Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Biochemical assays on microdissected samples, denervation studies, subcellular fractionation, and light and electron microscopic autoradiography of high affinity uptake have been performed to study the cellular localization of transmitter candidates in the rat hippocampal formation. High affinity uptake of glutamate and aspartate is localized in the terminals of several excitatory systems, such as the entorhino-dentate fibres (perforant path), mossy fibres (from granular cells) and pyramidal cell axons. Thus, in stratum radiatum and oriens of CA1, 85% of glutamate and asparate uptake and 40% of glutamate and aspartate content are lost after lesions of ipsilateral plus commissural fibres from CA3/CA4. Hippocampal efferents also take up aspartate and glutamate, since these activities are heavily reduced in the lateral septum and mamillary bodies after transection of fimbria and the dorsal fornix. The synthesis (by glutamic acid decarboxylase), content and high affinity uptake of gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) are not reduced after lesions of these or other projection fibre systems. A localization in intrinsic neurons is confirmed by a selective loss of glutamic acid decarboxylase after local injections of kainic acid. Peak concentrations of the enzyme occur near the pyramidal and granular cell bodies, corresponding to the site of the inhibitory basket cell terminals, and in the outer parts of the molecular layers. Some 85% of glutamic acid decarboxylase is situated in 'nerve ending particles'. Acetylcholine synthesis (by choline acetyltransferase) disappears after lesions of septo-hippocampal fibres. Since 80% of the hippocampal choline acetyltransferase is in 'nerve ending particles', the characteristic topographical distribution of this enzyme should reflect the distribution of cholinergic septo-hippocampal afferents. Serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine and histamine are located/synthesized in afferent fibre systems. Some monoamine-containing afferents to the hippocampal formation pass via the septal area, others via the amygdala. The hippocampal formation also contains nerve elements reacting with antibodies against neuroactive peptides, such as enkephalin, substance P, somatostatin and gastrin/cholecystokinin.
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PMID:Localization of putative transmitters in the hippocampal formation: with a note on the connections to septum and hypothalamus. 3 19

The effects of a transection on the choline acetyltransferase activity, the thyrotropin releasing hormone and substance P contents in the cat cervical spinal cord have been investigated. Seven days after the hemitransection at the C1 level, the grey matter of the C6-7 levels of the spinal cord were dissected for the biochemical measurements. The choline acetyltransferase activity and the thyrotropin releasing hormone content remained unchanged in any regions in the grey matter following the high cervical transection. On the other hand, the substance P content was decreased by approx. 70% in the ventral horn. These results suggest that the fibers originating the supraspinal structures and terminating in the grey matter of the spinal cord, contain the substance P-releasing fibers, whereas there seems to be little cholinergic or thyrotropin releasing hormone-containing fibers.
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PMID:Effect of transection on choline acetyltransferase, thyrotropin releasing hormone and substance P in the cat cervical cord. 9 14

The substance P content, glutamic acid decarboxylase and choline acetyltransferase activities and the level of [3H]diprenorphine binding were measured in various regions of the lumbar spinal cord of rats after unilateral section of the sciatic nerve or after dorsal rhizotomy. Sciatic nerve section produced a 75--80% depletion of substance P in the dorsal horn but did not change the substance P content of the ventral horn. The onset of substance P depletion occurred within 7 days and was maintained for 2 months. The substance P content of the dorsal root ganglia and both the peripheral and central branches of primary sensory neurons was also reduced after sciatic nerve section. Glutamic acid decarboxylase and choline acetyltransferase activity were unchanged; however, a small decrease in opiate receptor binding occurred 1 month after nerve section. Dorsal rhizotomy produced an 80% depletion of substance P in the dorsal horn. In addition, the substance P content of the ventral horn was significantly reduced. Glutamic acid decarboxylase activity in the dorsal horn was unaffected by dorsal rhizotomy whereas opiate receptor binding was reduced by 40%. From these studies it appears that peripheral nerve injury results in the degeneration of primary sensory neurons which contain and release substance P as neurotransmitter.
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PMID:Substance P: depletion in the dorsal horn of rat spinal cord after section of the peripheral processes of primary sensory neurons. 22 Oct 70

Electrolytic lesions and surgical transection of the habenulo-interpeduncular-ventrotegmental tract have established the existence of separate habenulo-interpeduncular-ventrotegmental substance P and cholinergic projections. Micro-knife lesions separating the habenula nuclei showed the medial habenular nucleus to be the source of substance P fibres running via the fasciculus retroflexus to the ventral tegmental area. The lateral habenular nucleus receives a substance P projection from the medial habenular nucleus and is the source of cholinergic projection to the interpeduncular nucleus and to the medial habenular nucleus. Lesions of the ventrotegmental-interpeduncular area did not modify the levels of substance P and choline acetyltransferase in the habenula. These observations suggested that there are no substance P or ACh containing afferents to the habenula from the ventrotegmental-interpeduncular area and the accumulation of substance P and AChE proximal to but not caudal to transections of the fasciculus retroflexus confirmed this view.
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PMID:Substance P containing and cholinergic projections from the habenula. 35 79

In order to study the relationship between retinal projections and immunohistochemically identified neurotransmitter systems in the primary visual centers of the brain in lizards, intraocular injections of horseradish peroxidase were combined with immunohistochemistry. Antibodies raised against six substances were applied: choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), serotonin (5-HT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine (DA), substance P (SP), and leu-enkephalin (LENK). In the primary visual centers of the lizards Gekko gecko and Gallotia galloti, notable overlap was observed between retinofugal fibers with: 1) ChAT-immunoreactive fibers in almost all primary visual centers; 2) 5-HT-immunoreactive fibers in the ventral lateral geniculate body and the basal optic nucleus; 3) TH-immunoreactive fibers in the nucleus ovalis and the dorsal lateral geniculate body; 4) SP- and LENK-immunoreactive fibers in the perirotundal belt; and 5) TH- and SP-immunoreactive fibers in the pretectal posterodorsal nucleus. The latter nucleus also contains dopaminergic cell bodies that lie outside the retinal target area but have dendrites extending into it. Several differences were noted in the distribution of 5-HT, TH-, DA-, and LENK-immunoreactive fibers in the tectum of the midbrain in the two species studied. Distinct laminae of 5-HT-immunoreactive fibers (layer 9) and TH- and DA-immunoreactive fibers (layers 9 and 11) are present in G. gecko but absent or, at least, less distinct in G. galloti. On the contrary, the optic layers in the tectum of G. galloti show a rather dense plexus of LENK immunoreactive fibers, whereas the corresponding layers in G. gecko are devoid of LENK-immunoreactivity. Since only a very few ChAT immunoreactive fibers were observed in the optic nerve of G. galloti, most of the observed immunoreactive fibers in the primary visual centers are considered to have an extraretinal origin. Putative sources of the cholinergic, the monoaminergic, and the peptidergic innervation of the primary visual centers in reptiles include the isthmic nucleus, the raphe nuclei, the substantia nigra and the nucleus of the posterior commissure, as reported in other amniotes.
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PMID:Cholinergic, monoaminergic and peptidergic innervation of the primary visual centers in the brain of the lizards Gekko gecko and Gallotia galloti. 128 May 14

Enkephalin and substance P-containing inputs to cholinergic perikarya were examined in the rat neostriatum using an ultrastructural immunocytochemical double-labeling protocol. Sections of rat neostriatum were double-labeled for either choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and substance P or ChAT and enkephalin using silver intensified colloidal gold and peroxidase as labels. Regions containing both ChAT-positive neurons and peroxidase reaction product were identified in the light microscope prior to sectioning for electron microscopy. Substance P-containing terminals which contained round synaptic vesicles and made symmetrical synaptic contacts were commonly observed in the neostriatum. Substance P synapses onto ChAT-positive perikarya and dendrites were frequently observed: up to 5 synaptic contacts were observed onto a ChAT-positive dendrite. Enkephalin labeling was also seen in a population of axon terminals containing round synaptic vesicles and exhibiting symmetrical synaptic specializations. In contrast to substance P-containing terminals, relatively few synaptic contacts were observed onto ChAT-positive labeled perikarya and dendrites although enkephalin-labeled terminals were seen in frequent contact with perikarya and dendrites of unlabeled spiny neurons. Since enkephalin and substance P are contained within different populations of striatal spiny neurons, the results of the present study suggest that these two types of neurons differ in their intrinsic striatal connections.
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PMID:Ultrastructural examination of enkephalin and substance P input to cholinergic neurons within the rat neostriatum. 128 May 27

The differential vulnerability of basal forebrain cells to ibotenate (IBO) or quisqualate (QUIS) was investigated in rats. IBO was also coinjected with cystine (CYS) or zinc (Zn). Cortical choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity, neurotensin receptors, and high-affinity choline uptake sites were quantified in conjunction with radioimmunoassays for neurotensin, substance P, and somatostatin; immunocytochemistry for neurotensin-, somatostatin-, Leu-enkephalin-, and ChAT-positive cells; and in situ hybridization histochemistry of somatostatin, substance P, and enkephalin mRNAs. Compared with the performance of controls, continuous alternation performance in a T maze of IBO+Zn or IBO+CYS rats was better than that of IBO rats, whereas the performance of QUIS rats was unimpaired. Of those neurotransmitter systems examined, only ChAT-immunoreactive cells were vulnerable to IBO or QUIS. However, cholinergic cell loss did not correlate with impaired performance.
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PMID:Basal forebrain neurons and memory: a biochemical, histological, and behavioral study of differential vulnerability to ibotenate and quisqualate. 128 13

We treated rat pups with nerve growth factor (10 micrograms/animal/day s.c.) over postnatal days 1-7. Subsequent adult neuron numbers and tyrosine hydroxylase content in superior cervical ganglion were normal, but preganglionic inputs, as gauged from ganglionic choline acetyltransferase, were reduced. In parallel, intraganglionic axon terminals containing calcitonin gene-related peptide, but not those containing substance P, were increased in number. We postulate that neonatal nerve growth factor stimulates sprouting of ingrowing axons that have entered the ganglion soon after birth and that this represses subsequent establishment of cholinergic preganglionic synapses.
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PMID:Neonatal nerve growth factor treatment alters the preganglionic innervation pattern of rat superior cervical ganglion. 128 38

Immunohistochemistry has been used to demonstrate that neuropeptide Y, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, calcitonin gene-related peptide or substance P are colocalized with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and choline acetyltransferase in subpopulations of neurons in cranial parasympathetic ganglia of rat. These comprise the ciliary, sphenopalatine, otic, glossopharyngeal-vagal and internal carotid ganglia. In the ciliary and glossopharyngeal-vagal ganglia tyrosine hydroxylase is also found in such neurons. The findings emphasize that the combined localization of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y or the presence of tyrosine hydroxylase is not exclusively a marker for peripheral adrenergic neurons. Further, the co-localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P is not a decisive indication that a neuron is sensory in nature. It is discussed whether the presence of the enzymes and peptides other than vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is a remnant of a different expression during ontogenesis or indicates target-specific functions in the adult.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and acetylcholine coexist with neuropeptide Y, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, substance P or calcitonin gene-related peptide in neuronal subpopulations in cranial parasympathetic ganglia of rat. 135 Sep 46

The laminar patterns of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and substance P (SP) immunoreactivity within the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the rabbit retina show striking similarities. Discrete bands of SP-immunoreactivity were seen at 1-7%, 40-48% and 85-95% depth of IPL. AChE activity was present throughout the entire thickness of the IPL with moderately stained bands in each sublamina (3-24% in sublamina a and 62-89% in sublamina b depth IPL). These bands were bordered on both sides by bands of even greater density (in sublamina a 0-3% and 24-34% and in sublamina b 55-62% and 89-100% depth IPL). Cell processes staining for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) have previously been shown to ramify at 19-24% and 63-79% depth levels. Thus, SP- and ChAT-immunoreactive bands are located in both sublaminae, positioned within regions of moderate AChE activity and flanked by bands with greater AChE activity. This strong morphological correspondence and reported interactions between acetylcholine (ACh), AChE and SP in vitro provide the basis for the present study to determine whether such interactions can be demonstrated in vivo. Retinas infused with ACh showed a 60% average increase in SP-IR as compared with untreated retinas from the same animals. Treatment with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) also resulted in a 56% increase in SP-IR. The ability of ACh to induce increased levels of SP was not inhibited by CoCl2, atropine or mecamylamine, ruling out the possibilities of polysynaptic transmission or involvement of muscarinic or nicotinic receptors. Infusion of ACh did not increase the levels of preprotachykinin-mRNA indicating that the increase in SP-IR is not due to de novo synthesis but rather to inhibition of the enzyme(s) responsible for SP degradation. Whether AChE functions alone or in concert with other enzymes to hydrolyze SP cannot be determined from these experiments but is addressed in a separate study.
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PMID:Hydrolysis of substance P in the rabbit retina: I. Involvement of acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase. An in vivo study. 137 Nov 82


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