Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Binding sites for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were labelled with [3H](2-Me-His3)TRH ([3H]MeTRH) on membranes from rat brain regions at 0 degrees C for 5 h. Amygdaloid membranes bound [3H]MeTRH with high-affinity (Kd = 3.1 +/- 0.5 nM (n = 4)). Five TRH analogs competed for this binding with the same rank order and with affinities that matched the pharmacological specificity of pituitary TRH receptors. Substance P (SP) and its C-terminal fragments reduced amygdaloid TRH receptor binding in a concentration dependent manner (IC50 for SP = 65 microM). The rank order of potency of SP analogs at inhibiting TRH receptor binding was: SP greater than nonapeptide (3-11) greater than hexapeptide (6-11) greater than heptapeptide (5-11) greater than pentapeptide (7-11). However, other tachykinins were inactive in this system. SP was a potent inhibitor of [3H]MeTRH binding in hippocampus greater than spinal cord greater than retina greater than n. accumbens greater than hypothalamus greater than amygdaloid greater than olfactory bulb greater than or equal to pituitary greater than pons/medulla in parallel assays. In amygdaloid membranes SP (50 microM) reduced the apparent maximum receptor density by 39% (p less than 0.01) without altering the binding affinity, and 100 microM SP induced a biphasic dissociation of [3H]MeTRH with kinetics faster than those induced by both TRH (10 microM) and serotonin (100 microM). In contrast, other neuropeptides such as neurotensin, proctolin, angiotensin II, bombesin and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone did not significantly inhibit [3H]MeTRH binding to amygdaloid membranes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:A novel substance P binding site in rat brain regions modulates TRH receptor binding. 170 85

Microinjections of substance P (SP) into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) increase locomotor activity in rats, and this effect is thought to be produced by activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system. In the present study, firing rates of neurons in areas receiving projections from the mesolimbic dopamine system were recorded during injections of SP (3 microgram in 0.5 microliters saline) into the VTA of rats anesthetized with chloral hydrate. Significant changes in firing rates were observed in 84% of the units recorded in nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle. There were mostly decreases in nucleus accumbens (NAC, 21 of 25 units affected by SP) and mostly increases in olfactory tubercle (OT, 13 of 18 units affected by SP). In contrast, neither saline injections into VTA nor SP injections 2 mm dorsal to VTA had any effect on NAC or OT neurons. Haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg IV) blocked the effects of SP, suggesting that effects were mediated, at least in part, by the mesolimbic dopamine system. Results indicated that activation of dopaminergic neurons by SP injections into VTA can produce changes in the activity of neurons in NAC and OT, areas which receive mesolimbic dopaminergic projections.
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PMID:Substance P injections into the ventral tegmentum affect unit activity in mesolimbic terminal regions. 170 28

The distribution of substance P (SP), gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and Met-enkephalin in the brain and spinal cord of the domestic pig is described for the first time. The levels of SP, GnRH and Met-enkephalin were measured by specific radioimmunoassays in various regions of the brain and spinal cord of the pig. Substance P and Met-enkephalin are widely distributed within the central nervous system of the pig. High levels of SP were found in the preoptic area (POA), suprachiasmatic area (SCA), medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and brain stem while moderate amounts of SP were found in olfactory bulb (OB). High levels of Met-enkephalin were found in POA, SCA and MBH, and moderate levels of Met-enkephalin in OB and brain stem. Both SP and Met-enkephalin levels were higher in the dorsal spinal cord in comparison with the levels of these peptides in the ventral spinal cord. This finding is in agreement with the predominant role played by these neural systems in primary afferent mediation of nociceptive impulses. The POA and SCA contained only low levels of GnRH while the MBH contained high levels of GnRH. Finally, some differences in the quantitative distribution of these peptides in the pig and rat are discussed.
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PMID:Distribution of substance P, GnRH, Met-enkephalin in the central nervous system of the pig. 171 37

The present study describes the morphology and distribution of substance P-immunoreactive (SP-ir) elements in the olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory peduncle (OP) of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a primate species. SP-ir neurons are very abundant in the OB and belong to two types. External tufted cells are present in the glomerular layer (GL), whereas granule cells are found in the deeper layers, especially in the granule cell layer (GRL), but also scattered in the OP. SP-ir fibers, putatively of central origin, were identified in the OP. They ascend into the bulbar layers. The SP-chemoarchitecture of the marmoset OB and OP does not differ more from rat, guinea pig and cat, than the SP-chemoarchitecture of these species varies among one another.
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PMID:Distribution and morphology of substance P-immunoreactive structures in the olfactory bulb and olfactory peduncle of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a primate species. 172 4

The direct application of colchicine to the hamster olfactory bulb has engendered the appearance of a broader distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI) than has been previously reported. In the glomerular layer, both external tufted and periglomerular cells were strongly immunopositive. These two classes could be identified by somal size and the presence and branching pattern of intraglomerular dendrites. SP-LI neurons were also identified in the external plexiform layer and many were similar to middle tufted cells. These findings demonstrate that substance P expression is not uniquely associated with classes of projection neurons, but is also found in periglomerular cells, a class of inhibitory local circuit neurons.
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PMID:Substance P immunoreactivity in the superficial laminae of the hamster olfactory bulb. 172 85

In situ hybridization experiments were performed in rat brain sections from normal and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats in order to map and identify the neurons expressing the D1 receptor gene in the striatum and the substantia nigra. Procedures of combined in situ hybridization, allowing the simultaneous detection of two mRNAs in the same section or in adjacent sections, were used to characterize the phenotypes of the neurons expressing the D1 receptor gene. D1 receptor mRNA was found in neurons all over the caudate-putamen, the accumbens nucleus, and the olfactory tubercle but not in the substantia nigra. In the caudate-putamen and accumbens nucleus, most of the neurons containing D1 receptor mRNA were characterized as medium-sized substance P neurons and distinct from those containing D2 receptor mRNA. Nevertheless, 15-20% of the substance P neurons did not contain D1 receptor mRNA. The neurons containing preproenkephalin A mRNA did not contain D1 receptor mRNA but contained D2 receptor mRNA. A small number of cholinergic and somatostatinergic neurons exhibited a weak reaction for D1 receptor mRNA. These results demonstrate that dopamine acts on efferent striatal neurons through expression of distinct receptors--namely, D1 and D2 in separate cell populations (substance P and preproenkephalin A neurons, respectively)--and can also act on nonprojecting neurons through D1 receptor expression.
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PMID:Phenotypical characterization of the rat striatal neurons expressing the D1 dopamine receptor gene. 182 15

Immunohistochemical investigations with anti-substance P antiserum demonstrate the existence of an extensive extrabulbar primary olfactory projection in several gymnotid teleost fish. This projection, never described before, originates in particular primary olfactory bundles which enter with the olfactory nerve into the olfactory bulb. While the bulk of the olfactory fibers end with glomeruli in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb, two particular bundles penetrate into the telencephalon and end, without forming glomeruli, in several telencephalic and diencephalic regions. A few fibers run as far as to the hypothalamus. In the light of these findings, the general notion that the primary olfactory projection is limited to the olfactory bulb and forms only glomeruli-like terminals, should be reconsidered.
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PMID:[Extra-bulbar primary olfactory projection in teleost fishes]. 190 65

Recent immunohistochemical studies have shown the distribution of histaminergic neurons in the mammalian brain, which are concentrated in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the posterior hypothalamus and project efferent fibers to almost all parts of the brain from the olfactory bulb to the spinal cord. Histaminergic neurons co-express other neuroactive substances, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid, adenosine, substance P, galanin and Met-enkephalin-Arg-Phe. In addition, pharmacological studies have demonstrated the presence of presynaptic histamine H3-receptors (autoreceptor) in addition to H1- and H2-receptors. The specific agonist (alpha-methylhistamine) and antagonist (thioperamide) of H3-receptors were developed. Results from a number of studies indicate a variety of physiological roles of neuronal histamine such as thermoregulation, feeding behavior, sexual activity, sleep-wakefulness cycle, hormonal regulation and so on. Moreover, histaminergic drugs affect not only the emotional behavior, but also are effective to treat some patients of depression, Parkinson's disease, akathisia, motion sickness and so on. The central histaminergic neuron system is also affected by mental disorders and neuropsychopharmacological drugs. This review especially focused on these points and suggests that the central histaminergic neuron system may play an important role in the regulation of mental functions.
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PMID:[Recent advances in neuropsychopharmacology of the central histaminergic neuron system]. 192 57

The present study comprises a cytoarchitectonic analysis of the human substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA); a discussion of their chemoarchitecture and fiber connections (mainly based on tract-tracing studies in primates) preceded by an overview of the wealth of tract-tracing data in rodents; a discussion of the involvement of the SN/VTA complex in Parkinson's disease (PD) and related disorders and in Alzheimer's disease (AD), including some quantitative data; and finally, some functional and pathophysiological considerations, relating nigral organization to pathophysiology and hypotheses on the etiology and distribution of AD and PD. DAergic cell populations in the mesencephalon (SN pars compacta, VTA, and the retrorubral area A8) which give rise to well-developed, DAergic, mesotelencephalic pathways, including a distinct mesostriatal system, and a substance P-immunoreactive striatotegmental system which projects to the SN pars reticulata and VTA appear to be common to reptiles, birds, and mammals (Sect. 3.1). The extensive literature on the organization of the SN/VTA complex in rats is summarized in Sect. 3.2. The mesotelencephalic projection is organized along inverted dorsal to ventral, medial to lateral, and rostral to caudal topographies. A dense DAergic innervation is characteristic of the entire striatal complex, including the caudate-putamen (the dorsal striatum), the nucleus accumbens, and the olfactory tubercle (the ventral striatum). This mesostriatal projection is compartmentally organized with distinct sets of DAergic neurons projecting to striosomes and extrasriosomal matrix, respectively, suggesting specialized channels directed at DAergic modulation of sensorimotor processing in the striatal matrix and limbic related mechanisms represented in the striosomal system. The VTA and medial part of the SN give rise to the DAergic mesolimbocortical system with extensive projections to limbic, allocortical, and neocortical structures. The striatonigral output pattern in rats is organized in such a way that the dorsal striatum mainly innervates the SN pars reticulata, whereas the ventral striatum projects predominantly to the VTA and medial part of the SN. Within the striatonigral projections in rats some interesting channels can be recognized, relating the sensorimotor cortex, via its corticostriatal projections, to that region of the SN giving rise to the nigrothalamic projection, and the visual cortex to the nigrotectal component of the SN pars reticulata.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The human substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. A neuroanatomical study with notes on aging and aging diseases. 205 66

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a recently discovered family of natriuretic peptides highly homologous to atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). Quantitative in vitro autoradiography with a computerized microdensitometer demonstrated that the distribution of BNP binding sites is similar to the known distribution pattern of ANF binding sites in rat tissues. Analysis of saturation and competition curves disclosed that the maximal binding capacity for BNP-(Asp-81--Tyr-106) and ANF-(Ser-99--Tyr-126) is similar within the plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb, the choroid plexus, and the adrenal zona glomerulosa. Examination of the competition curves of BNP-(Asp-81--Tyr-106), ANF-(Ser-99--Tyr-126), and des-(Gln-116--Gly-120)ANF-(Asp-102--Cys-121)NH2 (C-ANF, a ligand highly specific for ANF-R2 receptors) for 125I-labeled BNP-(Asp-81--Tyr-106) and 125I-labeled ANF-(Ser-99--Tyr-126) binding revealed that ANF fully displaced 125I-BNP binding and, conversely, BNP completely displaced 125I-ANF binding in these tissues, whereas C-ANF partially displaced 125-BNP and 125-ANF binding. Angiotensin II, insulin, glucagon, and substance P had no influence on 125I-BNP binding in the above tissues. These results support the view that BNP and ANF share the same binding sites in rats.
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PMID:Brain natriuretic peptide binding sites in rats: in vitro autoradiographic study. 216 36


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