Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Co-localization of substance P with serotonin in raphe projection neurons was studied by combining substance P immunocytochemistry and autoradiography following uptake and retrograde axonal transport of [3H]serotonin and/or its products from target areas. In this study, two central pathways in the rat were investigated: the serotonergic projections of the midbrain raphe to the olfactory bulb and those of the medullary raphe that innervate the thoracic spinal cord. Two hours after pargyline pretreatment, injections of 10(-4) M [3H]serotonin were made either into the olfactory bulb or into the spinal cord and respectively 24 or 60 h thereafter, rats were administered with colchicine. After a 24 h survival time, the paraformaldehyde fixed brains were investigated for substance P immunocytochemistry and then treated for light and electron microscopy autoradiography. Combining both methods, we can define on the same tissue sections at least three labeled neuronal populations: substance P immunolabeled neurons, radiolabeled neurons and doubly immuno-radiolabeled neurons. In the midbrain raphe cells as well as in the olfactory bulb nerve terminals, two kinds of labeled profiles were detected: substance P immunoreactive profiles and radiolabeled ones. The radiolabeled cell bodies of the midbrain raphe (403 counted cells) were never reactive to substance P antibodies. Moreover, they were distributed caudally to substance P stained perikarya. In contrast, in the medullary raphe, of the 336 radiolabeled cell bodies 162 were stained after substance P antibody treatment. They represent about 48% of the serotonin radiolabeled neurons projecting to the thoracic spinal cord, where a great number of varicosities were observed immunolabeled, radiolabeled and doubly immuno-radiolabeled in the dorsal horn. At the ultrastructural level, cell bodies and dendritic processes were also doubly labeled. Both labelings were observed over the cytoplasm and some organelles or perikarya. These observations provide a morphological basis to support the hypothesis that substance P can occur within some but not all serotonergic neurons and raise questions about the expression of this peptide in these systems as well as the modes of interaction of these transmitter molecules.
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PMID:Serotonergic projections to the spinal cord but not those to the olfactory bulb also contain substance P. A combined immunocytochemical and autoradiographic study following retrograde axonal transport of [3H]serotonin labeled products. 246 86

The paucity of experimental data and the differences in telencephalic organization between sharks and other jawed vertebrates have complicated telencephalic comparisons. The distribution of neuropeptides has been extremely useful in recognizing and comparing major subdivisions of the telencephalon among vertebrates. Immunohistochemical techniques were therefore used to study the distribution of substance P (SP), leucin-enkephalin (LENK), and serotonin (5HT), as well as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), an indicator of catecholamines, in the telencephalon of the spiny dogfish. The distribution of SP and LENK provides a clear distinction between pallial and subpallial portions of the telencephalon. Two regions of the ventrolateral telencephalon, area superficialis basalis and area periventricularis ventrolateralis, exhibit histochemical similarities to the pallidal and striatal subdivisions, respectively, of the basal ganglia in amniotes. Lower densities of LENK+ and SP+ perikarya and fibers occur in the medial pallium and the pars centralis of the dorsal pallium. Similar histochemical traits characterize the sensory thalamorecipient telencephalic structures in amniotes. The lateral pallium in dogfishes is distinguished by the presence of large numbers of TH+ neurons with radially oriented processes. The presence of these distinctive cells also in the medial wall of the rostral telencephalon suggests that the lateral pallium has a medial extension that is situated ventral to the medial pallium. Neurons containing TH were widely distributed in the telencephalon of spiny dogfish and were particularly abundant in the dorsal pallium, olfactory pallium, and area superficialis basalis. It is currently unclear whether these TH+ telencephalic neurons are, in fact, catecholaminergic or merely contain a TH-like substance unrelated to catecholamine synthesis.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of the telencephalon of the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias. 246 59

The distribution of neuropeptidelike immunoreactivities in the adult guinea pig olfactory bulb was studied immunohistochemically with antisera raised against neurotensin (NT), substance P (SP), methionine-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (ENK), somatostatin (SOM), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and cholecystokinin-8 (CCK). In the main olfactory bulb, NT-like immunoreactive (NT-IR) neurons were found among periglomerular cells. In addition, a few periglomerular cells showed ENK-like immunoreactivity. Granule cells displaying SP- or ENK-like immunoreactivities and short axon cells with SOM- or NPY-like immunoreactivities were observed in the deeper half of the granule cell layer. SOM-IR short axon cells were also seen in the external plexiform layer. Dense NT- or NPY-IR fibers were distributed in superficial lamina of the granule cell layer, and sparse SP- or CCK-IR fibers were found in the glomerular layer. In the accessory olfactory bulb, some mitral, periglomerular, and granule cells showed NT-like immunoreactivity. SP- or ENK-IR granule cells were also observed. These results are discussed in relation to laminar organization of the olfactory bulb. The most characteristic features of peptide distribution in guinea pigs, as compared with that of rats in previous studies, were the relative abundance of NT-IR structures and the lack of SP- and CCK-IR juxtaglomerular and tufted cells.
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PMID:Distribution of neuropeptidelike immunoreactivities in the guinea pig olfactory bulb. 246 94

A comparison of dopaminergic (DAergic) turnover changes in several forebrain structures was investigated after local injection of substance P (SP), neurotensin and D-Ala-Met-enkephalin (DALA) into the ventral tegmental area (VTA). A dose-dependent increase in the DOPAC/DA ratio was elicited by all 3 peptides in the nucleus accumbens and the septum. DAergic turnover was enhanced in the anteromedial prefrontal cortex only after SP injection and in the amygdala only after neurotensin injection. In the anteromedial striatum as well as in the posterolateral striatum, a significant increased DOPAC/DA ratio was observed following SP and DALA injection into the VTA. No significant changes were noticed in the olfactory tubercles after injection of the 3 peptides in the VTA. From these results, it appears that each peptide induced a different profile of DAergic activation. Taking into account the facilitatory role of the DA neurons at the level of the forebrain integrative structures, the differential activation may explain the difference in behavioral response obtained after injection of the 3 peptides in the VTA.
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PMID:Substance P, neurotensin and enkephalin injections into the ventral tegmental area: comparative study on dopamine turnover in several forebrain structures. 247 75

The role of substance P in the regulation of secretion from sustentacular cells, Bowman's glands and deep glands in the amphibian olfactory mucosa was investigated using immunohistochemical, electrophysiological, and pharmacological methods. Substance P-like immunoreactive varicose fibers extended through the olfactory epithelium, terminating at or near the surface. In addition, immunoreactive varicose fibers innervated Bowman's glands, deep glands, and blood vessels in the lamina propria. Innervation of Bowman's gland was sparse, with fibers terminating on basal acinar cell membranes; deep gland innervation was abundant, with fibers often extending between acinar cells almost to the lumen. Stimulation of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve resulted in slow potentials recorded at the surface of the olfactory epithelium. When the olfactory mucosae from trigeminal-stimulated animals were examined histologically, morphological signs of secretory activity were observed, suggesting that substance P was released from the trigeminal nerve terminals. Topical application of 10(-5) to 10(-3) mol substance P resulted in morphological signs of secretion that were very similar to those seen as a result of trigeminal stimulation. Thus, substance P released from trigeminal fibers may modulate secretory activity within the olfactory mucosa.
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PMID:Peptidergic regulation of secretory activity in amphibian olfactory mucosa: immunohistochemistry, neural stimulation, and pharmacology. 247 99

The posterodorsal part of the medial nucleus of the amygdala (MeAp) receives its major sensory input from the accessory olfactory bulb and projects massively to the medial preoptic nucleus and other sexually dimorphic hypothalamic nuclei thought to play key roles in mediating steroid-sensitive reproductive functions. A combined axonal transport/double-immunohistochemical method was used to show that at least one-quarter of the cholecystokinin-immunoreactive cells in the MeAp cocontain substance P and that a substantial proportion of these cells project to the medial preoptic nucleus. In situ hybridization histochemistry was then used to demonstrate that estrogen regulates the expression of preprocholecystokinin in these cells at the mRNA level in male and female rats. In contrast, levels of preprotachykinin mRNA within the MeAp do not appear to be sensitive to acute changes in circulating gonadal steroids in either sex. Although posttranscriptional regulation of mRNA stability may contribute to the observed effects, it appears likely that estrogen stimulates preprocholecystokinin expression within the MeAp by selectively inducing transcription of the corresponding gene, thereby altering the relative amounts of cholecystokinin and substance P coexpressed within individual neurons of the MeAp that project to the hypothalamus.
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PMID:Estrogen differentially regulates neuropeptide gene expression in a sexually dimorphic olfactory pathway. 247 80

The metallopeptidase enkephalinase known to participate in the inactivation of endogenous enkephalins and, possibly, other neuropeptides such as tachykinins, was visualized by autoradiography using a [125I]iodinated monoclonal antibody. A detailed mapping of the enzyme in rat brain and spinal cord was established on 10-micron serial sections prepared in a frontal plane as well as a few sections in a sagittal plane. On adjacent sections, and for the purpose of comparison, substance P-like and enkephalin-like immunoreactivities were also visualized by autoradiography using a 125I-monoclonal antibody and a polyclonal antibody detected by a secondary 125I-anti-rabbit antibody respectively. Histological structures were identified on adjacent Nissl-stained sections. Using the highly sensitive 125I-probe, enkephalinase immunoreactivity was found to be distributed in a markedly heterogeneous manner in all areas of the central nervous system. Immunoreactivity was undetectable in white matter areas, for example the corpus callosum or fornix, and had a laminar pattern in, for example, the cerebral cortex or hippocampal formation. Hence, although immunodetection was not performed at the cellular level, a major neuronal localization of the peptidase is suggested. The latter is consistent with the detection of a strong immunoreactivity in a pathway linking the striatum to the globus pallidum, the entopeduncular nucleus and the substantia nigra, as well as with a series of biochemical and lesion data. The strong immunoreactivity also present in choroid plexuses and ependymal cells as well as in the intermediate lobe and in scattered cells of the anterior lobe of the pituitary suggests that populations of glial and endocrine cells also express the peptidase. The highest density of enkephalinase immunoreactivity was observed in basal ganglia and limbic areas (caudate putamen, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercles) as well as in areas involved in pain control mechanisms (superficial layers of the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve or of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord) which also display the highest immunoreactivities for both enkephalins and substance P (except in globus pallidus for the latter). These localizations account for the opioid-like analgesic and motor effects of enkephalinase inhibitors inasmuch as a selective or predominant participation of the peptidase in enkephalin inactivation is assumed. A number of other areas appear richly endowed in both enkephalinase and enkephalins whereas substance P is hardly detectable. This is particularly the case for the olfactory bulb, bed nucleus of the accessory olfactory tract, the cerebellum (where enkephalinase mainly occurs in the molecular layer) and the hippocampal formation (namely in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Detailed immunoautoradiographic mapping of enkephalinase (EC 3.4.24.11) in rat central nervous system: comparison with enkephalins and substance P. 247 16

We have examined the distribution pattern and the density of various neuropeptide, neurotransmitter and enzyme containing neurons in the rat medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca to assess their possible involvement in the septohippocampal, septocortical and septobulbar pathways. Immunohistochemical methods were combined with the retrograde transport of a protein-gold complex injected in the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex or the olfactory bulb. Cholinergic neurons were the most numerous. Galanin-positive neurons were about two or three times less numerous than cholinergic cells. Both these cell types had a similar location though the choline acetyl transferase-like immunoreactive cells extended more caudally in the horizontal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Immunoreactive cells for other neuroactive substances were few (calcitonin gene-related peptide, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. [Met]enkephalin-arg-gly-leu) or occasional (dynorphin B, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, neurotensin, cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y and substance P). No immunoreactive cells for bombesin, alpha atrial natriuretic factor, corticotropin releasing factor, 5-hydroxytryptamine, melanocyte stimulating hormone, oxytocin, prolactin, tyrosine hydroxylase or arg-vasopressin were present. Choline acetyltransferase- and galanin-like immunoreactive cells densely participate to septal efferents. Cholinergic neurons constituted the bulk of septal efferent neurons. Galanin-positive cells were 22% of septohippocampal, 8% of septocortical, and 9% of septobulbar neurons. Galanin containing septohippocampal neurons were found in the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca; galanin-positive septobulbar and septocortical cells were limited to the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Occasional double-labellings were noticed with some peptides other than galanin. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, calcitonin gene-related peptide and enkephalin were the most often observed; some other projecting cells stained for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or dynorphin B. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, calcitonin gene-related peptide and enkephalin were observed in septohippocampal neurons; luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and vasoactive intestinal peptide were observed in septocortical neurons and calcitonin gene-related peptide, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and dynorphin B were observed in septo-bulbar cells. These results show that, in addition to acetylcholine, galanin is a major cellular neuroactive substance in septal projections to the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex and the olfactory bulb. The presence of septal projecting neurons immunoreactive for other peptides shows that a variety of distinct peptides may also participate, but in a smaller number, to septal efferent pathways.
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PMID:Cholinergic and peptidergic projections from the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca to dorsal hippocampus, cingulate cortex and olfactory bulb: a combined wheatgerm agglutinin-apohorseradish peroxidase-gold immunohistochemical study. 247 18

To determine the locations of neurons in the rat brain expressing substance P and neurokinin A mRNA, we performed in situ hybridization with a radiolabeled cRNA probe that was complementary to alpha-, beta-, and gamma-preprotachykinin mRNA. Several types of controls indicated specificity of the labeling. Brain regions containing many labeled neurons include the anterior olfactory nucleus, layer II of the olfactory tubercle, the islands of Calleja, the nucleus accumbens, the caudate-putamen, portions of the amygdala and hypothalamus, the medial habenular nucleus, nuclei of the pontine tegmentum, several raphe nuclei, several portions of the reticular formation, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Less frequent labeled neurons were also found in many other regions of the brain. These results extend many previous immunocytochemical studies of the locations of neurons containing immunoreactive substance P, neurokinin A, and neuropeptide K.
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PMID:Cellular localization of substance P- and neurokinin A-encoding preprotachykinin mRNA in the female rat brain. 247 3

Mapping and cortical projections of neurons containing neurokinin B (NKB) mRNA in the rat basal forebrain were studied using hybridization histochemistry and retrograde labeling. Neurokinin B mRNA was found in a small proportion of the neurons present in the magnocellular basal nucleus that project to the cortex. Most of these neurons projected to the frontal and parietal cortices, whereas only few projected to the occipital cortex and almost none to allocortical areas, including the olfactory bulb. NKB mRNA colocalization with galanin or substance P mRNAs, both found within neurons of the magnocellular basal nucleus, was not detected there. These results demonstrate a novel diffuse neocortical tachykinin input from the basal forebrain, in addition to the well-known cholinergic one.
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PMID:Neurons with neurokinin B mRNA in the rat magnocellular basal nucleus: distribution, projection and colocalization studies. 247 59


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