Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study examined the effects of transmural nerve stimulation, acetylcholine, adrenoceptor agonists and several peptides on the contractility of strips of human gallbladder in vitro. Acetylcholine caused concentration-related contractions of the tissues and the sensitivity to acetylcholine was similar in gallbladders with mild and severe chronic cholecystitis. Noradrenaline and adrenaline relaxed gallbladder strips, probably via beta 2-adrenoceptor stimulation. Transmural nerve stimulation always caused contractions, but in the presence of atropine inhibitory responses were demonstrable and these were antagonized by propranolol. There was no evidence of non-adrenergic inhibitory neural responses. Of the peptides tested, only cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-OP), gastrin, pentagastrin, substance P and caerulein caused contractions. Responses to CCK-OP, gastrin and pentagastrin were antagonized by dibutyryl cyclic GMP. Hormones which had no effect upon human gallbladder strips included motilin, secretin, bombesin, neurotensin, glucagon, vasopressin, VIP and somatostatin. Considerable differences therefore exist between human tissues and those from experimental animals with respect to the direct actions of neural and hormonal stimuli on gallbladder contractility.
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PMID:Contractility of human gallbladder muscle in vitro. 297 88

This is a survey of the results of recent investigations on gastrointestinal (GI) peptide hormones. In addition to the classical GI hormones (secretin, gastrin, and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ], there are at least nine other peptides whose structures and GI effects are known. These include vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), motilin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), substance P, neurotensin, somatostatin, enkephalins, and a bombesin-like gastrin-releasing peptide. It is now obvious that the traditional distinctions between hormones, neurotransmitters, and paracrines are rapidly becoming obsolete, as the actions and interactions of these substances within the complex motor system of the GI tract are gradually revealed. The study of perturbed states and toxic effects on the motor function of the small intestine is complicated by the integration of the activity of the small intestine with the activities of the body as a whole. A contemporary approach for evaluating intestinal contractile activity is described that uses computer assistance to measure the intercontractile interval (ICI). This technique may prove useful in assessing the effects of toxicological agents on spontaneous intestinal motor activity in vitro when the agents are delivered to the target sites by physiological mechanisms, in contrast to adding them to the tissue bath.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal hormones and the quantitation of spontaneous duodenal motor activity. 305 20

Peptide immunoreactivity was studied in grafts of endoderm from chick or quail embryos (19 hours, corresponding to stage 4- to 5 according to Hamburger and Hamilton) in the coelom of a 48 hour host embryo. The presence of gastrin, glucagon, cholecystokinin, VIP, substance P, somatostatin, bombesin, motilin, secretin, pancreatic polypeptide, neurotensin and insulin was demonstrated. The nature of the peptide(s) generally matched the regional differentiation of the enteric epithelium and the underlying mesodermal components. The findings are compatible with the concept of heterogeneity of the endoderm due to migration of epiblast derived cells.
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PMID:The synthesis of peptides in enteroendocrine cells developing in explanted presumptive endoderm. 315 May 67

Motilin has a stimulating effect on gastrointestinal motility. The mechanism of its action is not known. Direct and neuronal effects have been postulated. To determine if receptors are present on smooth muscle cells we investigated the effect of synthetic porcine motilin and its interaction with acetylcholine on isolated guinea pig gastric smooth muscle cells. Motilin elicited a dose-dependent contraction of gastric smooth muscle cells. Minimal (8.3 +/- 1.3%) and maximal (33.9 +/- 2.4%) responses were observed at 10(-12) and 10(-6) M, respectively. The ED50 of motilin was 10(-9) M. Acetylcholine also elicited a dose-response muscle contraction with a maximal response observed at 10(-7) M. Atropine (10(-7) M) completely inhibited the maximal response to acetylcholine but did not have any effect on the contractile response to motilin. In addition, dibutyryl guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (10(-3) M) and substance P antagonist, spantide (10(-4) M), also did not inhibit the action of motilin. Acetylcholine (10(-11) M) shifted the dose-response curve of motilin to the left by 1.5 log units. The maximal response to the combination of motilin (10(-6) M) and acetylcholine (10(-11) M) was 32 +/- 3.2%, which was similar to the maximal response to motilin alone. It is concluded that distinct motilin and muscarinic receptors are present on guinea pig gastric smooth muscle cells. The interaction between motilin and acetylcholine is additive and not potentiative.
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PMID:Motilin receptors on isolated gastric smooth muscle cells. 334 75

In 16 consecutive patients with systemic mastocytosis, we prospectively evaluated a variety of gastrointestinal functions and examined how they relate to the occurrence of gastrointestinal symptoms. Nine patients had either a duodenal ulcer or duodenitis. Hypersecretion of gastric acid was present in 6 patients, and in these patients the mean basal acid output was 20.7 +/- 4.1 mEq/h (range 14-39 mEq/h). Impaired small intestinal absorption occurred in 5 patients, although this was usually mild. The mean fractional emptying rate of liquids for all patients (14.7% +/- 2.3% per minute) did not differ from that for controls (10.7% +/- 0.6% per minute). Mean mouth-to-cecum transit time measured by breath hydrogen testing was the same among patients (87.7 +/- 6.7 min) and controls (86.7 +/- 8.0 min). Plasma histamine concentrations were increased in all patients (mean 1886 pg/ml, range 480-7450) and correlated with the basal acid output (r = 0.64, p less than 0.02) but not maximal acid output or the presence or absence of pain or diarrhea. Mean fasting plasma concentrations of motilin, substance P, and neurotensin from 6 patients did not differ significantly from controls, whereas gastrin and vasoactive intestinal peptide were significantly less than in controls (p less than 0.01). Gastrointestinal symptoms, consisting of abdominal pain or diarrhea, occurred in 80% of patients. Abdominal pain classified as dyspeptic was usually associated with acid-peptic disease of the duodenum and hypersecretion of gastric acid, whereas abdominal pain of a nondyspeptic character was not. Only in those cases of diarrhea consisting of greater than 200 g stool/day was gastric acid hypersecretion frequently found. Neither fecal urgency nor nondyspeptic pain could be accounted for by alterations of gastrointestinal transit. These results demonstrate that gastrointestinal symptoms, peptic disease, and mild malabsorption are much more common than described previously in patients with systemic mastocytosis. Furthermore, the results provide no evidence for the contention that altered gastrointestinal transit is involved in the pathogenesis of these symptoms.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal dysfunction in systemic mastocytosis. A prospective study. 339 14

The effect of 15 defined neuropeptides on the mitogenic activation of lymphocytes from human thymus, guinea pig lymph nodes and rat spleen was investigated. Lymphocytes were incubated in the absence or presence of polyclonal T and B cell activators together with increasing doses of the neuropeptides, and harvested at 48 h of culture after pulse-labeling with 3H-thymidine to assess the DNA synthesis. A dose-related stimulatory effect on the spontaneous 3H-thymidine incorporation of human thymocytes was obtained with methionine-enkephalin (met-enk), motilin and neurotensin. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide HI (PHI) were inhibitory. A similar responsiveness was observed in cultures of phytohemagglutinin P (PHA)-activated human thymocytes. The low level of basal DNA synthesis of guinea pig lymph node cells was stimulated by VIP and inhibited by neuropeptide Y (NPY) and PHI. PHA-activated lymph node T lymphocytes were stimulated by neurotensin, bombesin and motilin, whereas NPY inhibited the thymidine uptake. The low rate of spontaneous DNA synthesis of rat spleen cells was increased in the presence of VIP. Met-enk stimulated both basal and dextran sulfate-activated splenic B cell proliferation, whereas PHI was inhibitory in both cases. The following peptides were found to be inactive in all the above assays: substance P, cholecystokinin-octapeptide, somatostatin, galanin, oxytocin, pentagastrin and gastrin-releasing peptide 1-27 and 14-27. Although the responses were generally of low magnitude and observed at high peptide concentrations, present study contributes to the understanding of possible mechanisms involved in interactions between the nervous and the immune system.
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PMID:Neuropeptide regulation of human thymocyte, guinea pig T lymphocyte and rat B lymphocyte mitogenesis. 349 94

The gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) endocrine cells of the Japanese field vole were studied immunohistochemically. Somatostatin-, 5-hydroxytryptamine-, glicentin-, glucagon-, bovine pancreatic polypeptide-, gastrin-, gastric inhibitory polypeptide-, cholecystokinin-, substance P-, secretin-, neurotensin- and insulin-immunoreactive cells were revealed. The characteristic findings of the regional distribution and relative frequency of these immunoreactive cells in the GEP system of the vole were as follows. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were more numerous in the oxyntic glands than in the pyloric glands. Some somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were found in small clusters in the oxyntic glands. Gastrin-immunoreactive cells were detected not only in the pyloric glands and small intestine but also in the caecum and spiral colon. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide-immunoreactive cells were also detected in the pyloric glands and no motilin-immunoreactive cell was found in the gastroenteropancreatic system.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of gastroenteropancreatic endocrine cells of the herbivorous Japanese field vole, Microtus montebelli. 353 46

In cultured rat hepatocytes, the effects of gut hormones on bile acid uptake and release were studied. It was found that cultured hepatocytes continued to secrete bile acids into the culture medium and incorporated them effectively as a function of incubation time. Gut hormones such as secretin, glucagon, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), tetragastrin, cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), neurotensin substance P, beta-endorphin (beta-End), methionine-enkephalin (Met-enk), motilin, bombesin and somatostatin (SS) had no effect on bile acid uptake by cultured hepatocytes. In bile acid release studies, only secretin caused a dose-dependent stimulation of bile acid release, while other gut hormones had no effect on bile acid release into medium. These results indicate that secretin acts directly on cultured rat hepatocytes and/or bile canaliculi, besides its effect on the bile duct, and influences bile acid metabolism.
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PMID:Effects of gut hormones on bile acid uptake and release in cultured rat hepatocytes. 359 53

The distribution of regulatory peptides was studied by radioimmunoassay in the separated mucosa, submucosa and muscularis externa of the human oxyntic stomach, antrum and duodenum. Immunoreactive gastrin, secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide and motilin were virtually confined to the mucosa and duodenal submucosa, where endocrine cells are present. Only minor amounts of motilin and gastrin (3.2 +/- 0.5% and 4.3 +/- 0.8% of their total content, means + SEM, respectively) were found in the separated duodenal muscle. Somatostatin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, substance P-, and mammalian bombesin-like peptides showed distinct differential distributions in all layers. Substance P was low in the stomach and markedly increased in the duodenum, especially in the mucosa (fundus 0.8 +/- 0.2 pmol/g, duodenum 66 +/- 12). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and somatostatin, although well represented in the stomach, also increased in the duodenum in all layers of the wall (whole fundus 281 +/- 33 and 334 +/- 46 pmol/g, antrum 124 +/- 18 and 426 +/- 59, duodenum 507 +/- 99 and 1816 +/- 149, respectively). Mammalian bombesin immunoreactivity was comparatively abundant in the oxyntic stomach (mucosa 34 +/- 4.5 pmol/g, muscularis externa 29 +/- 4.8), less so in the antrum (6.3 +/- 1.5 and 11 +/- 3.2 pmol/g, respectively). Low concentrations of this peptide were measured in the duodenum, practically confined to the muscle (this layer 5.1 +/- 1.5 pmol/g, or 83 +/- 5.6% of the total content).
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PMID:Intramural distribution of regulatory peptides in the human stomach and duodenum. 359 62

The distribution of regulatory peptides was studied in the separated epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa and muscularis externa of the human jejunum. Gastrin, secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, enteroglucagon and neurotensin immunoreactivity were almost confined to the endocrine cell-containing mucosal epithelium (greater than 98% of the total content), only minor amounts of motilin being detected in non-epithelial layers (3.6 +/- 0.7%, mean +/- SEM, n = 7). Conversely, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P and mammalian bombesin were virtually limited to non-epithelial layers (greater than 99%). Only somatostatin was found in all layers (44 +/- 6.7% in the epithelium, 34 +/- 5.2% in the lamina propria, 13 +/- 2.9% in the submucosa, and 7.9 +/- 2.8% in the muscularis). Substance P was found in higher concentrations in the mucosa, compared to submucosa and muscle (56 +/- 10, 30 +/- 4.0 and 29 +/- 4.0 pmol/g, respectively), while vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was more abundant in the muscle (411 +/- 52 pmol/g) compared to mucosa and submucosa (228 +/- 64 and 219 +/- 31 pmol/g, respectively). Only low levels of mammalian bombesin were measured, mainly in the muscle (6.9 +/- 1.5 pmol/g, or 89 +/- 3.6% of total content).
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PMID:Regulatory peptide distribution in separated layers of the human jejunum. 360 2


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