Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There are several phenomena in which the immune and the central nervous systems regulate each other. However, their mechanisms are poorly understood. Since cytokines have a central role in the regulation of the immune response, this review describes their participation in two forms of neuro-immune communication, immunomodulation by psychological stress and behavioral conditioning of immune response. The role of cytokines in the endocrine and behavioral effects of acute phase, where cytokines have an effect in functions of the central nervous system, is also reviewed. The effects of psychological stress are described as both immunosuppressing and immunoenhancing. Among them, a relevant immunosuppressing one is the reduction of IL-1, IL-2, and IFN-gamma levels. In contrast, some of the pro-inflammatory effects of stress are mediated by an increase in the levels of IL-6, IL-1, and TNF mediated by the neurotransmitter Substance P. A possible role for IL-1 and IFN-beta as possible messengers in immune regulation by behavioral conditioning is proposed. Pro-inflammatory cytokines in turn can activate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and induce sickness behavior during the acute phase response, during which the parasympathetic nervous system serves as pathway for their detection by the central nervous system. An account is given about recent findings on the regulation of cytokine expression by neurotransmitters from the sympathetic nervous system (epinephrine and norepinephrine), a key piece in all these mechanisms of brain-immune communication. Possible mechanisms and pathways of communication between the brain and the immune system, as well as the possible participation of other cytokines are discussed.
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PMID:[Behavior-immunity relationship: the role of cytokines]. 1149 12

We found that substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) (0.3-1 microM) increased, in a concentration-dependent manner, the basal secretion of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) from cultured lymphocyte-enriched mononuclear cells isolated from human peripheral blood. SP and CGRP (0.1 microM) synergistically increased basal TNF alpha secretion. Dynorphin A((1-17)) (0.1-1 microM) did not modify basal cytokine secretion. Lipopolysaccharide (10 ng/ml)-induced cytokine secretion and [(3)H]thymidine uptake were not altered by any neuropeptide (at 0.1 microM). Thus, SP and CGRP stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines from lymphocytes only at high concentrations, similar to those reached during tissue damage.
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PMID:Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide increase IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF alpha secretion from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 1179 59

Orofacial pain frequently originates from pathologic conditions in the masticatory muscles or temporomandibular joints (TMJs). The mediators and mechanisms that monitor pain and inflammation, centrally or peripherally, are of great interest in the search for new treatment modalities. The neuropeptides substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) have all been found at high levels in the synovial fluid of arthritic TMJs in association with spontaneous pain, while serotonin (5-HT) has been found in association with hyperalgesia/allodynia of the TMJ. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) have been found in arthritic TMJs, but not in healthy TMJs, in association with hyperalgesia/allodynia of the TMJ as well as spontaneous pain. Anterior open bite, which may be a clinical sign of TMJ destruction, has been found in association with high levels of CGRP, NPY, and IL-1 beta in the synovial fluid of the TMJ. Interleukin-1 beta has also been related to radiographic signs of joint destruction. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) are both present in the arthritic TMJ, and PGE2 has been shown to be associated with hyperalgesia/allodynia of the TMJ. Very little is known about pain and inflammatory mediators in muscles. However, we know that 5-HT and PGE2 are involved in the development of pain and hyperalgesia/allodynia of the masseter muscle in patients with fibromyalgia, whereas local myalgia (myofascial pain) seems to be modulated by other, as yet unknown mediators. Interaction between the peripheral nervous system (sensory and sympathetic nerves), the immune system, and local cells is probably of great importance for the modulation of pain and inflammation in the TMJ and orofacial musculature.
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PMID:Neuroendocrine, immune, and local responses related to temporomandibular disorders. 1188 48

Insufficient dietary magnesium (Mg) intake has been associated in humans with low bone mass. Mg deficiency in the rat has suggested bone loss is due to increased bone resorption and/or inadequate bone formation during remodeling. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a low Mg diet on bone and mineral metabolism in the young and mature BALB/c mouse and explore the hypothesis that inflammatory cytokines may contribute to Mg deficiency-induced osteoporosis. Using an artificial diet, we induced targeted Mg depletion (0.002% Mg) with all other nutrients maintained at the normal level. In all Mg-depleted mice, hypomagnesemia developed and skeletal Mg content fell significantly. The serum Ca in Mg-deficient mice was higher than in control mice; however, serum PTH levels were not significantly different. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) in dosages that inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption did not prevent hypercalcemia in Mg-deficient animals. No significant difference in serum Ca was observed between groups when dietary Ca was reduced by 50%, suggesting that a compensatory increase in intestinal absorption might account for the hypercalcemia. Growth plate width decreased 33% in young Mg-deficient animals and chondrocyte columns decreased in number and length, suggesting that Mg deficiency reduced bone growth. Trabecular bone volume in the metaphysis of the tibia in these animals was decreased and osteoclast number was increased by 135%. Osteoblast number was significantly reduced. Immunohistochemistry revealed that substance P increased 230% and 200% in megakaryocytes and lymphocytes, respectively, after 1 day of Mg depletion. IL-1 increased by 140% in osteoclasts by day 3 and TNF alpha increased in osteoclasts by 120% and 500% in megakaryocytes on day 12. This study demonstrates a profound effect of Mg depletion on bone characterized by impaired bone growth, decreased osteoblast number, increased osteoclast number in young animals, and loss of trabecular bone with stimulation of cytokine activity in bone.
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PMID:Magnesium deficiency: effect on bone and mineral metabolism in the mouse. 1237 Jul 96

Diseases related to inflammation are a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world and affect the functions of several tissues. The pathophysiology of these diseases involves release of many pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-1, in addition to anti-inflammatory molecules. Recent studies have demonstrated that neuroimmune interactions are important in the initiation and progress of inflammatory processes. TNF, IL-1 and neuropeptides such as substance P and neurotensin stimulate the release of chemokines, in particular IL-8, a potent neutrophil chemoattractant. Expression of IL-8 is regulated mainly by the transcription factors NF-kappaB, activating protein-1 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins. Recent exciting results indicate that the Rho family of small GTP-binding proteins plays an important role in the expression of NF-kappaB-dependent genes and migration of leukocytes. These results suggest that these proteins may represent a potential therapeutic target to treat several inflammatory states.
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PMID:Rho GTPases as therapeutic targets for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. 1449 21

Neuropeptides are able to modulate cytokine production by macrophages in response to various stimulators. In this study, the effects of neuropeptides substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1 beta by macrophages were considered. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were infected with herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), or remained unstimulated, and cytokine assays were performed after 12 h. IL-1 beta and TNF secretion by unstimulated macrophages have been significantly increased in the presence of SP and CGRP. Each neuropeptide, alone or in coordination with the other, caused significant increase in IL-1 beta and TNF production by HSV-infected mouse peritoneal macrophages. It was concluded that the macrophage-mediated inflammatory response to HSV-1 is enhanced in the presence of these neuropeptides.
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PMID:Neuropeptides (SP and CGRP) augment pro-inflammatory cytokine production in HSV-infected macrophages. 1463 37

Acute pancreatitis has an incidence of approximately 40 cases per year per 100,000 adults. Although usually self-limiting, 10% to 20% of afflicted patients will progress to severe pancreatitis. The mortality rate among patients with severe pancreatitis may approach 30% when they progress to multisystem organ failure. The development of acute pancreatitis illustrates the requirement for understanding the basic mechanisms of disease progression to drive the exploration of therapeutic options. The pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis involves the interplay of local and systemic immune responses that are often difficult to characterize, particularly when results from animal models are used as a foundation for human trials. Experimental studies suggest that the prognosis for acute pancreatitis depends upon the degree of pancreatic necrosis and the intensity of multisystem organ failure generated by the systemic inflammatory response. This suggests an intricate balance between localized tissue damage with proinflammatory cytokine production and a systemic, anti-inflammatory response that restricts the inappropriate movement of proinflammatory agents into the circulation. The critical players of this interaction include the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, and platelet activating factor (PAF). The anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, as well as TNF-soluble receptors and IL-1 receptor antagonist, have also been shown to be intimately involved in the inflammatory response to acute pancreatitis. Other compounds implicated in disease pathogenesis in experimental models include complement, bradykinin, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen intermediates, substance P, and higher polyamines. Several of these mediators have been documented to be present at increased concentrations in the plasma of patients with severe, acute pancreatitis. Preclinical work has shown that some of these mediators are markers for disease activity, whereas other inflammatory components may actually drive the disease process as important mediators. Implication of such mediators suggests that interruption or blunting of an inappropriate immune response has the potential to improve outcome. Although the manipulations of specific mediators in animal models may be promising, they may not transition well to the human clinical setting. However, continued reliance on experimental animal models of acute pancreatitis may be necessary to determine the underlying causes of disease. Full understanding of these basic mechanisms involves determining not only which mediators are present, but also closely documenting the kinetics of their appearance. Measurement of the inflammatory response may also serve to identify diagnostic markers for the presence of acute pancreatitis and provide insight into prognosis. Understanding the models, documenting the markers, and deciphering the mediators have the potential to improve treatment of acute pancreatitis.
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PMID:Acute pancreatitis: models, markers, and mediators. 1637 72

Mast cells' hyperplasia and activation are prominent features in Trichinella spiralis infection. Recently, it was shown that TSL-1 antigens from T. spiralis muscle larvae induce IL-4 and TNF release by unsensitized, normal mast cells (MC) involving an Ig-independent mechanism. In this study, we characterized histamine secretion induced by TSL-1 antigens from normal, unsensitized rat peritoneal MC. Maximum histamine secretion (30+/-5.3% SEM, n=13) was achieved with 30 ng/mL TSL-1 antigens. However, TSL-1 did not induce an increase in beta-hexosaminidase release or NADPH oxidase activity by MC. Interestingly, histamine secretion by TSL-1 was completed at 10s, and was inhibited by both Bordetella pertussis toxin and neuraminidase V, characteristics similar to those involved in substance P-induced histamine secretion. However, in contrast to substance P, TSL-1 induced histamine secretion in the absence of detectable changes in intracellular Ca(2+). We are investigating the molecular pathways involved in MC activation by TSL-1.
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PMID:Trichinella spiralis: histamine secretion induced by TSL-1 antigens from unsensitized mast cells. 1660 Feb 18

In this study bovine alveolar macrophage neurokinin-1 (NK-1) and the in vitro response to substance P (SP) exposure were investigated. Bovine alveolar macrophage membrane extracts separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotted using anti-NK-1 antiserum demonstrated the presence of an approximately 60kDa band. Phagocytosis of fluorescent bioparticles by SP-exposed macrophages was 39% greater than that of non-exposed macrophages (P=0.0089). Likewise, there was 28% greater TNF production by macrophages following SP exposure compared to non-exposed controls (P=0.116). These results suggest that bovine alveolar macrophages respond to SP at least in part by enhancing phagocytosis and TNF production.
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PMID:Bovine alveolar macrophage neurokinin-1 and response to substance P. 1662 Oct 28

This study investigates the effect of exposure to a mobile phone-like radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic field on people with atopic dermatitis (AD). Fifteen subjects with AD were recruited and matched with 15 controls without AD. The subjects were exposed for 30 min to an RF field at 1 W/kg via an indoor base station antenna attached to a 900 MHz GSM mobile phone. Blood samples for ELISA analysis of the concentration of substance P (SP), tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNF R1), and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in serum were drawn before and after the provocation (exposure/sham). Baseline heart rate and heart rate variability, local blood flow, and electrodermal activity were also recorded. No significant differences between the subject groups were found for baseline neurophysiological data. The cases displayed a serum concentration of TNF R1 significantly higher than the control subjects and a significantly lower serum concentration of BDNF in the baseline condition. For SP there was no difference between groups. However, no effects related to RF exposure condition were encountered for any of the measured substances. As to symptoms, a possible correlation with exposure could not be evaluated, due to too few symptom reports. The result of the study does not support the hypothesis of an effect of mobile phone-like RF exposure on serum levels of SP, TNF R1, and BDNF in persons with AD.
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PMID:No effect of mobile phone-like RF exposure on patients with atopic dermatitis. 1824 Feb 88


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