Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Blood flow in the tracheobronchial airways is regulated by three main nervous pathways: 1) sympathetic motor nerves (adrenergic and nonadrenergic); 2) parasympathetic motor nerves (cholinergic and noncholinergic); and 3) afferent or sensory nerves (peptidergic). Noradrenaline is the main adrenergic mediator which produces short-lasting constrictions in both tracheal and bronchial vascular beds and in both arteries and veins. These responses are mediated via alpha-adrenoceptors. The nonadrenergic mediator neuropeptide Y is a vasoconstrictor which produces long-lasting responses with larger doses. Acetylcholine is the principal mediator of the cholinergic nerves and causes short-lasting dilations at all levels of the tracheobronchial circulation (arteries, veins and bronchopulmonary anastomoses). These responses are mediated via muscarinic receptors. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine (in man peptide histidine methionine) are the main mediators of the noncholinergic nerves. Both of them produce vasodilation in the tracheobronchial circulation; VIP can cause longer-lasting responses with larger doses. The afferent or sensory nerves contain tachykinins, i.e. substance P and neurokinins A and B, which are potent vasodilators in the tracheobronchial circulation and also potent inducers of postcapillary permeability. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is another sensory neuropeptide with ability to produce long-lasting vasodilations without affecting microvascular permeability.
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PMID:Effects of neurotransmitters on tracheobronchial blood flow. 198 76

The cerebral circulation is supplied with two vasodilator systems: the parasympathetic system storing vasoactive intestinal peptide, peptide histidine isoleucine, acetylcholine and in a subpopulation of nerves neuropeptide Y, and the sensory system, mainly originating in the trigeminal ganglion, storing substance P, neurokinin A and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Recent knowledge of the innervation and effects of the dilator neuropeptides in the cerebral circulation is reviewed. Their role in the pathophysiology of subarachnoid hemorrhage and migraine has now received attention, with documentation of a clear linkage with the release of CGRP. In subarachnoid hemorrhage, other perivascular peptides are, to a lesser extent, involved.
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PMID:Innervation and effects of dilatory neuropeptides on cerebral vessels. New aspects. 200 78

The occurrence and distribution of an array of neuropeptides and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in the fungiform papillae of pigs and rats were studied by immunocytochemistry. Structural differences between the fungiform papillae of the two species were correlated to differences in the occurrence and distribution of neuropeptides. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-, substance P- and neurokinin A-containing fibers were numerous in the fungiform papillae of both species, although their distribution within the papilla differed. In the pig, the majority of these fibers ended within the taste buds, while in the rat numerous fibers also penetrated the adjacent epithelium. Galanin- and bombesin-immunoreactive nerve fibers could not be detected in the rat fungiform papillae, while in the pig many, but not all, of the fungiform papillae contained bombesin- and galanin-positive nerve fibers. Vasoactive intestinal peptide- and peptide histidine isoleucine-immunoreactive fibers occurred in the fungiform papillae of both species. A few neuropeptide Y-containing fibers and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-positive (presumably adrenergic) fibers could be observed in the porcine papillae only.
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PMID:Peptide-containing nerve fibers in the fungiform papillae of pigs and rats. 203 20

The peptidergic innervation of human dental pulp was studied with indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques. Pulpal nerve fibres displaying immunoreactivity for cholecystokinin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, C-terminal flanking peptide of neuropeptide tyrosine, leucine-enkephalin, methionine-enkephalin, neuropeptide K, neuropeptide tyrosine, peptide with N-terminal histidine and C-terminal isoleucine, somatostatin-28, substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were observed. Immunoreactive axon varicosities were detectable within radicular and coronal nerve trunks and within the nerve plexus of Raschkow in the para-odontoblastic region. Many peptidergic nerve fibres were observed in association with blood vessels of various sizes. Substance P- and calcitonin-gene-related peptide-immunoreactive axons were visible in the odontoblastic layer. The occurrence of VIP- and PHI-immunoreactive fibres lends support to the hypothesis that human tooth may be supplied by parasympathetic nerves. The immunocytochemical results here shown provide a morphological basis to previous experimental studies concerning the possible roles of neuropeptides in nociception mechanisms, control of the blood flow and modulation of the inflammatory response in dental tissues.
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PMID:Peptidergic nerves in human dental pulp. An immunocytochemical study. 208 89

Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT)-like immunoreactivity has been found in psoriatic skin and in this study, PNMT-like immunoreactivity was investigated in the involved and uninvolved skin of six patients with lichen planus and four patients with lichen simplex. No PNMT immunoreactivity was observed in these diseases. Studies were carried out using cultured fibroblasts from two patients with psoriasis from uninvolved and involved areas of skin and from two controls using antibodies to PNMT, as well as antibodies to the chemical messengers somatostatin, substance P, parathyroid hormone and peptide histidine isoleucine amide. No immunoreactivity to these substances was found, and fibroblasts are unlikely to be the cellular origin of the PNMT-like immunoreactivity as seen in psoriatic skin.
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PMID:The specificity and cellular origin of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT)-like immunoreactivity in psoriatic skin. 218 Apr 66

The different structures of the nasal, tracheal and bronchial vascular beds are described. All the vasculatures are influenced by neuropeptides released from three types of nerve: (1) sympathetic nerves release both noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y (NPY), both of which cause vasoconstriction; (2) parasympathetic nerves release both acetylcholine and either vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine methionine (PHM) or peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), all of which cause vasodilatation; and (3) sensory nerves release sensory neuropeptides such as substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and neurokinins A and B (NKA, NKB). Direct application of the neuropeptides to various preparations of the vascular beds confirms their actions. Stimulation of nerves to the airways in vivo causes vascular changes in the presence of anti-acetylcholine, anti-noradrenaline and ganglionic-blocking drugs, suggesting that they are mediated by neuropeptides. Reflex activation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves to the airway vasculature has been established, but the relative importance of classical neurotransmitters and of neuropeptides has not been analyzed. The neuropeptides in sensory nerves are released when the nerves are stimulated by capsaicin, various chemical irritants and inflammatory mediators such as histamine and bradykinin. The sensory neuropeptides cause not only vasodilatation but also, in some instances, extravasation of plasma protein and an increase in interstitial fluid volume. The interaction of the different neuropeptide systems, and their interplay with classical transmitters released from motor nerves, require further exploration.
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PMID:The NANC system and airway vasculature. 219 62

We concurrently measured, by radioimmunoassay, levels of substance P (SP), somatostatin (SST), methionine-enkephalin (Met-Enk), cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide hystidyl-isoleucine (PHI), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the ventral and dorsal gray matter at each segment of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal cord, obtained within 6 hours of death from 4 subjects (ages 17 to 55) with no neurologic disease. Levels (pmol/g gray matter) of SP, SST, and Met-Enk throughout and PHI, VIP, and NPY in lumbar and sacral cord were significantly higher in dorsal than in ventral gray matter. PHI, VIP, and NPY were significantly higher in lumbar and especially sacral cord than in cervical and thoracic segments. In rats, a postmortem delay of up to 8 hours did not affect SP, Met-Enk, PHI, or NPY and decreased SST, CCK, and VIP levels. Thus, there is a characteristic profile of neuropeptide distribution in gray matter, which emphasizes the neurochemical heterogeneity along the rostrocaudal and dorsoventral extent of normal human spinal cord.
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PMID:Segmental analysis of neuropeptide concentrations in normal human spinal cord. 229 59

The ileocaecal junctions of 5 horses and 2 donkeys were examined by using antisera to the following peptides: somatostatin, glucagon, gastrin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Antisera to somatostatin, neurotensin and NPY demonstrated endocrine cells in the ileal- and caecal parts of the ileocaecal junction, while immunoreactivity for glucagon was demonstrated in endocrine cells of the ileal part only. Nerve cell bodies showing immunoreactivity to SP, VIP, CGRP and PHI were demonstrated in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses and were associated with small blood vessels in the submucosa of all the regions tested. Ramified nerve fibres in the submucosa immunoreactive to SP, VIP, CGRP and PHI extended to the mucosa and to small blood vessels in the submucosa. Nerve fibres showing immunoreactivity to SP, VIP and PHI extended to the circular smooth muscle layer of the ileocaecal junction.
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PMID:An immunohistochemical study of various peptide-containing endocrine cells and neurones at the equine ileocaecal junction. 233 94

Choroid plexus from rat, guinea-pig, rabbit and pig was investigated by light-microscopic immunohistochemistry and by radioimmunoassay for the presence of neuropeptides. A moderately dense supply of nerve fibers containing neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), respectively, was found around blood vessels and in close relation to the secretory epithelium in both pig and rabbit, while lower densities of nerve fibers were found in rat and guinea-pig. Peptide concentrations ranged from 10-40 pmolequivalents/g (pmoleqv/g) for NPY and 0.5-6 pmoleqv/g for VIP in all four species. Peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) immunoreactive nerve fibers were present in pig choroid plexus at a lower density than NPY and VIP but with a similar distribution. Low concentrations of substance P (0.3-3 pmoleqv/g) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (0.1-3 pmoleqv/g) were found to a varying degree in choroid plexus tissue from the different species, while immunohistochemical investigation was unable to detect any immunoreactive nerve fibers. NPY was often found to coexist with VIP and PHI in pig choroid plexus, while a lesser amount of nerve fibers showed coexistence of NPY and the noradrenaline synthetizing enzyme, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. Surgical sympathetic denervation by excision of the superior cervical ganglion in the rabbit abolished NPY-containing nerve fibers, as revealed by immunohistochemistry, but only decreased NPY levels by one third, which may be due to different identity of the peptide being detected by the two techniques. It is concluded that NPY-containing nerve fibers have a dual origin in the choroid plexus and coexist with either noradrenaline or VIP/PHI.
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PMID:Distribution of peptidergic nerves in the choroid plexus, focusing on coexistence of neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and peptide histidine isoleucine. 240 10

Peptide-containing nerve fibers were found to be numerous in the glandular stomach of the rat and mouse. The immunoreactive neuropeptides demonstrated included vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), substance P (SP), enkephalin, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, and neuropeptide Y (NPY). The density and distribution of the various peptide-containing fibers did not differ overtly between the pyloric and oxyntic gland areas except for the GRP fibers, which were fewer in the pyloric than in the oxyntic mucosa. The entire VIP nerve fiber population was found to also contain PHI. Immunoreactive NPY was found to occur in the VIP/PHI fibers (VIP/PHI/NPY fibers) in the smooth muscle and intramural ganglia of both rat and mouse and in the mucosa of the mouse. Mucosal VIP/PHI fibers in the rat did not contain any NPY-like material. Perivascular NPY fibers in both species and mucosal NPY fibers in the rat did not contain VIP or PHI. The mucosa harbored numerous GRP fibers and VIP/PHI (rat) or VIP/PHI/NPY (mouse) fibers, and a modest number of NPY (rat) and SP fibers. In the submucosa the peptide-containing nerve fibers were found mainly in the ganglia and around blood vessels. Blood vessels received a rich supply of NPY fibers; the number of perivascular VIP/PHI, GRP, and SP fibers was much lower by comparison. The smooth muscle and myenteric ganglia harbored not only VIP/PHI/NPY, GRP, and SP fibers but also enkephalin, somatostatin, and cholecystokinin fibers. Gastrin-releasing peptide, VIP/PHI/NPY, SP, and enkephalin nerve cell bodies occurred in the myenteric ganglia. As studied in the rat, vagal denervation did not affect the density and distribution of the various peptide-containing nerve fibers. After sympathectomy, mucosal and perivascular NPY fibers disappeared. The other types of peptide-containing nerve fibers were not affected.
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PMID:Peptide-containing nerve fibers in the stomach wall of rat and mouse. 240 58


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