensin (NT), leucine-enkephalin (L-ENK), and the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Unilateral enucleation produced an almost complete elimination of TH-LI in the contralateral nBOR. SP-LI and CCK-LI were also decreased after enucleation. No apparent changes were seen for all other substances. These results indicate that a wide variety of chemically-specific systems arborize within the nBOR. Three of the immunohistochemically defined fiber systems (TH-LI, SP-LI, and CCK-LI fibers) were reduced after removal of the retina, which may indicate the presence of these substances in retinal ganglion cells. In contrast, the fibers exhibiting ChAT-LI, GAD-LI, 5-HT-LI, NPY-LI, NT-LI, L-ENK-LI, and VIP-LI appear to be of nonretinal origin. Two different populations of nBOR neurons exhibited GAD-LI and ChAT-LI. However, these two populations together constituted only about 20% of the nBOR neurons.
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PMID:Neurotransmitters, receptors, and neuropeptides in the accessory optic system: an immunohistochemical survey in the pigeon (Columba livia). 257 70

Neurotransmitter-related messenger RNAs were detected by in situ hybridization in sections of rat and mouse brains by using 35S-radiolabelled RNA probes transcribed from cDNAs cloned in SP6 promoter-containing vectors. The distribution of messenger RNAs for glutamic acid decarboxylase, tachykinins (substance P and K), and tyrosine hydroxylase was examined in the striatum, pallidum, and substantia nigra. Dense clusters of silver grains were observed with the RNA probe complementary of the cellular messenger RNA for glutamic acid decarboxylase (antisense RNA) over most large neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata and medium-sized to large neurons in all pallidal subdivisions. A few very densely and numerous lightly labelled medium-sized neurons were present in the striatum. Among the areas examined, only the striatum contained neurons labelled with the antisense tachykinin RNA. Most of these neurons were of medium size, and a few were large. With the antisense tyrosine hydroxylase RNA, silver grains were found over neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and adjacent A10 and A8 dopaminergic cell groups. No signal was observed with RNAs identical to the cellular messenger RNA for glutamic acid decarboxylase or tachykinin (sense RNA). These results show a good correlation with immunohistochemical studies, suggesting that documented differences in the distribution and the level of glutamic acid decarboxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and substance P immunoreactivities in neurons of the basal ganglia are related to differences in the level of expression of the corresponding genes rather than to translation accessibility, stability, or transport of the gene products.
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PMID:Comparative distribution of mRNAs for glutamic acid decarboxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and tachykinins in the basal ganglia: an in situ hybridization study in the rodent brain. 288 96

The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (ntdl) contains a cluster of cells located just medial to the locus coeruleus in the pontine brainstem. The ntdl has been shown to project both rostrally to the forebrain and diencephalon and caudally to the spinal cord. In an effort to characterize this region neurochemically, the present study was conducted to identify a variety of neurochemicals localized within perikarya and fibers of the ntdl and surrounding nuclei. Rats were perfused with formalin, and brain sections were processed for fluorescence immunocytochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Of the neurochemicals screened, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), cholecystokinin (CCK), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), dynorphin B (Dyn B), galanin, somatostatin, substance P, neurotensin (NT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), serotonin (5HT), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were studied. AChE and ChAT staining revealed that the ntdl contains mostly cholinergic neurons. In addition, brightly reactive substance P and galanin and paler staining CRF, ANF, CGRP, NT, VIP, and Dyn B cell bodies were found within the ntdl. Varicose fibers in this nucleus also contained these peptides in addition to CCK, GAD, TH, 5HT, and NPY. The dorsal tegmental nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, and the parabrachial region contained a dense and varied assortment of peptides with distinct positions and patterns. This multiplicity of neurochemicals within this area suggests a possible influence on a variety of functions modulated by the ntdl and other closely associated tegmental nuclei.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical localization of peptides and other neurochemicals in the rat laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and adjacent area. 289 81

The distribution of retinohypothalamic projections and the organization of the suprachiasmatic region of the hypothalamus was investigated in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus). Retinohypothalamic projections (RHT) were studied by two anterograde tracing methods, and hypothalamic organization was investigated immunohistochemically with antisera against a number of substances known to be present in the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN): bombesin (BBS), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), neurotensin (NT), somatostatin (SS), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and arginine vasopressin (AVP). Observations from these experiments were analysed within the framework of a cytoarchitectural study using Nissl-stained material. From this study, we have identified an area in the anterior hypothalamus which we believe is an avian homologue of the mammalian SCN. This area contains a nucleus located in close apposition to the optic chiasm between the dorsal supraoptic decussation (DSD) and the ventral lateral geniculate body (GLv) for much of its rostrocaudal extent. The central portion of this nucleus contains neurons that exhibit GAD- and BBS-like immunoreactivity and is the terminal field for the RHT. For this reason, we term this nucleus the visual SCN. It also contains axon plexuses exhibiting 5HT-like, SP-like, and NPY-like immunoreactivity and is bordered ventrally by AVP-like, SP-like, and NT-like immunoreactive cells and medially by VIP-like and SS-like immunoreactive cells. Although it is not established that these cell groups together compose a single suprachiasmatic nucleus, the organization in the avian brain of a nuclear complex with a retinorecipient area surrounded by nonvisual components would be very similar to that of the mammalian SCN.
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PMID:Retinohypothalamic projection and suprachiasmatic nucleus of the house sparrow, Passer domesticus. 343 73

Using immunocytochemical methods, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-immunoreactive boutons were demonstrated throughout the dorsal column nuclei of the cat brain. They were small and were generally presynaptic to larger unlabelled axon terminals, the latter probably originating from primary afferent fibres. The middle-ventral 'reticular' region of the cuneate nucleus also contained substance P-positive terminals, which were large and synapsed on dendritic profiles. The findings strongly indicate that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the neurotransmitter that is responsible for the presynaptic inhibition in the dorsal column nuclei. The substance P-positive terminals probably originate from extrinsic fibers.
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PMID:Light and electron microscopic localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase and substance P in the dorsal column nuclei of the cat. 608 7

The organization of the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) in the adult rat was analyzed using cytoarchitectonic, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Four paired and four unpaired subnuclei can be distinguished in the IPN on the basis of neuronal size, morphology, staining characteristics and packing density. The rostral portion of the IPN contains a rostral dorsal, a rostral ventral and paired rostral lateral and dorsal lateral nuclei. The dorsal lateral nuclei continue into the caudal IPN, which also contains a caudal dorsal, a caudal ventral and paired caudal lateral nuclei. The distribution of extrinsic afferents and of chemically identified intrinsic neuronal and fiber populations within subdivisions of the IPN was examined using immunohistochemistry, acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, catecholamine histofluorescence and the autoradiographic tracing method. Six immunohistochemically distinct neuronal groups are identified in the IPN. Perikarya and axons showing substance P-, leu-enkephalin-, somatostatin-, avian pancreatic polypeptide-, serotonin- and glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity are localized to specific IPN subnuclei. Acetylcholinesterase-positive staining, extrinsic norepinephrine-containing fibers and afferents from the dorsal tegmental nuclei are also distributed specifically to IPN subnuclei. These findings demonstrate a cytoarchitectonic and cytochemical complexity in the rat IPN that implies an important functional role for this poorly understood nuclear complex.
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PMID:Interpeduncular nucleus organization in the rat: cytoarchitecture and histochemical analysis. 614 33

The effects of capsaicin injections into neonatal rats on the ultrastructure of the neonatal dorsal horn and on some biochemical and behavioral parameters in the adult were examined. Electron microscopic observations revealed degeneration and glial engulfment of boutons and umyelinated axons in the dorsal horn 2 and 6 h after neonatal subcutaneous capsaicin injections. Capsaicin treatment had no effect on the activities of glutamic acid decarboxylase and choline acetyltransferase in the dorsal horn. Results of substance P measurements in the CNS showed no effect of capsaicin administration on striatal, hypothalamic or nigral substance P content, whereas substance P levels in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord were reduced by half. The density of [3H]naloxone binding sites in the dorsal horn was significantly reduced, while the affinity was not affected. Capsaicin-treated animals showed significantly increased latencies to respond to a noxious thermal stimulus in both tail-flick and hot-plate tests. The results are discussed in relation to the current concepts of the involvement of substance P and opiate systems in nociception and the potential use of neonatal capsaicin as a selective neurotoxin for the elucidation of the spinal mechanisms of pain.
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PMID:Neurotoxic action of capsaicin on spinal substance P neurons. 615 57

The transmitters contained in the efferent projections of the striatum were studied by producing two types of lesions: coronal hemitransections just anterior to the globus pallidus, and semi-circular knife cuts that isolated a considerable portion of the globus pallidus from the striatum to produce 'GP islands'. The levels of substance P and Met-enkephalin in the globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra were measured after these lesions. For comparison, the effect of these lesions on glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and choline acetyltransferase (CAT) in some of these projection areas of the striatum was assessed. Both lesions caused similar reductions in substance P levels in each of the three striatal projection areas. In contrast, hemitransections reduced Met-enkephalin levels only in the globus pallidus. Both lesions reduced pallidal and entopeduncular GAD activity while nigral GAD activity was reduced only by the hemitransections. CAT activity was reduced in the globus pallidus by both lesions but was unaltered in the entopeduncular nucleus. However, additional experiments ruled out the existence of a striato-pallidal cholinergic projection. GAD activity and Met-enkephalin levels were significantly increased in the striatum anterior to the lesions. In contrast, CAT activity and substance P levels did not change in this region. The results support and broaden emerging view of the organization of the neurons containing the various transmitter candidates of the efferent projections of the striatum.
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PMID:Neurotransmitters contained in the efferents of the striatum. 615 76

The effect of intrathecal administration of capsaicin in the rat on thermal nociceptive thresholds and on the content of substance P, somatostatin and glutamic acid decarboxylase in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord was determined. The results suggest that the depletion of spinal cord substance P induced by capsaicin may not by itself be sufficient to explain the observed changes in noxious thermal thresholds, which may be related instead to non-specific damage to the spinal cord.
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PMID:A re-evaluation of the neurochemical and antinociceptive effects of intrathecal capsaicin in the rat. 616 38


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