Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease in which the basal ganglia are preferentially affected. Recent evidence, however, suggests involvement of the cerebral cortex as well, with sparing of neurochemically defined subsets of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic interneurons. In the present study, we examined changes in concentrations of the amino acid neurotransmitters GABA, glutamate, and aspartate in nine cortical regions from 23 patients with advanced Huntington's disease and 12 control brains. GABA concentrations were significantly increased in eight of the nine regions, consistent with a sparing of GABAergic local circuit neurons in the context of progressive cortical atrophy. Small but significant increases in glutamate were found in six of the nine regions, while aspartate levels were generally unaffected. Striate cortex (Brodmann's area 17) showed the most profound increases in GABA and glutamate. We also investigated the effects of powdering the excitotoxins N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or kainic acid onto the dura of rats. The resulting lesions were examined at 1 week and 6 months. The NMDA-induced lesions showed striking sparing of parvalbumin-positive neurons (a subset of GABAergic interneurons), and this sparing was reflected in neurochemical measurements of GABA; kainic acid lesions failed to display this selectivity. Somatostatin, cholecystokinin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide concentrations were spared by the NMDA-induced lesions, and substance P levels were significantly increased. These results provide evidence that NMDA excitotoxic lesions of cerebral cortex can produce a selective pattern of neuronal damage similar to that which occurs in Huntington's disease.
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PMID:The cortical lesion of Huntington's disease: further neurochemical characterization, and reproduction of some of the histological and neurochemical features by N-methyl-D-aspartate lesions of rat cortex. 128 Sep 37

Pulmonary neuroepithelial endocrine cells have been shown to contain serotonin-immunoreactivity in almost every species studied. Regulatory peptides, of which at least ten have been reported so far, were mostly only demonstrated in a number of the investigated species or in a subpopulation of neuroepithelial endocrine cells. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, calcitonin, bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide, enkephalin, somatostatin, substance P, cholecystokinin and polypeptide YY were found in normal lung tissues, whereas ACTH and several other bioactive substances should be regarded as ectopic. The human pulmonary neuroepithelial endocrine system seems to harbour the largest spectrum of bioactive mediators. The distribution patterns of bioactive substances in various subpopulations of solitary neuroepithelial endocrine cells or neuroepithelial bodies and in different cells of a single neuroepithelial body reveal a great complexity. Therefore, further research is needed to elucidate the chemical coding of this system.
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PMID:Comparative histological overview of the chemical coding of the pulmonary neuroepithelial endocrine system in health and disease. 128 Sep 75

The distribution of neurokinin B was investigated in the basal forebrain of the rat by immunocytochemistry with an antibody directed against neurokinin B, and with a second antiserum directed to a peptide sequence contained within its precursor, and by means of in situ hybridization. The staining pattern was compared in closely adjacent sections to that of substance P- and enkephalin-like immunoreactivities. Cholecystokinin immunoreactivity was used to delineate the apparent dorsolateral border of the ventral pallidum with the nucleus accumbens. Remarkable similarities are found in the distribution of these peptides in the basal forebrain, especially in its ventral part. The coarse band-like terminal staining pattern (woolly fibers) that has been shown by others for substance P- and enkephalin-like immunoreactivity, is also observed for neurokinin B-like immunoreactivity, mainly in the ventral pallidum. Medium-sized cells are found arranged in clusters or singularly within the caudate-putamen even without colchicine. A band of strong neurokinin B immunoreactivity extends just underneath the dorsal pallidum to the amygdala. In comparison to enkephalin the most distinct observation is that neurokinin B immunoreactivity is not present in the dorsal pallidum (global pallidus). Neurokinin B immunoreactivity was not found in the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra which is strongly immunopositive for substance P. The number of cells detected by in situ hybridization was higher compared to the immunopositive perikarya throughout the basal ganglia. The staining pattern observed reflects a partial overlap with the substance P and enkephalin system although a differential distribution for each of these peptides was observed for cell bodies and axons terminals.
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PMID:Comparative distribution of neurokinin B-, substance P- and enkephalin-like immunoreactivities and neurokinin B messenger RNA in the basal forebrain of the rat: evidence for neurochemical compartmentation. 128 22

Biopsies of human cerebral cortex were fixed by immersion and immunostained for the detection of neuropeptides in neuronal cell bodies and axons. Four neuropeptides (neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, , substance P and cholecystokinin) were visualized in a series of adjacent sections. All populations of immunoreactive neurons had a morphology characteristic of interneurons, with variations in dendritic arborizations and laminar distribution. The cholecystokinin-immunoreactive neurons were most numerous in the supragranular layers, whereas neurons containing the other three peptides occurred mainly in infragranular layers, or even in neurons populating the subcortical white matter. Quantitatively, each population of neuropeptide-containing neurons accounted for 1.4-2.5% of the total neuronal population. The distribution of these neurons varied slightly between cytoarchitectonic divisions, with substance P- and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons dominating in the temporal lobe and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive neurons in the frontal lobe. Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons dominated in the gray matter of the frontal half of the hemisphere and in the subcortical white matter of the caudal half of the hemisphere. Furthermore, co-existence of neuropeptide Y or substance P immunoreactivity within somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons could be demonstrated using double labeling immunofluorescence techniques. The axonal plexuses immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, or substance P were distributed in all layers, with a strong predominance of horizontally oriented fibers in layer I, a moderate plexus of randomly oriented fibers in the supra- and infragranular layers, and a slightly weaker innervation of layer IV. Immunoreactive axons formed, in addition, complex terminal arbors, mostly in older subjects, suggesting that they resulted from an as yet undefined aging process. The present study underlines several aspects of the organization of the neuropeptide-containing neurons of the human cerebral cortex, which are of particular interest in the light of the involvement of these neurons in several neurodegenerative diseases.
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PMID:Morphology and distribution of neuropeptide-containing neurons in human cerebral cortex. 128 28

Substance P (SP), Met-enkephalin (Met-enk) and cholecystokinin-8-S (CCK-8-S) were measured by a combined HPLC/RIA method in the caudate nucleus and anterior putamen from controls and from Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. SP levels were reduced in caudate in PD, but unchanged in putamen. No differences in Met-enk content were found in parkinsonians compared to controls. However, a significant correlation between DA and Met-enk levels in caudate nucleus from PD was observed. The concentration of CCK-8-S was unaltered in caudate nucleus or putamen in PD. The decrease in caudate nucleus SP levels might be related to the decrease in nigral SP levels in PD, while the reduction in Met-enk levels appears to be a feature of a subgroup of parkinsonian patients.
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PMID:Striatal neuropeptide levels in Parkinson's disease patients. 128 32

In the rat thalamus, immunoreactivity for the calcium binding protein calbindin (Cb) is mostly confined to neuronal cell bodies, sometimes revealing proximal dendrites, of the midline, intralaminar and posterior regions. Substance P (SP)-, cholecystokinin (CCK)- and Leu-enkephalin (L-ENK)-immunoreactive (ir) elements in the thalamus are fibre-like structures, intermingled with punctate elements probably representing axonal arborizations and their synaptic boutons. These peptidergic fibres are unevenly distributed in several thalamic domains, including the areas that contain Cb-ir neurons. The relationship between Cb-ir cell bodies and these three different peptidergic systems of thalamic innervation was studied with immunohistochemistry. Single-labelling experiments on adjacent sections and double immunostaining on the same section were performed. A considerable overlap between Cb-ir perikarya and SP-ir fibres was found in most thalamic nuclei. In particular, in the intralaminar nuclei and posterior complex, SP-ir punctate elements were frequently observed in close proximity to Cb-ir cell bodies and dendrites. On the other hand, no consistent topographical correspondence between Cb-ir perikarya and CCK- or L-ENK-ir fibres was evident. Altogether, the present data suggest a selective anatomical and, possibly, functional relationship between SP and Cb in at least a subpopulation of rat thalamic neurons.
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PMID:The relationship of calbindin-containing neurons with substance P, Leu-enkephalin and cholecystokinin fibres: an immunohistochemical study in the rat thalamus. 128 25

Rats were exposed to short-term restraint (held by the tail for 1 min), injected s.c. with saline or subjected to the combination of these treatments. Fifteen and 30 min after these treatments the means serum corticosterone level was significantly increased by more than four times, compared to rats taken directly from their home cages, indicating a stress response. In the peri-aqueductal grey, the level of substance P-like immunoreactivity was increased by 45% (P < 0.01) and 65% (P < 0.01) 30 and 60 min after the combined treatment, respectively. Significant increases of the level of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the peri-aqueductal grey were also found after restraint only and after a s.c. saline injection. Similar, but less marked, changes in the level of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the PAG were also seen. In the accumbens a significantly decreased level of substance P-like immunoreactivity was encountered at 15 and 30 min after treatment, while the levels of cholecystokinin- and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity were not significantly changed. In other regions studied, no effects on peptide levels were seen. The changes in peptide levels had a time course similar to that of the increase in serum corticosterone. Also the successive removal of rats from a common cage was found to increase significantly the serum corticosterone and the substance P-like immunoreactivity in the peri-aqueductal grey in the animals that were taken late in sequence from the cage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Short-term restraint stress and s.c. saline injection alter the tissue levels of substance P and cholecystokinin in the peri-aqueductal grey and limbic regions of rat brain. 128 65

The effects on proliferation of Molt-4 lymphoblasts of cholecystokinin (CCK-8), somatostatin-14 (SS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P (SP) were investigated using different combinations of the peptides, peptide analogs and their antagonists. In vitro proliferation of the cells was measured by a colorimetric assay for cell growth and survival. Results indicate that SP and SP (3-11) stimulated, whereas CCK-8, VIP and SS inhibited, proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Unsulfated CCK-8 had no effect on growth of Molt-4 lymphoblasts, and a specific antagonist of CCK, at a concentration 10(-6) M, diminished the inhibitory effect of CCK-8 on Molt lymphoblasts (P < 0.05). This suggests that the inhibitory action of CCK-8 was mediated by peripheral-type CCK receptors. SS and VIP, at equimolar concentrations of 10(-6) M, significantly augmented the CCK-8-induced inhibition of Molt-4 lymphoblast proliferation. However, none of the inhibiting neuropeptides suppressed stimulation of Molt-4 lymphoblast proliferation in response to SP. These data suggest a role of sensory neuropeptides including CCK in modulating human T lymphoblast proliferation during neuroendocrine interactions with the immune system.
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PMID:Regulation of human T lymphoblast growth by sensory neuropeptides: augmentation of cholecystokinin-induced inhibition of Molt-4 proliferation by somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal peptide in vitro. 128 56

The distribution of neurotensin-, substance P-, gastrin/cholecystokinin/carerulein- and bombesin-like immunoreactivities has been studied in the gut of the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and the goldfish (Carassius auratus) using immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay; the electrophysiological effects of these peptides on the intestinal epithelium were also examined with the Ussing-type chamber technique. Neurotensin- and gastrin/cholecystokinin/caerulein-like immunoreactivities were present in endocrine cells in both species. Substance P- and bombesin-like immunoreactive endocrine cells were present in the intestine of the tilapia. Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity was observed in varicose fibers and nerve cell bodies in the muscle layers and myenteric plexus of both species, whereas nerve fibers showing substance P-like immunoreactivity were found in the goldfish only. Using radioimmunoassays, neurotensin- and gastrin/cholecystokinin/caerulein-like immunoreactive materials were detected in intestinal extracts of both species. The amounts of substance P- and bombesin-like material were below detection level. The ion selectivity of the intestinal epithelium of both species was modulated by exogenously applied neurotensin. This effect was blocked by tetrodotoxin in the tilapia but not in the goldfish. In the tilapia, neurotensin may act via stimulation of a cAMP-dependent increase of the Cl- conductance of the tight junctions, whereas in the goldfish, neurotensin induced, via an unknown messenger, a transient decrease of the cation selectivity without a decrease in the resistance. Substance P, cholecystokinin, and bombesin were without effect on the electrophysiological characteristics of the epithelium.
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PMID:Neurotensin, substance P, gastrin/cholecystokinin, and bombesin in the intestine of the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and the goldfish (Carassius auratus): immunochemical detection and effects on electrophysiological characteristics. 128 77

Sympathetic ganglia are innervated by neuropeptide-containing fibers originating from pre- and postganglionic sympathetic neurons, dorsal root ganglion neurons, and in some cases, myenteric neurons. In the present report receptor autoradiography was used to determine whether sympathetic ganglia express receptor binding sites for several of these neuropeptides including bombesin, calcitonin gene-related peptide-alpha, cholecystokinin, galanin, neurokinin A, somatostatin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The sympathetic ganglia examined included the rat and rabbit superior cervical ganglia and the rabbit superior mesenteric ganglion. High levels of receptor binding sites for cholecystokinin, galanin, somatostatin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were observed in all sympathetic ganglia examined, although only discrete neuronal populations within each ganglion appeared to express receptor binding sites for any particular neuropeptide. These data suggest that discrete populations of postganglionic sympathetic neurons may be regulated by neuropeptides released from pre- and postganglionic sympathetic neurons, dorsal root ganglion neurons, and myenteric neurons.
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PMID:Receptor binding sites for cholecystokinin, galanin, somatostatin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in sympathetic ganglia. 131 31


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