Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neuropeptides may have functions in the central nervous system (CNS) other than altering neuronal excitability. For example, they may act as regulators of brain metabolism by affecting glycogenolysis. Since it has been suggested that glial cells might provide metabolic support for neuronal activity, they may well be one of the targets for neuropeptide regulation of metabolism. Consistent with this view are reports that peptide-containing nerve terminals have been seen apposed to astrocytes, but it is also quite possible that peptides could act at sites lacking morphological specialization. Primary cultures containing CNS glial cells have been shown to respond to beta-adrenergic agonists with an increase in cyclic AMP and, as a result, with an increase in glycogenolysis and have also been shown to respond to a variety of peptides with changes in cyclic AMP. In the study reported here, we have examined the effects of several peptides on relatively pure cultures of rat astrocytes. We demonstrate that the increase in intracellular cyclic AMP induced by noradrenaline is markedly enhanced by somatostatin and substance P and is inhibited by enkephalin, even though these peptides on their own have little or no effect on the basal levels of cyclic AMP. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on the other hand increases cyclic AMP in the absence of noradrenaline. These results suggest that neuropeptides influence glial cells as well as neurones in the CNS and, in the case of somatostatin and substance P, provide further examples of neuropeptides modulating the response to another chemical signal without having a detectable action on their own.
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PMID:Neuropeptides modulate the beta-adrenergic response of purified astrocytes in vitro. 619 28

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), leucine-enkephalin (Leu-Enk), dynorphin (Dyn), neurotensin (NT) and substance P (SP) were measured by radioimmunoassay in lung and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids of sham operated control rats and rats exposed to asbestos (5 and 10 mg, single intratracheal injections) for 3 and 6 months. Among these peptides, VIP, Leu-Enk and Dyn were the most abundant with 6 to 25 pmoles per g of lung tissue as compared with 0.95 to 1.2 pmoles per g for the other neuropeptides. In the presence of asbestos, VIP levels were selectively increased up to 2.7 times in lung tissue and 4.3 times in BAL fluids. On high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), the immunoreactive VIP coeluted with synthetic VIP. It is concluded that this selective increase may be involved in the pathogenesis of asbestos-related diseases. Exposure to asbestos causes chronic inflammatory reactions in the lung which may lead to fibrosis (1) and increase the incidence of pleuropulmonary cancers (2). Little is known concerning the biochemical changes responsible for the deleterious effects of asbestos on pulmonary functions. Previous studies have documented the vast complexity and diversity of lung biochemistry including its ability to metabolize lipids, inactivate certain enzymes and produce physiologically active amines (3-6). Recently, the lung has been recognized as an important source of peptidergic substances. VIP and SP were reported to be localized in nerve terminals of the main airways and in axons of the parasympathetic conducts (7-11). Other neuropeptides including bombesin (12, 13), calcitonin (13, 14) and Leu-Enk (13) were also detected in the lung. However, these latter peptides were mainly confined to diffuse granule-containing cells also known as APUD cells (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation cells) (15). The role of these neuropeptides in normal lung function and in pulmonary diseases is unknown. However, it has recently been demonstrated that APUD cells proliferate in the rat lung following asbestos inhalation (16) and lung exposure to carcinogens (17, 18). In addition, Moody et al. (19) and Sorenson et al. (20) have observed high levels of bombesin in human cell lines derived from small-cell lung carcinoma. It was then of particular interest to verify if lung exposure to asbestos can induce some changes in the levels of various neuropeptides. In the present study, we report that VIP is significantly increased in the lungs and BAL fluids of rats exposed to asbestos while no significant change in the levels of Leu-Enk, Dyn, NT and SP is observed.
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PMID:Asbestos-related increase in pulmonary levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). 619 89

Peptide, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-, tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH)-, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-like immunoreactivity was studied in the optic tectum of Rana pipiens. Peroxidase-antiperoxidase and indirect immunofluorescence single- and double-labeling methods were used to compare differential laminar distribution of each of these substances. Substance P (SP), leucine-enkephalin (LENK), cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK8), bombesin (BOM), avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP), and possibly neurotensin display unique individual patterns of laminar distribution of processes and cell bodies throughout the tectum. A correlative analysis of the topographical distribution of SP, LENK, BOM, and APP on the basis of double-labeled sections shows a precise laminar segregation of these substances. Vasoactive intestinal peptide-, beta-endorphin-, and ranatensinlike immunoreactivity is consistently absent from our material. 5HT- and TOH-like immunoreactivity discloses a reticular array of fibers without clear evidence of laminar organization. This peptide-like laminar organization is particularly elaborate throughout the superficial neuropil of the optic tectum, the major retinorecipient zone. The pattern of lamination demonstrated in the present study differs in several important features from that previously described on the basis of several histological methods. The cells of origin of processes (axons and/or dendrites) in the superficial tectal neuropil may be either intrinsic or extrinsic to the tectum. Special reference is made to conflicting evidence regarding the possibility of a retinal contribution to peptide-like tectal lamination.
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PMID:Laminar organization of peptide-like immunoreactivity in the anuran optic tectum. 619 80

The effects of peptides on gastric emptying of a liquid meal were studied in rats. Gastric emptying was found to be delayed following intraperitoneal injection of the octapeptide of cholecystokinin (CCK-8). Vasoactive intestinal peptide did not effect emptying, while substance P and neurotensin caused a moderate acceleration in gastric emptying. After oral administration of a solution containing the amino acids tryptophan and phenylalanine, but not glycine, a statistically significant inhibition of gastric emptying was observed. Our results suggest an involvement of CCK in the regulation of gastric emptying.
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PMID:Effects of peptides on gastric emptying. 620 51

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has been shown to increase cyclic AMP content in isolated epithelial cells of rat ventral prostate. The stimulatory effect of VIP was dependent on time and temperature and was potentiated by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. At 15 degrees C, the response occurred in the 1 X 10(-10)-10(-7)M range of VIP concentrations. Half-maximal stimulation of cellular cyclic AMP was obtained at 1.4 nM and maximal stimulation (3-fold basal level) at about 100 nM VIP. Chicken VIP and porcine secretin were agonists of porcine VIP but exhibited a 2-times higher and a 170-times lower potency, respectively. A high concentration (1 X 10(-6)M) of glucagon, somatostatin, neurotensin, substance P, Met-enkephalin or Leu-enkephalin did not modify cAMP levels. The finding of a VIP-stimulated cAMP system in rat prostatic epithelial cells together with the previous characterization of high-affinity receptors for VIP in the same cell preparation, as well as the presence of VIP-containing neurones innervating the male genitourinary tract, strongly suggest that VIP may be involved in prostatic growth regulation and function.
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PMID:Cyclic AMP-stimulating effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide in isolated epithelial cells of rat ventral prostate. 631 52

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P were demonstrated in the pig ureter by immunohistochemical techniques. Nerves containing these materials were related mainly to the smooth muscle layer in the normal and obstructed ureter. In isolated ureteral segments, VIP caused relaxation at doses exceeding 0.18 micrograms/ml, with no significant difference seen in the effect on normal and obstructed ureter. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide may play a role in the regulation of ureteral smooth muscle tone.
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PMID:Peptidergic nerves in the ureter. 750 68

Neuropeptides were examined for their effects on the survival of cultured rat superior cervical ganglion cells after acute deprivation of nerve growth factor (NGF). Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP, 3 microM) delayed the neuronal death about 6 h alone. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (0.2 mM) greatly potentiated its effect, reducing EC50 from 2.5 microM to 8 nM. The neuronal death was completely suppressed under this condition. On the other hand, substance P (1-100 microM) or enkephalin (1-100 microM) alone did not modify the death, whereas the latter (100 microM) enhanced the survival-promoting effect of membrane depolarization with elevated K+. These results suggest strongly that neuropeptides regulate the NGF-independent survival of sympathetic neurons through a cAMP-dependent mechanism.
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PMID:Vasoactive intestinal peptide suppresses neuronal cell death induced by nerve growth factor deprivation in rat sympathetic ganglion cells in vitro. 751 83

1. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and secretin elicited slight secretion of saliva but peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) failed to elicit secretion of saliva from rat submandibular glands. 2. Substance P (SP)-mediated secretion of fluid and protein were enhanced by VIP and secretin but not by PHI or GIP. 3. These results suggest that the effects of VIP, PHI, secretin and GIP on the secretion of fluid from rat submandibular glands and the synergistic effects of VIP and its homologues on the SP-mediated secretion of fluid and protein do not correspond to the extent of the structural homology of each analogue to VIP.
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PMID:Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide and its homologues on the substance P-mediated secretion of fluid and protein from the rat submandibular gland. 752

This study examined the distribution of peptidergic nerve fibers in Peyer's patches to determine whether appropriate receptors were present. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and receptors for VIP and SP were localized in lymphoid follicles of the cat ileum using a combined indirect horseradish peroxidase and streptavidin-biotin method. The margins of follicles were innervated by nerve fibers containing VIP, SP and CGRP. Nerve fibers were predominantly around lymphatics and high endothelial venules at the edges of follicles. Specific receptors for VIP and SP were present at the margins of follicles and in the lamina propria around crypts. VIP receptors were numerous on T cells within and around high endothelial venules and lymphatic vessels and at the margins of follicles. SP receptors were identified on a small number of T and B cells, granulocytes and macrophages, restricted to the margins of follicles. The defined distribution in ileal lymphoid tissue of nerve fibers containing VIP and SP and the corresponding localization of their appropriate receptors support immunoregulatory roles for neuropeptides in mucosal immunity.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical localization of peptidergic nerve fibers and neuropeptide receptors in Peyer's patches of the cat ileum. 753 34

The normal innervation of structures in mouse foot pads was investigated with immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. Nerves were visualized by incubating Zamboni fixed, thick, frozen sections with antibodies to protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and protein zero. The antibodies were localized using cyanine 3.18 labeled anti-rabbit gamma globulin. PGP 9.5 immunolocalization showed dense nerve bundles at the base of the foot pad with branches to larger blood vessels, sweat glands and epidermis. Sweat gland tubules were surrounded by numerous sudomotor axons; single fibers accompanied the sweat duct toward the skin's surface. Nerve bundles containing myelinated and unmyelinated axons ran through and around the centrally located sweat gland cluster to end in free nerve endings and Meissner's-like corpuscles at the apex of the foot pad. Other bundles running parallel to the epidermis gave arcuate branches that supplied epidermis on the sides of the pads with a rich nerve network, principally with free nerve endings that often reached the most superficial cell layers of epidermis. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (-ir) nerves were distributed to dermis and epidermis in lower density than PGP 9.5-ir fibers. Substance P-ir fibers were less numerous; most terminated as free endings in deeper layers of epidermis. Vasoactive intestinal peptide-ir nerves almost exclusively innervated sweat glands, ducts and blood vessels, but not epidermis. The mouse hind paw has potential to serve as a model system for investigations of functional and morphological changes that affect peripheral and autonomic nerves under diverse experimental conditions.
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PMID:Innervation of cutaneous structures in the mouse hind paw: a confocal microscopy immunohistochemical study. 754 60


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