Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Little is known about the influence of cutting the extrinsic pancreatic nerves on the morphology and function of the intrapancreatic nerves in dogs. For this reason, intrapancreatic nerves of mongrel dogs were studied, using electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry, after truncal vagotomy, after celiac and superior mesenteric ganglionectomy, and after a combination of both operations, i.e., removing all extrinsic nerves of the pancreas. Dogs with intact extrinsic and intrinsic pancreatic nerves served as controls. Studies were performed 1-2 weeks and up to 5 months after one or both denervation procedures. For immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies the animals were perfused with glutaraldehyde-formaldehyde-picric acid solution and the tissue was embedded in Epon or paraffin. Both immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies revealed that signs of degenerating intrapancreatic nerves occurred only in the early phase (up to 30 days) after operation. After 60 days, hypertrophy of pancreatic nerve fibers was observed. The most striking finding was that the integrity of the intrapancreatic ganglia and nerves was almost preserved after complete extrinsic denervation. In controls there was a strong intrapancreatic innervation with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), substance P (SP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) nerves. SP and NPY-nerves significantly decreased after the different denervation procedures, but the other peptidergic nerves were not altered by truncal vagotomy, ganglionectomy, or the combination of both procedures. We conclude that the dog pancreas contains extensive intrinsic peptidergic nerves, which, with the exception of SP and NPY-nerves, are greatly independent of the integrity of the extrinsic nerves.
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PMID:Intrinsic pancreatic nerves after mechanical denervation of the extrinsic pancreatic nerves in dogs. 170 29

1. Extracts of the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica from three different hosts (cow, sheep, rat) have been subjected to radioimmunoassay using antisera to 6 mammalian regulatory peptides. 2. Immunoreactivity was measured to pancreatic polypeptide, substance P, peptide histidine isoleucine and gastrin-releasing peptide. Levels of each peptide varied considerably in flukes from different hosts. 3. Reverse-phase HPLC of rat and sheep fluke extracts revealed three molecular forms of tachykinin immunoreactivity and single peaks of pancreatic polypeptide and peptide histidine isoleucine immunoreactivity. No GRP-immunoreactivity was detected by RIA of HPLC fractions.
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PMID:Quantification and partial characterisation of regulatory peptides in the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, from different mammalian hosts. 171 29

The levels of 10 regulatory peptides in acid-alcohol extracts of three regions of the small intestine (0-20%, 30-60%, and 70-100%, with respect to distance from the pylorus) have been monitored radioimmunometrically in sham-infected male (6-8 week old) C57 mice and mice given a 5-cysticercoid infection of the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta and autopsied 10 days postprimary infection and 5 days postsecondary infection (administered 28 days postprimary infection). The regulatory peptides examined were gastrin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), glucagon (= enteroglucagon), motilin, neurotensin (NT), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), somatostatin (SRIF), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Statistical analyses revealed significant deviations from control values of five of the peptides (enteroglucagon and SP, both elevated; NT, PHI and VIP, all lowered) in intestinal tissue from infected mice; measurement of the same peptides in colonic extracts revealed no significant differences between infected and sham-infected mice. Parallel changes in peptide levels between normal infected and immunosuppressed infected mice were not evident, although elevations in the tissue levels of enteroglucagon and SP were found in infected Wistar rats (normal host). Results are discussed with respect to a peptidergic involvement in the pathology and host immune response to an intestinal tapeworm.
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PMID:Hymenolepis diminuta: changes in the levels of certain intestinal regulatory peptides in infected C57 mice. 171 77

Cutaneous primary sensory neurones contain a number of biologically-active peptides, including substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). However, little information is available on ontogenic changes in the tissue concentrations of these neuropeptides. In this study, the concentrations of these neuropeptides have been assessed in dorsal and ventral abdominal rat skin at various stages of development from foetal, early neonatal, late neonatal, weaner to adult, using sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays. In addition, the levels of peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), a peptide found in non-sensory cutaneous nerves, were assessed to control the study. The levels of PHI and NKA immunoreactivity did not change significantly at any stage of development. However, the levels of SP and CGRP immunoreactivity were significantly elevated in the early neonate with CGRP remaining elevated in the late neonate. The levels of both SP and CGRP were not significantly different between other developmental groups. Significant elevations in cutaneous SP and CGRP concentrations in early neonatal life in the rat, at a time when the pups are blind and naked, may be related to control of cutaneous sensitivity, which during this period of development, has positive survival value for the pups.
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PMID:Neuropeptides of the primary sensory neurones in rat skin: an ontogenic study. 171 91

Standard indirect immunocytochemical techniques have been interfaced with confocal scanning laser microscopy (for whole-mount preparations) and epifluorescence microscopy (for cryosections) to investigate the occurrence and distribution of serotoninergic and peptidergic nerve elements in adult H. diminuta. Serotonin (5-HT)-immunoreactivity (IR) was widespread throughout the worm, occurring in the paired cerebral ganglia, transverse commissure, the 10 longitudinal nerve cords and in a plethora of small nerve fibres of the peripheral nervous system. An abundance of serotoninergic nerve cell bodies was found in association with the lateral nerve cords. The genital atrium and accessory reproductive ducts were richly innervated with serotoninergic nerve fibres. Thirty-five antisera to 20 vertebrate regulatory peptides and 1 invertebrate peptide (FMRFamide) were used to screen the worm for neuropeptide IR. Immunostaining was obtained with antisera raised to pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY), neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), xenopsin (XP) and FMRFamide. The most extensive pattern of IR occurred with antisera to PP and PYY, IR being evident in the cerebral ganglia, transverse commissure, longitudinal nerve cords and in small nerve fibres that ramified throughout the parenchyma. A series of bipolar nerve cell bodies between the median nerve cords displayed PP/PYY-IR. The distribution of FMRFamide-IR was reminiscent of the PP/PYY pattern but was less extensive. Comparison of the serotoninergic and peptidergic nervous systems has revealed general similarities and some distinct differences, especially with regard to the distribution of immunoreactive nerve cell bodies. Quantitative data are presented on the levels of PP-, SP-, PHI-, and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-immunoreactivities demonstrable in acid-alcohol extracts of whole worms. The highest level of peptide IR determined was recorded for PP.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical and radioimmunometrical demonstration of serotonin- and neuropeptide-immunoreactivities in the adult rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea). 174 53

Light microscopic immunohistochemistry was employed to elucidate and compare the presence, distribution, and coexistence of various peptides, neuroendocrine markers and enzymes of the catecholamine pathway in nerves supplying lymphoid tissues in a variety of mammalian species. All lymphoid organs and tissues receive innervation by fibers containing dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and/or tyrosine hydroxylase, neural markers like protein gene product 9.5, synaptophysin and neurofilament and a varied spectrum of peptides. The prominent peptides were tachykinins (substance P, neurokinin A), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine (VIP/PHI). Opioid innervation was variable. Double immunofluorescence revealed coexistence of tachykinins and CGRP and of tyrosine hydroxylase and NPY. A minor proportion of fibers showed coexistence of NPY and tachykinins and of VIP/PHI and tachykinins. The possible importance of the complex peptidergic innervation of lymphoid tissues in inflammation, allergy, inflammatory pain and psycho-neuro-immuno-endocrine network function is discussed. A special immunomodulatory role of the sensory neurons is suggested.
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PMID:Molecular anatomy of the neuro-immune connection. 177 30

The histological appearance of the gingiva in children with Down's syndrome (DS) was studied with special reference to inflammatory involvement and innervation. A dense infiltration of inflammatory cells was seen in the propria of most of the DS patients, including a few polymorphonuclear leucocytes. A hyperplasia of the epithelium was also found. The innervation of the gingiva was studied using immunohistochemistry. Nerve fibers as well as nerve bundles immunoreactive to neurofilament (NF) were seen in the propria, while occasionally intraepithelial NF fibers were observed. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive fibers and fiber bundles were also visualized, but they were less abundant than NF fibers. The density of NF and CGRP fibers and fiber bundles was estimated by semiquantitative evaluation. A higher density of NF and CGRP immunoreactive structures was observed in the propria of DS patients compared to the control subjects, while no obvious alteration was seen in their distribution in the propria. In addition, sparsely distributed fibers immunoreactive to peptide histidine isoleucine amide (PHI) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) fibers as well as neuropeptide Y (NPY) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were seen, mainly surrounding blood vessels. A few substance P (SP) fibers were also found, mostly close to the epithelium. No obvious differences of these sparsely distributed fibers were seen in the DS patients compared to controls. Thus, a profound inflammatory involvement of the gingiva of DS patients is seen concomitant with a hyperinnervation of the presumed sensory component of the gingival innervation. In contrast, no alterations were seen in the density of neuronal markers related to autonomic nerve fibers. The sensory hyperinnervation observed is probably not specifically related to DS, but may be due to a sprouting of afferent nerves induced by the inflammatory reaction. However, factors released from the sensory afferents could contribute to the gingival inflammation seen in DS.
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PMID:Immunohistological study of neuronal markers in inflamed gingiva obtained from children with Down's syndrome. 183 31

The presence and distribution of the presumed pan-neural marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP)- and peptide-immunoreactive (ir) nerve fibers in alveolar walls of various species was investigated by light microscopic single and double staining immunohistochemistry. PGP-, tachykinin (TK)-, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CRGP)-ir fibers were sparsely distributed in a similar pattern in alveolar walls of all species investigated. No vasoactive intestinal peptide-, peptide histidine isoleucine-, galanin-, and opioid-ir nerve fibers could be detected. PGP-ir fibers outnumbered those staining for TKs and CGRP. There was partial coexistence of PGP and TK as well as of TK and CRGP. PGP-, TK-, and CGRP-ir fibers were in close spatial relationships to the cells building up the alveolar walls and to alveolar capillaries. The function of PGP is unknown. TK- and CGRP-ir nerves in alveolar walls may be sensory and function as chemo-, stretch-, and/or immuno-receptors. TKs and CGRP released from alveolar fibers may influence the alveolar epithelium and the various non-epithelial alveolar cells, including immune cells. The alveolar TK and CGRP innervation may be of unrecognized importance in physiological and pathophysiological regulation of lung functions.
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PMID:Tachykinin-, calcitonin gene-related peptide-, and protein gene product 9.5-immunoreactive nerve fibers in alveolar walls of mammals. 184

This lecture summarizes studies on the effects of some of the neuropeptides which seem to be present in somatosensory and autonomic nerves in the uvea. Release of these peptides is likely to explain nerve induced effects in the eye which are not due to classical transmitters. Trigeminal nerve fibres in the eye seem to contain substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and cholecystokinin (CCK), parasympathetic nerve fibers from the facial nerve seem to contain vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and peptide with histidine and isoleucine terminals (PHI), and sympathetic nerves seem to contain neuropeptide Y (NPY). Retrograde trigeminal nerve stimulation in rabbits causes hyperemia, miosis, a breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier to plasma proteins and a rise in intraocular pressure (IOP). There is release of SP and CGRP or related peptides. The miosis seems to be due to SP and the other effects to CGRP and small amounts of arachidonic acid metabolites released by the peptides. SP has no miotic effect in monkeys and cats. However, CCK is a potent miotic in monkeys and causes contraction of the human pupillary sphincter muscle. It has no such effect in the lower species. The effect of CCK in primates seems to derive from the presence of CCK receptors of the A-type on the pupillary sphincter muscle, and can be blocked by lorglumide. Miosis can be produced in cats by the peptide endothelin; this effect is due to release of arachidonic acid metabolites. Facial nerve stimulation causes vasodilation in the uvea of rabbits, cats and monkeys. The effect cannot be abolished by muscarinic blocking agents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The 1990 Endre Balazs Lecture. Effects of some neuropeptides on the uvea. 187

The localisation and distribution of the cholinergic, serotoninergic and peptidergic components of the nervous system of the frog-lung fluke Haplometra cylindracea have been determined by the application of standard enzyme cytochemical and immunocytochemical techniques to cryostat sections and whole-mount preparations. Cholinesterase activity (ChE), as indicative of acetylcholine, has been demonstrated cytochemically in the CNS and PNS; however, the anterior ganglia were notably unreactive. The occurrence of serotonin was examined by an indirect immunofluorescence technique, and immunoreactivity (IR) was demonstrable in small, paired anterior ganglia and in fine nerve fibres associated with the somatic muscle, cirrus and gonopore. The peptidergic portion of the nervous system was investigated using antisera to 17 mammalian regulatory peptides and the invertebrate peptide FMRFamide, and was visualised by both indirect immunofluorescence and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Positive immunostaining occurred with antisera raised against pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), substance P (SP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) and FMRFamide. Immunoreactivity to PP, PYY and FMRFamide was widespread throughout the nervous system and was evident in large, paired anterior ganglia, the dorsal commissure, main nerve tracts and the extensive array of small fibres that constitute the PNS. In contrast, the distribution of nerves immunoreactive to SP and PHI was less apparent, with PHI-IR occurring exclusively within the fibrous neuropile of the ganglia and in fibres of the ventral nerve cord. Results are discussed with respect to the distribution of the various neurochemical elements and their roles as putative neurotransmitters and/or regulatory molecules.
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PMID:Occurrence and distribution of putative neurotransmitters in the frog-lung parasite Haplometra cylindracea (Trematoda: Digenea). 197 50


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