Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lithuania's environment is heavily polluted as a result of domestic and transboundary contamination. The main ecological problems are related to atmospheric pollution; water contamination; soil, water, and forest acidification; nitrogen-compounds overload of soil, water, and food; and contamination with agricultural chemicals and heavy metals. The increased environmental distress is a menace to public health in Lithuania. Experimental studies need to be designed and used to ascertain the effects of environmental distress on the gastrointestinal tract epithelial barrier. Our electronmicroscopic and immunohistochemical study of human gastrointestinal endocrine cells revealed changes in the amount of secretory material and intracytoplasmic vacuolization after exposure to the environmental chemicals such as hexavalent chromium and the herbicide Saprol. The most affected were the EC (serotonin, motilin, substance P), D (somatostatin), A (glucagon), B (insulin), and mast (histamine, serotonin, heparin) cells. These results provide ultrastructural evidence of digestive tract epithelial barrier reaction as an expression of environmental distress signals of the organism.
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PMID:Environmental monitoring in Lithuania. Environmental distress signals: gastrointestinal epithelial barrier after exposure to chemical agents. 146 10

Immunohistochemical studies of the gastrointestinal tract were carried out to characterize the cells exhibiting immunoreactivity for chromogranin A (CGA), a glycosylated protein primarily found in secretory granules of the adrenal medulla. Double immunostaining for gastrointestinal hormones and CGA revealed that in the bovine gastrointestinal tract CGA immunoreactivity occurs in mucosal epithelial cells containing gastrin, glucagon, substance P or motilin, but not in those containing somatostatin. Combined staining with anti-CGA serum and Grimelius' silver demonstrated frequent association of the two stains in a variety of endocrine cells. However, intracellular distribution of the two stains was different: CGA-immunoreactivity was detected in both supra- and infranuclear cytoplasm, whereas Grimelius' silver was mostly localized in the infranuclear region. These results suggest that CGA is the target of Grimelius' silver, as postulated recently (Rindi et al., 1986), but that some subcellular structure-related modification of molecules such as sialation is necessary for the positive Grimelius reaction.
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PMID:Localization of chromogranin A-immunoreactivity in bovine gastrointestinal endocrine cells with special reference to Grimelius silver stain. 169 53

Sprague-Dawley rats (3 weeks old) were fed on isoenergetic diets in which 40% of the total energy was provided as fat either in the form of butter (high saturated fat), olive oil (high monounsaturated fat) or maize oil (high polyunsaturated fat), with one group on low-fat (10% of total energy) standard diet as a control. Animals were killed after 8.4 (se 0.8) weeks by cardiac puncture. Similar pieces of jejunum and ileum were prepared for morphometric studies. Extracts of tissue from the proximal and distal segments of the whole small intestine from four animals per group were assayed using established techniques for enteroglucagon, motilin, neurotensin, somatostatin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). We found that maize oil and olive oil increased villus height: crypt depth ratio in both jejunum and ileum. Maize oil increased tissue concentrations of somatostatin (P less than 0.05) and substance P (P less than 0.005) in the proximal segment. Both maize oil and olive oil increased tissue concentrations of neurotensin and substance P (P less than 0.005) in the distal segments. These observations may explain the improvement of intestinal absorption of fluid following supplementation with polyunsaturated fat.
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PMID:Rat small intestinal morphology and tissue regulatory peptides: effects of high dietary fat. 170 45

The levels of 10 regulatory peptides in acid-alcohol extracts of three regions of the small intestine (0-20%, 30-60%, and 70-100%, with respect to distance from the pylorus) have been monitored radioimmunometrically in sham-infected male (6-8 week old) C57 mice and mice given a 5-cysticercoid infection of the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta and autopsied 10 days postprimary infection and 5 days postsecondary infection (administered 28 days postprimary infection). The regulatory peptides examined were gastrin, gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), glucagon (= enteroglucagon), motilin, neurotensin (NT), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), somatostatin (SRIF), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Statistical analyses revealed significant deviations from control values of five of the peptides (enteroglucagon and SP, both elevated; NT, PHI and VIP, all lowered) in intestinal tissue from infected mice; measurement of the same peptides in colonic extracts revealed no significant differences between infected and sham-infected mice. Parallel changes in peptide levels between normal infected and immunosuppressed infected mice were not evident, although elevations in the tissue levels of enteroglucagon and SP were found in infected Wistar rats (normal host). Results are discussed with respect to a peptidergic involvement in the pathology and host immune response to an intestinal tapeworm.
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PMID:Hymenolepis diminuta: changes in the levels of certain intestinal regulatory peptides in infected C57 mice. 171 77

The fasting plasma levels of 9 gastrointestinal regulatory peptides were measured by radioimmunoassay in 13 stable patients with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis treatment regularly and compared with those of 10 healthy controls. The plasma concentrations of gastrin-releasing peptide, motilin, neurotensin, pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, somatostatin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide were increased. The plasma level of gastrin was not statistically different from that of the controls (p = 0.077). We conclude that patients with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis treatment regularly have increased concentrations of eight of nine measured gastrointestinal regulatory peptides. The elevated levels of gastrointestinal peptides in patients with chronic renal failure may contribute to uremic gastrointestinal symptoms and dysfunctions. It is necessary to make a renal function evaluation before interpreting measured plasma levels of gastrointestinal regulatory peptides.
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PMID:Plasma levels of gastrointestinal regulatory peptides in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis. 171 7

Gastric acidity is influenced by systemic and local peptide effects. Previous work by others has shown that intraluminally secreted peptides may have a role in local control of gastric acidity; however, the response of these peptides to acute changes in gastric pH is unknown. To determine the effects of acute changes in pH on systemic and intraluminal peptide levels, 14 normal volunteers underwent placement of a nasogastric tube after an overnight fast. Blood and gastric fluid were analyzed on a control day, 2 hours after completion of 24 hours of aluminum-magnesium antacid therapy and after 24 hours of H2 blockade. Plasma and acid-alcohol-extracted gastric peptide levels were measured with specific radioimmunoassays. Specimens were subdivided into two groups: 28 gastric fluid specimens with a pH less than 4 and 10 specimens with a pH greater than 4. In the patients with a pH greater than 4, the luminal peptides, motilin, neurotensin, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin, substance P, and gastrin, were decreased by 50% to 90% and gastrin-releasing peptide was decreased by 36% compared with specimens with a pH less than 4. Conversely, intraluminal vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and calcitonin levels were elevated by 60% and 27%, respectively, in the samples with a pH greater than 4. Intraluminal peptide concentrations are responsive to changes in intragastric pH; however, this response was not seen in plasma peptide levels.
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PMID:Acute gastric pH changes alter intraluminal but not plasma peptide levels. 172 Sep 3

Lower urinary tract tissues respond heterogeneously to adrenergic and cholinergic agents. However, the action of bioactive peptides on these tissues has not been extensively studied. The contractile and relaxant effects of nine peptides-bradykinin, cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, gastrin, substance P, bombesin, neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and motilin-have been compared in the rat bladder body, bladder neck, and left ventral prostate in vitro. All three tissues contracted to bombesin and to bradykinin, although the bladder neck was less sensitive to the contractile effects of bradykinin than the other two tissues. Substance P only contracted the bladder body. Of all the peptides tested, relaxation was only observed to calcitonin gene-related peptide, which relaxed the bladder neck and prostate (phenylephrine-contracted) but not the bladder body (carbamylcholine-contracted). Thus lower urinary tract tissues are responsive to certain bioactive peptides in a nonhomogeneous fashion. These studies raise the possibility that selective modulation of peptide function may be an approach to therapy of urogenital disorders.
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PMID:Effect of bombesin, bradykinin, substance P and CGRP in prostate, bladder body and neck. 172 95

The plasma levels of nine vasoactive regulatory peptides were measured by radioimmunoassay in six stable patients with chronic renal failure on regular hemodialysis, before and during treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (r-huEPO). All patients responded with significant increases in hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit. Mean arterial blood pressure was not significantly changed nor were there any changes of body weight or interdialytic body weight gain. The mean plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide and motilin decreased significantly, by 38 and 16 percent respectively, during r-huEPO treatment. There were no changes in mean plasma levels of arginine vasopressin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, beta-lipotropin, gamma 2-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, neuropeptide Y, substance P or vasoactive intestinal peptide. No significant correlations were observed between changes of plasma peptide levels and changes of mean arterial blood pressure.
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PMID:Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on the plasma levels of vasoactive regulatory peptides in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. 188 94

A primary culture of the canine jejunal submucosa has been established and used to investigate neuronal somatostatin release. Immunocytochemical characterization of the cultures demonstrated the presence of the following peptidergic neurons: neurotensin (30%), somatostatin (27%), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (14%), neuropeptide Y (10%), and substance P (5%). No immunoreactive neurons were observed with the available antisera to galanin, gastrin-releasing peptide, and motilin. The concentration of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity, as determined by radioimmunoassay of cell extracts, was 358 +/- 105 pmol/well. Basal release of somatostatin was 4.4 +/- 0.9% total cell content and was significantly inhibited by the addition of substance P at 1 and 100 nM. The addition of the calcium ionophore, A23187, with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulated somatostatin release in a concentration-dependent manner. These data indicate that short-term cultures of the jejunal submucosal plexus will be an excellent model for determination of the factors influencing the release of neural somatostatin.
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PMID:Canine jejunal submucosa cultures: characterization and release of neural somatostatin. 197 28

The newly recognized class of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5HT3) may be involved in the induction of nausea, since their pharmacological antagonists are effective against emesis induced by chemotherapy. 5HT3 receptors are present on enteric neurons, and 5HT3 blockers may produce mild constipation; we thus hypothesized that 5HT3 receptors would modulate colonic motility. To determine if GR 38032F, a selective 5HT3 antagonist known to have antiemetic effects, influences colonic transit in health, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study was performed. Using a radiopaque marker technique, colonic transit was quantified in 39 healthy volunteers (19 men, 20 nonpregnant women) 18-70 years of age. On a standard 25-g fiber diet, 16 mg of GR 38032F was given orally thrice daily. Gastrointestinal peptides (peptide YY, human pancreatic polypeptide, neurotensin, motilin, gastrin-cholecystokinin, substance P) were also measured in plasma fasting and postprandially. Mean total colonic transit time on placebo was 27.8 hr, while on GR 38032F it was 39.1 hr (P less than 0.0005). Transit times through the left colon (P less than 0.0005) and rectosigmoid (P less than 0.05) were prolonged by the drug, but right colonic transit was not significantly altered. Transit times did not correlate with age or gender, but subjects with shorter transit times were significantly more affected than were those with longer transit times. The peak release of peptide YY was minimally decreased following GR 38032F (P less than 0.01), but the peak and integrated postprandial responses of human pancreatic polypeptide, neurotensin, motilin, gastrin-cholecystokinin, and substance P were not significantly altered by the drug.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:GR 38032F (ondansetron), a selective 5HT3 receptor antagonist, slows colonic transit in healthy man. 213 32


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