UNIPROT:P20366 - FACTA Search

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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Immunocytochemical techniques locating neurotransmitter-synthsizing enzymes are currently being employed to determine the nature of transmitters associated with individual neurons. The use of peroxidase-anti-peroxidase Fab (PAP Fab) complex modified from Sternberger's PAP method, among several other immunocytochemical methods is recommended for the visualization of antigens in cerebral tissues. The enzyme fixed in nervous tissues is reacted with anti-enzyme produced in rabbits followed by incubation with goat-anti-rabbit serum. Subsequent application of PAP Fab complex prepared separately results in a formation of a complex composed of enzyme: anti-enzyme: goat-anti-rabbits: PAP-Fab. The enzymes can be visualized under light and electron microscope by the deposition produced by the action of peroxidase on 3,3'-diaminobenzidine. Thus, the antibody to glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that synthesizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was employed to identify GABAergic neurons in central nervous system of rodents. Specific staining for GAD was highly localized in close association with synaptic vesicles in certain axon terminals including basket, Golgi and the Purkinje cell terminals in the cerebellum. The distribution of GAD observed in immunocytochemical preparations was consistent with indirect biochemical, physiological and morphological data dealing with the synaptic role of GABA neurons in the cerebellum. The correlation of the immunocytochemical distribution of GABA neurons in the spinal cord, substantia nigra, olfactory bulb, retina and Ammon's horn with physiological and biochemical results can also been obtained. The method has been successfully employed to visualize dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and substance P. DBH, as an indicative enzyme for noradrenergic (NA) neurons, was highly localized in the neuronal soma of the locus coeruleus and in synaptic varicosities in the stria terminalis associated with synaptic vesicles. Association of substance P in probable primary afferent terminals with large vesicles also supports the synaptic function of the compound in the spinal cord.
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PMID:[Immunocytochemical technique--Application for identifying GABA neurons (author's transl)]. 35 33

The telencephalon in ray-finned fish (actinopterygians) is everted, in contrast to the evaginated telencephalic hemispheres in all other vertebrates. In the more derived ray-finned fish, the teleosts, proliferation of neurons and their migration from the ependymal zone of the pallium renders comparisons between telencephalic cell groups of the teleosts and members of other vertebrate groups extremely difficult. The telencephalon of Polypterus (a primitive living ray-finned fish), although everted, is cytoarchitecturally much simpler than that of teleosts. We have thus applied immunohistochemical techniques to the study of the telencephalon of Polypterus to help clarify the evolution of the telencephalon in teleosts and facilitate comparisons between the telencephalon in ray-finned fish and other vertebrates. Antisera against the following neuroactive substances were used: 1) serotonin (5HT), 2) tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), 3) substance P (SP), 4) leucine-enkephalin (ENK), 5) neuropeptide Y (NPY), and 6) the neurotensin-related hexapeptide LANT6. Several features of the labeling patterns obtained suggested that the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the area ventralis are homologous as a field to the basal ganglia and septum plus other basal telencephalic regions of land vertebrates, sharks and lungfish: 1) an abundance of SP+, NPY+, and ENK+ fibers; 2) an abundance of TH+ fibers, possibly of posterior tubercle/tegmental origin; 3) the presence of an SP+ fiber bundle that appeared to descend from basal telencephalic levels and terminate in the posterior tubercle/tegmentum, which contain TH+ (possibly dopaminergic) neurons; and 4) an abundance of 5HT+ fibers, presumably of posterior tubercle/tegmental origin. It was not possible, however, to recognize distinct pallidal and striatal subdivisions within the area ventralis of Polypterus. The olfactory pallium (P1) was generally poor in most of the substances examined, except for the presence of LANT6+ fibers. The P3 pallial field was conspicuously rich in SP+ and ENK+ fibers throughout its extent, and the caudal and lateral parts of the P2 field were rich in SP+ fibers and ENK+ fibers. Since this is characteristic of the medial pallial and/or dorsomedial pallial walls of the telencephalon in lungfish, sharks, frogs, and reptiles, the P3 field and caudolateral part of the P2 field may be homologous to these portions of the telencephalon in other vertebrates. More rostromedial parts of P2 may correspond to those parts of the pallium in land vertebrates that are in receipt of specific sensory input from the thalamus, since low neuropeptide levels are characteristic of these regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of the telencephalon of the senegal bichir (Polypterus senegalus). 135 Oct 63

Neurokinin B (NKB) belongs to the family of neuropeptides named tachykinins. Members of this family such as substance P or neurokinin A have been proposed to function as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. Searching for possible sites of action of NKB in the central nervous system, we have now investigated its distribution within the rat brain by immunohistochemical techniques and in situ hybridization. For immunohistology two different antisera directed against amino acid sequences within preprotachykinin B were used. One antiserum had been raised against a synthetic derivative of NKB; the other one was directed towards the amino acids 50-79 of preprotachykinin B, which are referred to as peptide 2. Essentially the same distribution of immunoreactive perikarya was obtained with both antisera and it closely corresponded to the cellular localization of preprotachykinin B mRNA. Neurons containing NKB immunoreactivity and mRNA were present in many areas including cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, amygdaloid complex, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral pallidum, habenula, medial preoptic area, arcuate nucleus, and lateral mammillary bodies. Dense immunoreactive fibers were observed in various parts of the brain and were most prominent in the olfactory bulb and tubercle, the lateral olfactory tract, medial hypothalamus, around blood vessels of the median eminence and interpeduncular nucleus, amygdaloid nuclei, stria terminalis, subbrachial nucleus, and medial geniculate nucleus. Fibers of less intense staining were seen among other brain areas in the substantia nigra, the reticular formation, and the area of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Surgical lesion of the fasciculus retroflexus revealed that the dense fiber network observed in the interpeduncular nucleus originates from the ventral and dorsal parts of the medial habenula. Our data suggest a widespread and distinct distribution of neurons expressing NKB within the central nervous system, suggesting possible neuromodulatory roles of this neuropeptide for various brain functions.
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PMID:Distribution of neurons expressing neurokinin B in the rat brain: immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. 137 42

The distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPli) was charted in the brain of the gymnotiform fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus, and correlated with the circuitry underlying intraspecific electrocommunication. Cell bodies were found predominantly in the lateral hypothalamus and in certain paraventricular organs: nucleus preopticus periventricularis, anterior subdivision; anterior hypothalamus; nucleus posterioris periventricularis; nucleus recessus lateralis, medial subdivision 2; nucleus recessus posterioris and nucleus recessus lateralis, lateral subdivision. Cell bodies were also found in the rostral olfactory nucleus, ventral telencephalon (ventral and central subdivisions), the habenula, the vagal sensory and motor nuclei and in the subtrigeminal nucleus. The distribution of SPli fibers was similar in some respects to that reported for other vertebrates. SPli was found in the rhombencephalon associated with vagal afferent fibers and in the funicular nucleus (possibly related to nociception). In the diencephalon and midbrain SPli fibers were found in the habenular-interpeduncular tract, in the hypothalamus and pituitary. SPli fibers were also found in preoptic and forebrain areas. The most striking result was the sexually dimorphic SPli innervation of certain hypothalamic and septal nuclei, and of the prepacemaker nucleus (PPn), a diencephalic cell group which controls communication ('chirping') in gymnotiforms. The PPn and septal/hypothalamic nuclei were densely innervated by SPli in males but devoid of SPli in females.
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PMID:Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the gymnotiform fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus: presence of sex differences. 137 31

The development of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SPLI) in the goldfish brain was studied by means of the indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique and an antibody to substance P. By 80 h after fertilization, the first SPLI-cell bodies appear in the ventricular zone of the future diencephalon and the first SPLI-fibers appear in the olfactory bulbs. Two days after hatching (which occurs at 100 h after fertilization), SPLI fibers connecting the olfactory bulbs and hypothalamus are seen. In the optic tectum SPLI-fibers appear for the first time 5 days after hatching. In the brain stem, SPLI-cell bodies appear in juvenile animals 40 days after hatching. The highest number and intensity of SPLI-cell bodies and fibers are found in the area postrema. SPLI-cell bodies are also seen in the gustatory nucleus, nucleus ambiguous, reticular formation of the medulla, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and commissural nucleus of Cajal. The significant information gained from the present study is: 1. The rostro-caudal sequence in which the SPLI appears in the developing nuclei of the goldfish brain 2. The reduction of SPLI-cell bodies in some nuclei with age Thus, in the brain stem, SPLI-cell bodies that were labeled in juvenile goldfish were not seen in adults. This might be due to changes in the rate of axonal transport, changes of the SP phenotype during development or cell death. The developmental sequence and relative timing in which SPLI-cell bodies appear in the goldfish, rat and mice are similar.
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PMID:The development of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the goldfish brain. 138 Nov 58

It is now a recognized principle that various neuropeptides are neuronally co-localized with biogenic amine or aminoacid neurotransmitters. In the rat CNS it has previously been shown that TRH is co-localized with 5-HT (and also with substance P) in cell bodies of the posterior raphe that project to the spinal cord. Although TRH cell bodies are known to be widely distributed throughout the forebrain there is no other known co-localization with 5-HT. In this study we further specify the forebrain there is no other known co-localization with 5-HT. In this study we further specify the anatomical relationship of TRH with 5-HT by use of surgical and neurotoxic lesioning with reference to limbic forebrain regions wherein TRH is greatly increased following seizures. In groups of rats, the fimbria-fornix was lesioned alone, or combined with a lesion of the dorsal perforant path or the ventral perforant path. There was a sham lesioned control group. Additional groups were lesioned with 5,7 dihydroxytryptamine, 100 micrograms i.v.t., 45 min. after i.p. desipramine, 25 mg/kg. All rats were sacrificed three weeks after lesions. Indoleamines were determined by HPLC in left anterior cortex, left pyriform/olfactory cortex, left dorsal hippocampus and left ventral hippocampus. TRH was determined by specific RIA in the corresponding right brain regions. The modal n was 7 rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Some regional anatomical relationships of TRH to 5-HT in rat limbic forebrain. 138 39

The distribution of neurokinin B (NKB) was determined by immunocytochemistry with antisera directed toward its amino terminus. Immunoreactive perikarya were detected in the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, cortical regions, the olfactory tubercle, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the diagonal band of Broca, the nucleus accumbens, the septum, the neostriatum, several hypothalamic nuclei, the superior colliculus, the central gray, the substantia nigra, the medullary reticular formation, and the external cuneate nucleus. The distribution of NKB-containing perikarya revealed by immunocytochemistry was similar to the distribution of protachykinin B-containing cells previously visualized by in situ hybridization. Immunoreactive nerve fibers and terminals were detected in all major subdivisions of the brain. The levels of NKB measured by radioimmunoassay were highest in the hypothalamus. The distribution of NKB in the rat brain was similar to the distribution of substance P; however, there were several regions where the two distributions were clearly different.
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PMID:Localization of neurokinin B in the central nervous system of the rat. 143 20

Tachykinins exert a broad range of actions in the mammalian nervous system. While much is known about the localization of peptides derived from one of the two mammalian tachykinin genes (substance P- and neurokinin A-encoding preprotachykinin), little has been reported on the localization of peptides derived from a second tachykinin gene encoding neurokinin B. Using an antiserum raised against a 30-residue peptide fragment (Peptide 2) of the protein precursor to neurokinin B, we have mapped the distribution of Peptide 2 by immunocytochemistry. Peptide 2 antiserum specificity was determined by western blot analysis (which showed antibody cross-reactivity to a neurokinin B fusion protein from a cloned neurokinin B-encoding complementary DNA) and by the elimination of immunoreactive product in brain tissue sections upon preabsorption with a 10 microM concentration of Peptide 2 peptide. In addition, we report on the distribution of neurokinin B-messenger RNA with a full-length complementary RNA probe to localize cells that express the neurokinin B precursor. Peptide 2 immunoreactivity and neurokinin B-messenger RNA-positive cells were found, in some instances, paralleling the distribution of substance P and in other cases existing separately from substance P. Peptide 2 immunoreactivity as well as neurokinin B-messenger RNA-positive cells were found in the main olfactory bulb, cortex, olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala, medial habenula, periaqueductal gray, superior and inferior colliculus, and nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract. Whereas substance P is found throughout the rat brain, neurokinin B appears to be partitioned more to forebrain than to brainstem structures. The marked differences in the distribution of both tachykinins in the rat central nervous system suggests that neurokinin B may play an important role in olfactory, gustatory, visceral, and neuroendocrine processing of information.
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PMID:Localization of the tachykinin neurokinin B precursor peptide in rat brain by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. 146 96

Immunohistochemistry revealed a distinct terminal nerve (nT) from the olfactoretinalis system (ORS) in several gymnotid species. The ganglion (NOR) of the ORS is a cluster of FMRF-amide immunoreactive neurones located on the olfactory nerve and bulb. The NOR projects to the olfactory bulb and optic nerve but not to the olfactory epithelium. In contrast, the nT is a small substance P or GnRH immunoreactive fibre bundle which originates from a ganglion located rostral to the olfactory epithelium, courses caudally with the olfactory nerve and terminates as glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Peripherally the ganglion projects to the epithelium of the anterior nostril. Thus, the terminal nerve appears to be a cranial nerve, clearly distinct from the ORS which consequently should no longer be considered as the terminal nerve.
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PMID:The olfactoretinalis system = terminal nerve? 167 53

Patterns of immunoreactivity for calcium-binding protein, tyrosine hydroxylase and four neuropeptides in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle and ventromedial parts of the caudate nucleus and putamen) were compared to patterns of these markers in the dorsal striatum (the majority of the neostriatum) in rhesus monkey. The striatal mosaic was delineated by calcium-binding protein and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivities. Both markers were found preferentially in the matrix of the dorsal striatum. The mosaic configurations of tyrosine hydroxylase, but not calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity, were similar in dorsal and ventral striatal regions. Substance P and leucine-enkephalin were not distributed homogeneously; distinct types and the prevalence of patches of substance P and leucine-enkephalin immunoreactivity distinguish the dorsal striatum from the ventral striatum and distinguish the caudate nucleus from the putamen. In the dorsal striatum, substance P and leucine-enkephalin patches consist of dense islands of immunoreactive neurons and puncta or clusters of immunoreactive neurons marginated by a dense rim of terminal-like puncta; the matrix was also enriched in leucine-enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons but contained less substance P-immunoreactive neurons. Patches were more prominent in the caudate nucleus than in the putamen. In the caudate, compartments low in tyrosine hydroxylase and calcium-binding protein immunoreactivities corresponded to cytologically identified cell islands and to patches enriched in substance P and leucine-enkephalin. These patches had a discrete infrastructure based on the location of substance P and leucine-enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons and terminals. In the ventral striatum, patches that showed low levels of substance P and leucine-enkephalin immunoreactivities were embedded in a matrix rich in immunoreactive cell bodies, fibers and terminals. In the accumbens, regions showing little tyrosine hydroxylase were in spatial register with patches low in substance P and leucine-enkephalin. Neurotensin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons or processes were also compartmentally organized, particularly in the ventral striatum. Neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons were present predominantly in the nucleus accumbens but not in the dorsal striatum. Some regions enriched in neurotensin immunoreactivity were spatially registered with zones low in tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P and zones enriched in leucine-enkephalin. Areas enriched in somatostatin-immunoreactive processes overlapped with both tyrosine hydroxylase-rich and -poor regions in the ventral striatum. Our results show that the chemoarchitectonic topography of the striatal mosaic is different in the dorsal and ventral striatum of rhesus monkey and that the compartmental organization of some neurotransmitters/neuropeptides in the ventral striatum is variable and not as easily divisible into conventional patch and matrix regions as in the dorsal striatum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The striatal mosaic in primates: patterns of neuropeptide immunoreactivity differentiate the ventral striatum from the dorsal striatum. 168 64

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