Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Using both the 'punch' microdissection and radioimmunological techniques, circadian variations in substance P, luliberin (LH-RH) and thyroliberin (TRH) concentrations can be statistically validated in some discrete brain regions of the (Wistar CFY) male rat investigated in May. Animals were synchronized with light from 06.00 to 18.00 h and darkness. Water and food were available ad libitum. Very well marked circadian rhythms were in evidence in brain areas where the neuronal peptides investigated are mostly present in nerve terminals in high concentrations: medial basal hypothalamus for luliberin and thyroliberin and substantia nigra for substance P. On the contrary, no significant rhythms were detected in a number of areas where luliberin (preoptic area) or substance P (preoptic area, central gray matter, amygdala, globus pallidus) synthetizing perikarya are present. This suggests that at least luliberin and substance P are not secreted according to a circadian rhythmicity. The most striking finding was that crest time locations were situated at only two different times of the day: 14.00 h for thyroliberin and 20.00 h for substance P and luliberin. This suggests that circadian variations are not solely dependent on the activity of the endocrine system.
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PMID:Circadian variations in substance P, luliberin (LH-RH) and thyroliberin (TRH) contents in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic brain nuclei of adult male rats. 616 5

The effects of neonatal thyroidectomy and thyroid hormone replacement therapy on the development of catecholamine-, TRH-, and substance P-containing neurons in discrete rat brain nuclei were studied. Newborn male rats were rendered hypothyroid by the injection of 125 muCi 131I and, after 45 days, were compared with normal littermate controls and 131I-injected animals subsequently maintained on T4 injections. The peptide or catecholamine content of discrete brain nuclei removed by punches of frozen brain slices was measured by RIA or radioenzymatic assay, respectively. The success of the thyroidectomy was verified by criteria of weight, length, plasma T4, and pituitary GH content. Animals receiving T4 replacement therapy were indistinguishable from normal littermates. Substance P was measured in 32 different brain nuclei and was significantly increased in 19 of these areas in hypothyroid animals. No changes in norepinephrine were detected, and the dopamine content of all but 3 brain nuclei was increased by thyroidectomy. The TRH concentration was drastically reduced in the median eminence of hypothyroid animals and also changed in 3 other extrahypothalamic areas. All of the changes seen in catecholamine, TRH, and substance P distribution in hypothyroid animals were completely reversed by T4 replacement therapy. These results demonstrate changes in brain peptide neurotransmitters during the hypothyroid state and open new vistas for comprehension of biochemical mechanisms underlying central nervous system malfunction.
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PMID:Effect of neonatal thyroid deficiency on the catecholamine, substance P, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone contents of discrete rat brain nuclei. 616 45

Acute intracerebral injection of the undecapeptide, substance P, in mice induced a unique reciprocal hindlimb scratching response whose intensity was dose-related. Similar intracerebral dose-response curves were obtained by the structurally related undecapeptides, physalaemin and eledoisin, but not by several unrelated peptides (TRH, neurotensin, bradykinin, somatostatin), prostaglandins E2 and F2a, dibutyryl cyclic AMP or dibutyrylcyclic GMP. Analgesic narcotic agents with predominant agonist activity administered i.p. prevented the reciprocal hindlimb scratching response induced by intracerebral substance P (0.625 microgram/mouse = ED 95). In this in vivo assay their action was stereospecific and exhibited a rank order of potency similar to that reported for analgesic activity and binding to opiate receptors in vitro. Narcotic agents with mixed agonist-antagonist activity were inactive while the narcotic antagonist, naloxone, completely reversed the action of morphine. Higher doses of naloxone alone potentiated substance P-induced reciprocal hindlimb scratching which may explain why partial narcotic agonists failed to abolish the response. There is now considerable evidence in support of a sensory neurotransmitter/modulator role for substance P within the central nervous system, and one of its actions may be associated with nociception. This concept is supported by observations in the present study which indicate that the substance P-induced reciprocal hindlimb scratching response involves nociceptive pathways within the central nervous system.
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PMID:Intracerebral substance P in mice: behavioral effects and narcotic agents. 616 31

The present report concerns the immunocytochemistry of various peptide hormones and in particular their location in nervous structures. However, since the hormones observed in the neuroadenohypophysis and the digestive tractus have been examined elsewhere, they have been excluded from this study, except when considered outside there precise areas. The immunocytology of the following neuropeptides is presented, especially the particular details related to their demonstration: 1) The hypothalamic hypophysiotropic factor: LH-RF, SRIF, TSH-RF; derivatives from the so-called proopiocortine found by Mains and Eipper (1977), namely beta-LPH, enkephalins, endorphins, alpha-MSH- and ACTH-like antigens; 2) Prolactin and somathormone found outside the pituitary; 3) Gastro-intestinal hormones and their location outside the digestive hormones and their location outside the digestive mucosa, namely VIP, CCK, substance P; 4) Angiotensin II in nervous structures; 5) Neurotensin; 6) Thyrocalcitonin; 7) Relaxin, and the problem of its presence in the adult male genital tract. New data in invertebrate located vertebrate neuropeptides-like antigens in the nervous structures of pro-chordates (Ascidians) insects, crustaceans, annelids. These last findings underline the extensive significance of such hormonal molecules previously considered to be specific for vertebrates.
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PMID:Immunocytochemistry of polypeptide hormones: a review. 616 60

The effects of intracerebroventricular administration of several peptides on discrete-trial, conditioned avoidance responding were assessed in the rat. Three peptides (neurotensin, bombesin and beta-endorphin) produced a neuroleptic-like effect (i.e. a decrease in avoidance responding with no effect on escape responding). A low dose (0.6 nmol) of each peptide elicited a significant effect. Neurotensin and bombesin produced a significant but partial decrease in avoidance responding; larger doses of these peptides did not produce a greater effect. beta-Endorphin elicited dose-related decrements in avoidance responding. In addition, the effect of neurotensin, but not bombesin or beta-endorphin, was antagonized by simultaneous administration of an equimolar dose of thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Hence, the 3 peptides do not appear to produce decreases in avoidance responding by the same mechanism. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, bradykinin, substance P, des-Tyr1-gamma-endorphin and melanotropin inhibiting factor did not significantly affect avoidance responding. These findings, taken together with previous findings, suggest that intracerebroventricular administration of certain endogenous peptides (neurotensin, bombesin and beta-endorphin) may exert neuroleptic-like effects.
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PMID:The effects of neuropeptides on discrete-trial conditioned avoidance responding. 617 91

Cats were used as models of traumatic spinal cord injury. Each experimental animal received a 500 g-cm force to the exposed dura at the level of thoracic fourth vertebra. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), carotid arterial blood pressure (BP), and abdominal aorta blood flow in the treated groups were compared with those of the control group. The three treated groups received naloxone (5 mg/kg), TRH (5 mg/kg), and a combination of methyl-prednisolone sodium succinate (MP, 35 mg/kg) and epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA, 350 mg/kg). The SEPs which were done only in the naloxone treated group approached "normalcy" 24-26 hours after trauma as compared with the absence of SEPs in traumatized untreated group. In all three groups, the treatment increased the blood flow in abdominal aorta significantly. Morphine sulfate increased substance P (SP) immunoreactivity in the dorsal and ventral gray matter. Naloxone not only reversed this effect, it depleted SP below the saline control level. In order to establish that lipid free radicals are responsible for damage to biological membranes, their effects were also investigated in vitro: 14C-GABA uptake by mouse cortical slices which had decreased by 33% in the presence of superoxide (. O-2) generating system, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), was reduced only by 9% when superoxide dismutase was added to the medium. The latter also protected the nerve endings from damage by (. O-2) as examined by electron microscopy. It is concluded that the agents used in this study produce their ameliorating effects by virtue of their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and membrane stabilizing properties in addition to their effect on enhancing the regional microcirculation. The release of SP by naloxone may be responsible for the increase in blood flow. The consequences of traumatic injury as depicted in Fig. 1 are discussed at length.
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PMID:Prevention of damage in acute spinal cord injury by peptides and pharmacologic agents. 618 89

Studies were performed to investigate the effects of neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter candidates (substance P, VIP, somatostatin, Met-enkephalin, gastrin-17, CCK-4 and -8, neurotensin and TRH) of the newly discovered peptidergic nervous system on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure in anaesthetized pigs. All neuropeptides were infused over 2 min periods in 6 different doses, separated by resting periods of at least 1 min, directly into the arterial supply of the lower oesophageal sphincter. Substance P caused a dose-dependent increase in lower oesophageal shpincter pressure; the threshold dose was 9 pmol . kg-1 . min-1 and half maximal response occurred at 72 pmol . kg-1 . min-1. None of the other polypeptides, however, influenced the resting lower oesophageal sphincter. These studies show that substance P is a potent stimulant of smooth muscle in the lower oesophageal sphincter, suggesting that this peptide may be an important regulator of lower oesophageal sphincter pressure.
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PMID:Effects of regulatory peptides on the porcine lower oesophageal sphincter. 618 84

Neurones in the substantia nigra were found to be sensitive to iontophoretically applied substance P, substance P 1-9 methyl ester and substance P 1-9 amide. Substance P 1-2, 4-9 and 5-9 methyl esters, thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), Pyroglutamyl-histidyl-2 methyl prolineamide (methyl TRH), Pyroglutamyl-histidyl-2 methyl prolineamide (methyl TRH), histidyl-proline-diketopiperazine (His-Pro) and MSH releasing inhibiting factor (MIF) were without effect on neurones in this area. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), methyl TRH, His-Pro and MIF were inactive on neurones in the caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens. Bilateral injections of substance P and substance P 1-9 methyl ester into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of conscious rats produced locomotor activity, while similar injections of substance P 4-9 and 5-9 methyl esters did not. The locomotor activity produced by amphetamine was prolonged by TRH, while MIF was devoid of such activity. The data suggest that substance P and substance P 1-9 have similar effects in the substantia nigra, although the mechanism of action is unclear. Thyrotropin releasing hormone and MIF probably do not have acute actions in the brain areas tested.
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PMID:Actions of substance P, MIF, TRH and related peptides in the substantia nigra, caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens. 619 54

We have examined the effects of centrally applied neuropeptides on ventilation (respiratory rate, tidal volume, and minute ventilation) in urethane-anesthetized rats. TRH caused an increase in respiratory rate, a decrease in tidal volume, but an increase in net minute ventilation. One TRH metabolite, acid TRH, caused similar changes, but no effect was observed from the other TRH metabolite, cHis-Pro. Both bombesin and calcitonin caused increases in minute ventilation due to increases in respiratory rate and tidal volume. Additionally, bombesin induced periodic sighing respirations at rates up to 15/minute which was observed with no other neuropeptide. Substance P, somatostatin, and neurotensin had no effect upon ventilation variables.
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PMID:Central effects of neuropeptides on ventilation in the rat. 619 47

The effects of neonatal thyroidectomy and thyroid hormone replacement therapy on the content of substance P and TRH in the lumbar segment of the rat spinal cord were studied. The peptide content of discrete spinal cord regions removed by punches of frozen serial slices was measured by RIA. Animals receiving T4 replacement therapy were indistinguishable from normal littermates. In hypothyroid animals without PCPA-treatment, levels of TRH and substance P were significantly increased by 100% in the ventral and the dorsal lumbar spinal cord, respectively. Inhibition of serotonin biosynthesis by PCPA increased by 90% the substance P content in the dorsal horn of euthyroid rats and abolished completely the stimulatory effect of hypothyroidism on the TRH content of the ventral horn. These findings suggest the existence of a physiological relationship between substance P and TRH with the serotoninergic system in the rat spinal cord and that thyroid hormone is implicated in the normal development of the peptide-containing neurons in the rat spinal cord.
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PMID:Comparative effects of neonatal hypothyroidism and euthyroidism on TRH and substance P content of lumbar spinal cord in saline and PCPA-treated rats. 619 82


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